English public speaking skill is highly valued in foreign language education in China’s universities.Courses are offered to improve students’English public speaking competence to meet the demand of the labor market ...English public speaking skill is highly valued in foreign language education in China’s universities.Courses are offered to improve students’English public speaking competence to meet the demand of the labor market and national development.This paper aims to explore English public speaking teaching strategies,focusing on developing students’sense of humor in public speaking.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the role of adipokines in primary open angle glaucoma(POAG)by comparing the levels of these molecules in the aqueous humor among POAG patients and cataract patients with or without metabolic disorde...AIM:To investigate the role of adipokines in primary open angle glaucoma(POAG)by comparing the levels of these molecules in the aqueous humor among POAG patients and cataract patients with or without metabolic disorders.METHODS:In this cross-sectional study,aqueous humor samples of 22 eyes of POAG patients(POAG group),24 eyes of cataract patients without metabolic disorders(cataract group),and 24 eyes of cataract patients with metabolic disorders(cataract+metabolic disorders group)were assessed for 15 adipokines by Luminex bead-based multiplex array.The correlation between aqueous humor adipokines and clinical indicators of POAG was analyzed and compared across the groups.RESULTS:The analysis revealed that the levels of adiponectin,leptin,adipsin,retinol-binding protein 4(RBP4),angiopoietin-2,angiopoietin-like protein 4(ANGPTL4),chemokine(C-C motif)ligand 2(CCL2),interleukin-8(IL-8),and interleukin-18(IL-18)in the aqueous humor of the POAG group were significantly higher than those in the cataract group.Additionally,the level of angiopoietin-2 in the POAG group was higher than in the cataract+metabolic disorders group.However,no significant correlation was found between the levels of adipokines in the POAG group and intraocular pressure(IOP),severity of POAG,or the use of glaucoma medications.CONCLUSION:This study demonstrates significant differences in aqueous humor adipokine levels between POAG and cataract patients.The findings suggest that the levels of aqueous humor adipokines may reflect the inflammatory states in POAG and systemic metabolic abnormalities.展开更多
This paper analyzes the humorous effects generated through the non-observance of Grice’s Cooperative Principle(CP)in the Chinese crosstalk Learning Manchu.Focusing on violations of the Quantity,Quality,Relation,and M...This paper analyzes the humorous effects generated through the non-observance of Grice’s Cooperative Principle(CP)in the Chinese crosstalk Learning Manchu.Focusing on violations of the Quantity,Quality,Relation,and Manner maxims,it examines how deliberate pragmatic deviations create comedy.The study also incorporates the unique crosstalk mechanism of“Baofu”(packaging and delivering jokes)and emphasizes the essential role of audience cooperation in humor reception.It argues that humor in crosstalk arises not only from performers’non-cooperation but also from active audience engagement within a shared cultural context.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the efficacy of aflibercept combined with sub-tenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide(TA)in treating diabetic macular edema(DME)and to examine changes in growth factors and inflammatory mediator ...AIM:To investigate the efficacy of aflibercept combined with sub-tenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide(TA)in treating diabetic macular edema(DME)and to examine changes in growth factors and inflammatory mediator levels in aqueous humor after injection.METHODS:Totally 67 DME patients(67 eyes)and 30 cataract patients(32 eyes)were enrolled as the DME group and the control group,respectively.The DME group was divided into the aflibercept group(34 cases)and the aflibercept combined with TA group(combined group,33 cases).The aqueous humor of both groups was collected during the study period.The aqueous levels of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1),interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-8(IL-8),and interleukin-1β(IL-1β)were detected using a microsphere suspension array technology(Luminex 200TM).Aqueous cytokines,best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA),central macular thickness(CMT),and complications before and after treatment were compared between the aflibercept group and combined group.RESULTS:The concentrations of VEGF,MCP-1,IL-6,and IL-8 in the aqueous humor were significantly higher in the DME group than those of the control group(all P<0.01).After 1mo of surgery,the concentrations of VEGF,MCP-1,IL-6,and IL-8 in the aqueous humor were significantly lower in the combined group than those of the aflibercept group(all P<0.01).The BCVA and CMT values of the two groups were statistically different after 1 and 2mo of treatment(P<0.01).However,the difference was not statistically significant after 3mo of treatment(P>0.05).CONCLUSION:The cytokines VEGF,MCP-1,IL-6,and IL-8 in the aqueous humor of DME patients are significantly increased.Aflibercept and aflibercept combined with TA have good efficacy in DME patients,can effectively reduce CMT,improve the patient’s vision,and have high safety.Aflibercept combined with TA can quickly downregulate the aqueous humor cytokines and help to relieve macular edema rapidly.However,the long-term efficacy is comparable to that of aflibercept alone.展开更多
Aqueous humor provides the necessary nutrition for the lens and transports the metabolites in the eye.It was a liquid that can directly reflect the microenvironment in the eye'and it can be easily obtained during ...Aqueous humor provides the necessary nutrition for the lens and transports the metabolites in the eye.It was a liquid that can directly reflect the microenvironment in the eye'and it can be easily obtained during the operation.This review intended to analyze the components of aqueous humor in patients with different types of cataracts'so as to reflect the pathogenesis and development of the disease'evaluate the incidence of postoperative complications and provide reference value for the surgical design of sequential cataract surgery.The aqueous humor components of different types of cataracts showed different degrees of inflammation'oxidative stress and extracellular matrix remodeling.The biomarker of early neuropathy in diabetic cataract was neural cell adhesion molecule-1(NCAM1).Transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)was the evaluation factor of disease development in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome.The relationships between postoperative complications of different types of cataracts and aqueous humor components were as follows:Macular edema after diabetic cataract surgery was associated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha;capsular contraction after high myopic cataract surgery was related to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1)and TGF-β2;Klotho and glutathione S-transferase P 1(GSTP1)were associated with high intraocular pressure after primary open-angle glaucoma complicated by cataract surgery;capsular contraction after retinitis pigmentosa complicated by cataract surgery was associated with matrix metalloproteinases;pro-inflammatory cytokines and fibroblast growth factor 4 in the aqueous humor of congenital cataracts were associated with posterior capsular opacification after surgery.Granulocyte colony stimulating factor 3 and MCP-1 were the main cytokines mediating the pain of the second eye in the binocular sequential cataract surgery short interval(1 wk)'while MCP-1 mediated pain in the long interval(6 wk).The second eye after binocular sequential cataract surgery had a higher level of proinflammatory factors.The components of aqueous humor in patients with different types of cataracts were related to the pathogenesis and postoperative complications of the disease.Monitoring the components of the aqueous humor could help better understand the intraocular microenvironment of different types of cataracts and provide a reference for predicting the development of the disease and implementing relevant targeted therapy.展开更多
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),the causative agent of COVID-19,encodes several accessory proteins that have been shown to play crucial roles in regulating the innate immune response.Howeve...Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),the causative agent of COVID-19,encodes several accessory proteins that have been shown to play crucial roles in regulating the innate immune response.However,their expressions in infected cells and immunogenicity in infected humans and mice are still not fully understood.This study utilized various techniques such as luciferase immunoprecipitation system(LIPS),immunofluorescence assay(IFA),and western blot(WB)to detect accessory protein-specific antibodies in sera of COVID-19 patients.Specific antibodies to proteins 3a,3b,7b,8 and 9c can be detected by LIPS,but only protein 3a antibody was detected by IFA or WB.Antibodies against proteins 3a and 7b were only detected in ICU patients,which may serve as a marker for predicting disease progression.Further,we investigated the expression of accessory proteins in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells and identified the expressions of proteins 3a,6,7a,8,and 9b.We also analyzed their ability to induce antibodies in immunized mice and found that only proteins 3a,6,7a,8,9b and 9c were able to induce measurable antibody productions,but these antibodies lacked neutralizing activities and did not protect mice from SARS-CoV-2 infection.Our findings validate the expression of SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins and elucidate their humoral immune response,providing a basis for protein detection assays and their role in pathogenesis.展开更多
Introduction: Following the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination has been proposed in several countries as the main preventive measure despite very limited data, particularly in dialysis patients. We conducted this study to...Introduction: Following the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination has been proposed in several countries as the main preventive measure despite very limited data, particularly in dialysis patients. We conducted this study to assess the immunological response to vaccination in Senegalese hemodialysis patients. Patients and Methods: We conducted a prospective study, in two dialysis centers in Dakar from March 30<sup>th</sup> to August 30<sup>th</sup>, 2021 including patients on hemodialysis for >6 months, vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 according to the vaccination schedule recommended by WHO. A vaccine response was considered positive when seroconversion was observed after one dose of vaccine. The clinical efficacy of immunization was defined as the absence of new COVID-19 infection in patients who received a complete vaccination. Results: Among the 81 patients included in the study, 7.4% had anti-Spike IgM antibodies before their first vaccination. Seroprevalence of IgM antibodies was 38.3% one month after the first vaccine dose (at M1) and 8.6% one month after the second dose (at M4). Anti-Spike IgG antibodies were present in 40.3% of patients before vaccination, in 90.1% at M1, and in 59.7% at M4. Among patients previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, 10.2% had IgM antibodies at M0, 31.6% at M1, and 10.5% at M4 post-vaccination. Similarly, seroprevalences of IgG antibodies in this subgroup were 31.5%, 61.3%, and 50.0% respectively at M0, M1, and M4 post-vaccination. A comparison of seroconversion rates between M0 and M4 showed significant differences only for IgG in COVID-19 naive patients. Mean duration in dialysis and the existence of previous COVID-19 infection were associated with patients’ vaccinal response after the two doses. Age, gender and the use of immunosuppressive treatment did not influence post-vaccinal antibody production. Conclusion: Vaccination against COVID-19 in Senegalese hemodialysis patients induced a low seroconversion rate but it was well tolerated. Moreover, the induced protection was neither strong nor durable, particularly in patients with longer duration in dialysis.展开更多
Humor is needed universally. The ability to make jokes or to appreciate humor is both necessary for living a happy or smooth life. Different nations have different humors. The paper is to analyze the definition of hum...Humor is needed universally. The ability to make jokes or to appreciate humor is both necessary for living a happy or smooth life. Different nations have different humors. The paper is to analyze the definition of humor, the difference between British and American humor, and take James Thurber＇s stories to show the typical American humor. The English appear to be deeply serious people. English humor is more conserved, subtle, and silent. The British are known for their sense of humor. However, it is often difficult for foreigners to understand their jokes. The key to understanding British humor is to know that the British often use ＂understatement＂. American humor tends to be more ＂obvious＂ and less oblique, and can sometimes be considered by other English speaking cultures to be over the top and ridiculous.展开更多
Mark Twain's humorous writing style and thought-provoking satire has great influence on world literature.This paper attempts to explore the satirical art of his short story Is He living or Is He dead?,aiming at sh...Mark Twain's humorous writing style and thought-provoking satire has great influence on world literature.This paper attempts to explore the satirical art of his short story Is He living or Is He dead?,aiming at showing the immortal artistic charm of Mark Twain's works.展开更多
Catch-22,which is written by Joseph Heller,can be recognized as the "Modern Classic" of American literature,and this fiction uses a distinctive non-chronological third-person omniscient narration,describing ...Catch-22,which is written by Joseph Heller,can be recognized as the "Modern Classic" of American literature,and this fiction uses a distinctive non-chronological third-person omniscient narration,describing the stories from different figures' visual angles.The novel features tragic content with comic form,anti-hero and illogical narrative structure.Catch-22,which no one can get out of,is not a simple rule;in other words,it's really a snare and this no-win situation exists in every corner of people's daily time.展开更多
Yossarian is the hero in Catch-22 written by Joseph Heller in 1961,bearing the typical"anti-hero"feature of Black Humor in postmodernism literary fiction.This paper aims at giving some of the examples to mak...Yossarian is the hero in Catch-22 written by Joseph Heller in 1961,bearing the typical"anti-hero"feature of Black Humor in postmodernism literary fiction.This paper aims at giving some of the examples to make readers clearer of the Black Humor and more familiar with the"anti-hero"feature of Black Humor in postmodernism literary fiction.展开更多
Based on the relevant theory, this paper makes an analysis of humor in Chinese popular art form --sketch. It is believed that the maximal relevance and the optimal relevance of utterances, explicature and implicature ...Based on the relevant theory, this paper makes an analysis of humor in Chinese popular art form --sketch. It is believed that the maximal relevance and the optimal relevance of utterances, explicature and implicature of utterances, and the efforts made by hearers in dealing with utterances are three important aspects in showing humorous effects in sketches, among which sketch actors＇ violating the mutual cognitive environment so as to create an unexpected effect on hearers is the core in creating humor in sketches. Through analyzing some excerpts from the sketch Yesterday.Today.Tomorrow, the author tries to explore the relevance nature of language in sketch and creation of humor in it.展开更多
Mark Twain is a realistic writer in America.His humor,irony and together with colloquial speech have been remembered by readers,for which he became one of America's most beloved humorists and storytellers.This pap...Mark Twain is a realistic writer in America.His humor,irony and together with colloquial speech have been remembered by readers,for which he became one of America's most beloved humorists and storytellers.This paper focuses on one of Twain's short stories The Stolen White Elephant.Through the analysis of Twain's humor and irony shown from the two main characters in this specific story,this paper is to show the social reality reflected in The Stolen White Elephant.展开更多
This paper makes a systematical study on the translating strategies of humorous language,with linguistic and cultural factors taken into consideration in the discussion.It should be pointed out that whatever strategy ...This paper makes a systematical study on the translating strategies of humorous language,with linguistic and cultural factors taken into consideration in the discussion.It should be pointed out that whatever strategy is chosen in translation,it is workable so long as it can reach the best humorous effect.展开更多
The paper is divided into Five Chapters,aiming to explain the humorous effect in our daily discourse in the perspective of linguistic analysis.It is another new discovery.Two languages have their own distinct features...The paper is divided into Five Chapters,aiming to explain the humorous effect in our daily discourse in the perspective of linguistic analysis.It is another new discovery.Two languages have their own distinct features.When translating,we will find a lot of humorous effect created by these language differences.The analysis of the topic is undergoing through term definition and case study.The paper might be of some help to further the humorous research in literature,art,academic circles or daily conversations.More methods of analysis,at the same time,are appreciated.展开更多
The translatability of humor is gradually accepted and linguistic humor based on specific features in the phonology,morphology or syntax of particular languages is considered to be the most difficult to translate. Thi...The translatability of humor is gradually accepted and linguistic humor based on specific features in the phonology,morphology or syntax of particular languages is considered to be the most difficult to translate. This paper is to study the linguistic humor translation of British sitcoms in the light of Skopos theory and explore practical ways of E-C translation of linguistic humor.展开更多
This study analyzes the the verbal humor in the movie series If You Are The One from the perspective of some pragmatic theories.The findings of the study provide explanations towards generative mechanism of humor,such...This study analyzes the the verbal humor in the movie series If You Are The One from the perspective of some pragmatic theories.The findings of the study provide explanations towards generative mechanism of humor,such as the violation of Cooperative Principle,avoiding face-threatening acts,and particularly,creatively reveal that special use of Politeness Principle can produce a humourous effect,too.展开更多
Animal Farm,which is written by the British writer George Orwell,is famous for its incisive satiric writing style and has been considered as an actual political allegory.This paper intends to re-read it from a differe...Animal Farm,which is written by the British writer George Orwell,is famous for its incisive satiric writing style and has been considered as an actual political allegory.This paper intends to re-read it from a different point of view—to appreciate its black-humorous characteristics from the following five aspects—language games,detached narrative,circular structure,open ending and comic incongruity in characterization.展开更多
As we all know,Mark Twain is an expert in handling humor.The formation of his language style has close connection with three aspects.Local literature influences Mark Twain very much.Western humor is another influentia...As we all know,Mark Twain is an expert in handling humor.The formation of his language style has close connection with three aspects.Local literature influences Mark Twain very much.Western humor is another influential element.And his personal experience is also contributed to his humorous language style.展开更多
文摘English public speaking skill is highly valued in foreign language education in China’s universities.Courses are offered to improve students’English public speaking competence to meet the demand of the labor market and national development.This paper aims to explore English public speaking teaching strategies,focusing on developing students’sense of humor in public speaking.
基金Supported by National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFC2506100)the Changping Key Research Project of the Beijing Natural Science Foundation Program(No.L234016).
文摘AIM:To investigate the role of adipokines in primary open angle glaucoma(POAG)by comparing the levels of these molecules in the aqueous humor among POAG patients and cataract patients with or without metabolic disorders.METHODS:In this cross-sectional study,aqueous humor samples of 22 eyes of POAG patients(POAG group),24 eyes of cataract patients without metabolic disorders(cataract group),and 24 eyes of cataract patients with metabolic disorders(cataract+metabolic disorders group)were assessed for 15 adipokines by Luminex bead-based multiplex array.The correlation between aqueous humor adipokines and clinical indicators of POAG was analyzed and compared across the groups.RESULTS:The analysis revealed that the levels of adiponectin,leptin,adipsin,retinol-binding protein 4(RBP4),angiopoietin-2,angiopoietin-like protein 4(ANGPTL4),chemokine(C-C motif)ligand 2(CCL2),interleukin-8(IL-8),and interleukin-18(IL-18)in the aqueous humor of the POAG group were significantly higher than those in the cataract group.Additionally,the level of angiopoietin-2 in the POAG group was higher than in the cataract+metabolic disorders group.However,no significant correlation was found between the levels of adipokines in the POAG group and intraocular pressure(IOP),severity of POAG,or the use of glaucoma medications.CONCLUSION:This study demonstrates significant differences in aqueous humor adipokine levels between POAG and cataract patients.The findings suggest that the levels of aqueous humor adipokines may reflect the inflammatory states in POAG and systemic metabolic abnormalities.
文摘This paper analyzes the humorous effects generated through the non-observance of Grice’s Cooperative Principle(CP)in the Chinese crosstalk Learning Manchu.Focusing on violations of the Quantity,Quality,Relation,and Manner maxims,it examines how deliberate pragmatic deviations create comedy.The study also incorporates the unique crosstalk mechanism of“Baofu”(packaging and delivering jokes)and emphasizes the essential role of audience cooperation in humor reception.It argues that humor in crosstalk arises not only from performers’non-cooperation but also from active audience engagement within a shared cultural context.
基金Supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Committee,China(No.JCYJ20220530164600002)Scientific Research Program of Xiangjiang Philanthropy FoundationScience Research Grant of Aier Eye Hospital Group(No.AF2201D06).
文摘AIM:To investigate the efficacy of aflibercept combined with sub-tenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide(TA)in treating diabetic macular edema(DME)and to examine changes in growth factors and inflammatory mediator levels in aqueous humor after injection.METHODS:Totally 67 DME patients(67 eyes)and 30 cataract patients(32 eyes)were enrolled as the DME group and the control group,respectively.The DME group was divided into the aflibercept group(34 cases)and the aflibercept combined with TA group(combined group,33 cases).The aqueous humor of both groups was collected during the study period.The aqueous levels of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1),interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-8(IL-8),and interleukin-1β(IL-1β)were detected using a microsphere suspension array technology(Luminex 200TM).Aqueous cytokines,best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA),central macular thickness(CMT),and complications before and after treatment were compared between the aflibercept group and combined group.RESULTS:The concentrations of VEGF,MCP-1,IL-6,and IL-8 in the aqueous humor were significantly higher in the DME group than those of the control group(all P<0.01).After 1mo of surgery,the concentrations of VEGF,MCP-1,IL-6,and IL-8 in the aqueous humor were significantly lower in the combined group than those of the aflibercept group(all P<0.01).The BCVA and CMT values of the two groups were statistically different after 1 and 2mo of treatment(P<0.01).However,the difference was not statistically significant after 3mo of treatment(P>0.05).CONCLUSION:The cytokines VEGF,MCP-1,IL-6,and IL-8 in the aqueous humor of DME patients are significantly increased.Aflibercept and aflibercept combined with TA have good efficacy in DME patients,can effectively reduce CMT,improve the patient’s vision,and have high safety.Aflibercept combined with TA can quickly downregulate the aqueous humor cytokines and help to relieve macular edema rapidly.However,the long-term efficacy is comparable to that of aflibercept alone.
文摘Aqueous humor provides the necessary nutrition for the lens and transports the metabolites in the eye.It was a liquid that can directly reflect the microenvironment in the eye'and it can be easily obtained during the operation.This review intended to analyze the components of aqueous humor in patients with different types of cataracts'so as to reflect the pathogenesis and development of the disease'evaluate the incidence of postoperative complications and provide reference value for the surgical design of sequential cataract surgery.The aqueous humor components of different types of cataracts showed different degrees of inflammation'oxidative stress and extracellular matrix remodeling.The biomarker of early neuropathy in diabetic cataract was neural cell adhesion molecule-1(NCAM1).Transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)was the evaluation factor of disease development in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome.The relationships between postoperative complications of different types of cataracts and aqueous humor components were as follows:Macular edema after diabetic cataract surgery was associated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha;capsular contraction after high myopic cataract surgery was related to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1)and TGF-β2;Klotho and glutathione S-transferase P 1(GSTP1)were associated with high intraocular pressure after primary open-angle glaucoma complicated by cataract surgery;capsular contraction after retinitis pigmentosa complicated by cataract surgery was associated with matrix metalloproteinases;pro-inflammatory cytokines and fibroblast growth factor 4 in the aqueous humor of congenital cataracts were associated with posterior capsular opacification after surgery.Granulocyte colony stimulating factor 3 and MCP-1 were the main cytokines mediating the pain of the second eye in the binocular sequential cataract surgery short interval(1 wk)'while MCP-1 mediated pain in the long interval(6 wk).The second eye after binocular sequential cataract surgery had a higher level of proinflammatory factors.The components of aqueous humor in patients with different types of cataracts were related to the pathogenesis and postoperative complications of the disease.Monitoring the components of the aqueous humor could help better understand the intraocular microenvironment of different types of cataracts and provide a reference for predicting the development of the disease and implementing relevant targeted therapy.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82002127,81971500,82025001,82172240)National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFC2301700,2022YFC2604100)+1 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2022B1515020059,2021B1515130005)R&D Program of Guangzhou Laboratory(EKPG21-30-2).
文摘Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),the causative agent of COVID-19,encodes several accessory proteins that have been shown to play crucial roles in regulating the innate immune response.However,their expressions in infected cells and immunogenicity in infected humans and mice are still not fully understood.This study utilized various techniques such as luciferase immunoprecipitation system(LIPS),immunofluorescence assay(IFA),and western blot(WB)to detect accessory protein-specific antibodies in sera of COVID-19 patients.Specific antibodies to proteins 3a,3b,7b,8 and 9c can be detected by LIPS,but only protein 3a antibody was detected by IFA or WB.Antibodies against proteins 3a and 7b were only detected in ICU patients,which may serve as a marker for predicting disease progression.Further,we investigated the expression of accessory proteins in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells and identified the expressions of proteins 3a,6,7a,8,and 9b.We also analyzed their ability to induce antibodies in immunized mice and found that only proteins 3a,6,7a,8,9b and 9c were able to induce measurable antibody productions,but these antibodies lacked neutralizing activities and did not protect mice from SARS-CoV-2 infection.Our findings validate the expression of SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins and elucidate their humoral immune response,providing a basis for protein detection assays and their role in pathogenesis.
文摘Introduction: Following the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination has been proposed in several countries as the main preventive measure despite very limited data, particularly in dialysis patients. We conducted this study to assess the immunological response to vaccination in Senegalese hemodialysis patients. Patients and Methods: We conducted a prospective study, in two dialysis centers in Dakar from March 30<sup>th</sup> to August 30<sup>th</sup>, 2021 including patients on hemodialysis for >6 months, vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 according to the vaccination schedule recommended by WHO. A vaccine response was considered positive when seroconversion was observed after one dose of vaccine. The clinical efficacy of immunization was defined as the absence of new COVID-19 infection in patients who received a complete vaccination. Results: Among the 81 patients included in the study, 7.4% had anti-Spike IgM antibodies before their first vaccination. Seroprevalence of IgM antibodies was 38.3% one month after the first vaccine dose (at M1) and 8.6% one month after the second dose (at M4). Anti-Spike IgG antibodies were present in 40.3% of patients before vaccination, in 90.1% at M1, and in 59.7% at M4. Among patients previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, 10.2% had IgM antibodies at M0, 31.6% at M1, and 10.5% at M4 post-vaccination. Similarly, seroprevalences of IgG antibodies in this subgroup were 31.5%, 61.3%, and 50.0% respectively at M0, M1, and M4 post-vaccination. A comparison of seroconversion rates between M0 and M4 showed significant differences only for IgG in COVID-19 naive patients. Mean duration in dialysis and the existence of previous COVID-19 infection were associated with patients’ vaccinal response after the two doses. Age, gender and the use of immunosuppressive treatment did not influence post-vaccinal antibody production. Conclusion: Vaccination against COVID-19 in Senegalese hemodialysis patients induced a low seroconversion rate but it was well tolerated. Moreover, the induced protection was neither strong nor durable, particularly in patients with longer duration in dialysis.
文摘Humor is needed universally. The ability to make jokes or to appreciate humor is both necessary for living a happy or smooth life. Different nations have different humors. The paper is to analyze the definition of humor, the difference between British and American humor, and take James Thurber＇s stories to show the typical American humor. The English appear to be deeply serious people. English humor is more conserved, subtle, and silent. The British are known for their sense of humor. However, it is often difficult for foreigners to understand their jokes. The key to understanding British humor is to know that the British often use ＂understatement＂. American humor tends to be more ＂obvious＂ and less oblique, and can sometimes be considered by other English speaking cultures to be over the top and ridiculous.
文摘Mark Twain's humorous writing style and thought-provoking satire has great influence on world literature.This paper attempts to explore the satirical art of his short story Is He living or Is He dead?,aiming at showing the immortal artistic charm of Mark Twain's works.
文摘Catch-22,which is written by Joseph Heller,can be recognized as the "Modern Classic" of American literature,and this fiction uses a distinctive non-chronological third-person omniscient narration,describing the stories from different figures' visual angles.The novel features tragic content with comic form,anti-hero and illogical narrative structure.Catch-22,which no one can get out of,is not a simple rule;in other words,it's really a snare and this no-win situation exists in every corner of people's daily time.
文摘Yossarian is the hero in Catch-22 written by Joseph Heller in 1961,bearing the typical"anti-hero"feature of Black Humor in postmodernism literary fiction.This paper aims at giving some of the examples to make readers clearer of the Black Humor and more familiar with the"anti-hero"feature of Black Humor in postmodernism literary fiction.
文摘Based on the relevant theory, this paper makes an analysis of humor in Chinese popular art form --sketch. It is believed that the maximal relevance and the optimal relevance of utterances, explicature and implicature of utterances, and the efforts made by hearers in dealing with utterances are three important aspects in showing humorous effects in sketches, among which sketch actors＇ violating the mutual cognitive environment so as to create an unexpected effect on hearers is the core in creating humor in sketches. Through analyzing some excerpts from the sketch Yesterday.Today.Tomorrow, the author tries to explore the relevance nature of language in sketch and creation of humor in it.
文摘Mark Twain is a realistic writer in America.His humor,irony and together with colloquial speech have been remembered by readers,for which he became one of America's most beloved humorists and storytellers.This paper focuses on one of Twain's short stories The Stolen White Elephant.Through the analysis of Twain's humor and irony shown from the two main characters in this specific story,this paper is to show the social reality reflected in The Stolen White Elephant.
文摘This paper makes a systematical study on the translating strategies of humorous language,with linguistic and cultural factors taken into consideration in the discussion.It should be pointed out that whatever strategy is chosen in translation,it is workable so long as it can reach the best humorous effect.
文摘The paper is divided into Five Chapters,aiming to explain the humorous effect in our daily discourse in the perspective of linguistic analysis.It is another new discovery.Two languages have their own distinct features.When translating,we will find a lot of humorous effect created by these language differences.The analysis of the topic is undergoing through term definition and case study.The paper might be of some help to further the humorous research in literature,art,academic circles or daily conversations.More methods of analysis,at the same time,are appreciated.
文摘The translatability of humor is gradually accepted and linguistic humor based on specific features in the phonology,morphology or syntax of particular languages is considered to be the most difficult to translate. This paper is to study the linguistic humor translation of British sitcoms in the light of Skopos theory and explore practical ways of E-C translation of linguistic humor.
文摘This study analyzes the the verbal humor in the movie series If You Are The One from the perspective of some pragmatic theories.The findings of the study provide explanations towards generative mechanism of humor,such as the violation of Cooperative Principle,avoiding face-threatening acts,and particularly,creatively reveal that special use of Politeness Principle can produce a humourous effect,too.
文摘Animal Farm,which is written by the British writer George Orwell,is famous for its incisive satiric writing style and has been considered as an actual political allegory.This paper intends to re-read it from a different point of view—to appreciate its black-humorous characteristics from the following five aspects—language games,detached narrative,circular structure,open ending and comic incongruity in characterization.
文摘As we all know,Mark Twain is an expert in handling humor.The formation of his language style has close connection with three aspects.Local literature influences Mark Twain very much.Western humor is another influential element.And his personal experience is also contributed to his humorous language style.
