Spinal cord injury results in the loss of sensory,motor,and autonomic functions,which almost always produces permanent physical disability.Thus,in the search for more effective treatments than those already applied fo...Spinal cord injury results in the loss of sensory,motor,and autonomic functions,which almost always produces permanent physical disability.Thus,in the search for more effective treatments than those already applied for years,which are not entirely efficient,researches have been able to demonstrate the potential of biological strategies using biomaterials to tissue manufacturing through bioengineering and stem cell therapy as a neuroregenerative approach,seeking to promote neuronal recovery after spinal cord injury.Each of these strategies has been developed and meticulously evaluated in several animal models with the aim of analyzing the potential of interventions for neuronal repair and,consequently,boosting functional recovery.Although the majority of experimental research has been conducted in rodents,there is increasing recognition of the importance,and need,of evaluating the safety and efficacy of these interventions in non-human primates before moving to clinical trials involving therapies potentially promising in humans.This article is a literature review from databases(PubMed,Science Direct,Elsevier,Scielo,Redalyc,Cochrane,and NCBI)from 10 years ago to date,using keywords(spinal cord injury,cell therapy,non-human primates,humans,and bioengineering in spinal cord injury).From 110 retrieved articles,after two selection rounds based on inclusion and exclusion criteria,21 articles were analyzed.Thus,this review arises from the need to recognize the experimental therapeutic advances applied in non-human primates and even humans,aimed at deepening these strategies and identifying the advantages and influence of the results on extrapolation for clinical applicability in humans.展开更多
As one of the latest research hotspots in the field of artificial intelligence,AI-generated content(AIGC)can create virtual teaching scenarios,such as those involving educational digital humans,through content creatio...As one of the latest research hotspots in the field of artificial intelligence,AI-generated content(AIGC)can create virtual teaching scenarios,such as those involving educational digital humans,through content creation.This integration of AI and education is a product that will profoundly change the form of online education and the learning experience.Currently,most courses for educational digital humans still rely on traditional educational models and face many problems in practice.Based on an overview of AIGC technology and its application in micro-course production,this paper analyzes the current status of micro-courses for educational digital humans.It proposes the application of AIGC technology and educational digital humans in micro-course production,namely,using AIGC technology to drive the transformation of micro-courses for educational digital humans towards intelligence,thereby improving education quality and efficiency.展开更多
Infertility represents a significant health concern,with sperm quantity and quality being crucial determinants of male fertility.Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia(OAT)is characterized by reduced sperm motility,lower sperm ...Infertility represents a significant health concern,with sperm quantity and quality being crucial determinants of male fertility.Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia(OAT)is characterized by reduced sperm motility,lower sperm concentration,and morphological abnormalities in sperm heads and flagella.Although variants in several genes have been implicated in OAT,its genetic etiologies and pathogenetic mechanisms remain inadequately understood.In this study,we identified a homozygous nonsense mutation(c.916C>T,p.Arg306*)in the coiled-coil domain containing 146(CCDC146)gene in an infertile male patient with OAT.This mutation resulted in the production of a truncated CCDC146 protein(amino acids 1-305),retaining only two out of five coiled-coil domains.To validate the pathogenicity of the CCDC146 mutation,we generated a mouse model(Ccdc146^(mut/mut))with a similar mutation to that of the patient.Consistently,the Ccdc146mut/mut mice exhibited infertility,characterized by significantly reduced sperm counts,diminished motility,and multiple defects in sperm heads and flagella.Furthermore,the levels of axonemal proteins,including DNAH17,DNAH1,and SPAG6,were significantly reduced in the sperm of Ccdc146^(mut/mut) mice.Additionally,both human and mouse CCDC146 interacted with intraflagellar transport protein 20(IFT20),but this interaction was lost in the mutated versions,leading to the degradation of IFT20.This study identified a novel deleterious homozygous nonsense mutation in CCDC146 that causes male infertility,potentially by disrupting axonemal protein transportation.These findings offer valuable insights for genetic counseling and understanding the mechanisms underlying CCDC146 mutant-associated infertility in human males.展开更多
Birds are good friends of humans.They kill a great number of pests.But it seems that humans are not friendly to them.Humans use much pesticide to kill pests.But a lot of birds are killed at the same time.Sometimes,hum...Birds are good friends of humans.They kill a great number of pests.But it seems that humans are not friendly to them.Humans use much pesticide to kill pests.But a lot of birds are killed at the same time.Sometimes,humans directly kill birds.Some people kill birds for food,money or even fun.So the number of birds has become smaller and smaller.展开更多
In traditional jurisprudence,humans are defined as rational individuals with dignity,in other words,subjects with the ability to make their own choices and decisions.Individuals live in a state and the state’s main t...In traditional jurisprudence,humans are defined as rational individuals with dignity,in other words,subjects with the ability to make their own choices and decisions.Individuals live in a state and the state’s main task is to provide convenient conditions for them to practice their rationality.After entering the digital age,it is becoming increasingly difficult to maintain individual autonomy.The interpretation of the concept of humans in the dichotomy of individuals and the state increasingly lacks comprehensiveness.Human beings are seemingly losing their monopoly on rationality.These phenomena in the new age have caused the traditional legal concept of humans to face the dilemma of increasingly insufficient explanatory power,which has given rise to the need to adjust the concept of humans.In the process of adjustment,we shall abandon the anthropocentric view of technology to promote the harmonious coexistence between human society and technological systems and fully accept various new aspects and phenomena of social life in the digital age.In addition to the sublation of the rational view of utilitarianism,we shall pay more attention to and protect human emotional needs while developing a human rights system in the digital age.展开更多
Over the past 15 years,the Paleoanthropological and Paleolithic team from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology(IVPP),Chinese Academy of Sciences,has made significant progress in understanding...Over the past 15 years,the Paleoanthropological and Paleolithic team from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology(IVPP),Chinese Academy of Sciences,has made significant progress in understanding modern human origins and evolution through extensive fieldwork,fossil and artifact discoveries,and cutting-edge ancient molecular analysis.The new fossil findings from Hualongdong,Xuchang,the first report on Harbin,and the reevaluations of previously found fossils like Xujiayao revealed high population diversity in East Asia during the late Middle Pleistocene,implying multiple evolutionary lineages linked to modern humans,Neanderthals,or Denisovans.Different species names were proposed for these unique fossils.Discoveries from Zhiren Cave and Fuyan Cave refreshed our knowledge of modern human emergence in China,sparking debates between the“Recent African Origin”and“Multiregional Evolution”hypothesis.Additionally,new archaeological evidence from Nwya Devu and Xiamabei highlighted human adaptations to extreme climates and technological innovations.Genomic studies further revealed complex patterns of modern human dispersal,admixture,and adaptation in China,especially in the past 40,000 years.The first mitochondrial DNA of Denisovan outside Denisova Cave was successfully extracted from the sediments on the Plateau,suggesting the long-term occupation of this population in this area.展开更多
Proton pump inhibitors strongly inhibit gastric acid production,but digestion problems do not generally arise.We can intake almost ordinary food even after total gastrectomy.Small intestine itself can digest and absor...Proton pump inhibitors strongly inhibit gastric acid production,but digestion problems do not generally arise.We can intake almost ordinary food even after total gastrectomy.Small intestine itself can digest and absorb food using various digestive enzymes without digestion in the stomach.The pH level of gastric acid in humans is much lower than that of most animals,and very close to that of carrion-eating animals called scavengers.It is assumed that ancient humans became bipedal approximately 4 million years ago.It was difficult for humans,who just started unstable bipedal locomotion,to catch quadrupedal-walking animals that can move faster,without special hunting tools.They may have eaten remaining carcasses,which is mainly the leftovers of carnivora species,as animalderived food.The benefit to produce a volume of gastric acid for humans is carrion eating,in which disinfection by gastric acid is important.Humans produce a high concentration of gastric acid to enable consumption of a diet containing some bacteria and support this lifestyle by consuming significant energy to protect themselves from gastric acid.Now,the opportunity for strong deleterious bacteria to enter the gastrointestinal tract has decreased because of the organized clean environment.If this hygienic environment is maintained for a long time,our gastric acid level must be decreased gradually.展开更多
Objective The current outbreak of Zika virus(ZIKV)poses a severe threat to human health.Two ZIKV strains were isolated from mosquitoes collected from the Dejiang prefecture in China in 2016,which was the first isolati...Objective The current outbreak of Zika virus(ZIKV)poses a severe threat to human health.Two ZIKV strains were isolated from mosquitoes collected from the Dejiang prefecture in China in 2016,which was the first isolation of ZIKV in nature in China.Methods In this study,serum samples were collected from 366 healthy individuals and 104 animals from Dejiang prefecture in 2017,and the plaque reduction neutralization test(PRNT)was used to evaluate the seroprevalence of ZIKV.Results None of the 366 residents from whom the samples were collected were seropositive for ZIKV.None of the 11 pigs from whom the samples were collected were seropositive for ZIKV,while 1 of 63(1.59%)chickens and 2 of 30(6.67%)sheep were seropositive for ZIKV.Conclusions The extremely low seropositivity rate of ZIKV antibodies in animals in the Dejiang prefecture,Guizhou province in this study indicates that ZIKV can infect animals;however,there is a low risk of ZIKV circulating in the local population.展开更多
Blindness provides an unparalleled opportunity to study plasticity of the nervous system in humans.Seminal work in this area examined the often dramatic modifications to the visual cortex that result when visual input...Blindness provides an unparalleled opportunity to study plasticity of the nervous system in humans.Seminal work in this area examined the often dramatic modifications to the visual cortex that result when visual input is completely absent from birth or very early in life（Kupers and Ptito,2014）.More recent studies explored what happens to the visual pathways in the context of acquired blindness.This is particularly relevant as the majority of diseases that cause vision loss occur in the elderly.展开更多
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular, zoonotic protozoan parasite that causes toxoplasmosis. It can potentially infect almost all mammalian and avian hosts including one-third of the human population world-wide. The ...Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular, zoonotic protozoan parasite that causes toxoplasmosis. It can potentially infect almost all mammalian and avian hosts including one-third of the human population world-wide. The major target group of the parasite includes immunocompromised patients (e.g. AIDS, cancer, organ transplantation) and fetus bearing pregnant women where it develops toxoplasmic encephalitis, myocarditis, chorioretinitis and abnormal fetal brain development or stillbirths respectively. In this review, we have presented the current status of T. gondii infection in livestock animals and human population in Bangladesh to assess the country-wide relative risk. Although exact prevalence is difficult to predict due to the scarcity of data, nevertheless existing literature suggests that 16% - 39% humans and 8% - 70% domestic animals are infected with T. gondii, which implies Bangladeshi population is at high risk of toxoplasmosis. Furthermore, we have proposed a potential area of research to decipher the genetic diversity and transmission routes of T. gondii infection into Bangladeshi population.展开更多
OBJECT:Glioblastoma multiforme(GBM)is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor in adults.It isnearly uniformly fatal,with a median survival time of approximately l year,despite modem treatment modalities.Neverth...OBJECT:Glioblastoma multiforme(GBM)is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor in adults.It isnearly uniformly fatal,with a median survival time of approximately l year,despite modem treatment modalities.Nevertheless,a range of survival times exists around this median.Efforts to understand why some patients livelonger or shorter than the average may provide insight into the biology of these neoplasms.The annexin VII(ANX7)gene is located on the human chromosome 10q21,a site long hypothesized to harbor tumor展开更多
Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying human neurological disorders is hindered by both the complexity of the disorders and the lack of suitable experimental models recapitulating key pathologi...Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying human neurological disorders is hindered by both the complexity of the disorders and the lack of suitable experimental models recapitulating key pathological features of the disease.This is a crucial issue since a limited understanding of pathogenic mechanisms precludes the development of drugs counteracting the progression of the disease.Among neurological disorders,展开更多
Taste stimuli can elicit facial responses, and the facial responses may be useful indexes of taste sensations. In this study, we propose that eye blinking is also elicited by taste stimuli and we examined eye blink re...Taste stimuli can elicit facial responses, and the facial responses may be useful indexes of taste sensations. In this study, we propose that eye blinking is also elicited by taste stimuli and we examined eye blink responses in six healthy young adults. Low and high concentration solutions of the four basic taste qualities (sweetness, saltiness, sourness, and bitterness) and distilled water were delivered via a silicone tube. Facial responses were recorded by a video camera and eye blink responses were identified. The number of eye blinks in the 5 s following stimulation, and the latency and duration of the first eye blink, were quantified. High concentrations of sour and bitter solutions increased the number of eye blinks (195% and 227%, respectively;P P展开更多
Ciprofloxacin is generally well tolerated;the most common adverse effects include gastro intestinal tract, central nervous system and hematological system effects. Recently rising cases of Ciprofloxacin associated tox...Ciprofloxacin is generally well tolerated;the most common adverse effects include gastro intestinal tract, central nervous system and hematological system effects. Recently rising cases of Ciprofloxacin associated toxicity have been reported. Experiment using animal models and clinical experience showed that Ciprofloxacin induced cardiotoxicity is marked by increase QT and QTC interval and prolonged action potential duration. This increases the risk of arrhythmia (tosarde de pointes). Ciprofloxacin induced cardiotoxic effect could be associated with blocking cardiac voltage—gated potassium channels particularly the rapid component (IKr) of the delayed rectifier potassium current. Drug interaction with inhibitors of Cytochrome P450 (CYP) mediated metabolism could be one of the underlying mechanisms. Several cases of Ciprofloxacin induced hepatoxicity have been also reported. These were characterized by extensive hepatocellular necrosis, mixed inflammatory infiltrate and abundant esinophils in the liver. Elevated liver enzymes which include serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gramma-glutamyltranferase and prolong prothrobin time were reported. The hepatotoxic effect of Ciprofloxacin as reported could be due to oxidative stress induced in the liver by Ciprofloxacin through the generation of oxidative radicals leading to depletion of protein content in hepatocytes as a consequence of nucleic acids diminution and DNA damage. This may lead to significant decrease in the number and degeneration in mitochondria which is responsible for energy supply. Conclusion: Ciprofloxacin induced cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity is relatively low in humans but patients’ liver and cardiac function may be considered before Ciprofloxacin use.展开更多
Lyssaviruses, including Rabies virus, Duvenhage virus, European bat lyssavirus 1, European bat lyssavirus 2, Australian bat lyssavirus, and Irkut virus （IRKV）, have caused human fatalities, but infection of IRKV in ...Lyssaviruses, including Rabies virus, Duvenhage virus, European bat lyssavirus 1, European bat lyssavirus 2, Australian bat lyssavirus, and Irkut virus （IRKV）, have caused human fatalities, but infection of IRKV in dogs has not been previously reported. In China, a dead dog that previously bit a human was determined to be infected with IRKV. Pathogenicity tests revealed that IRKVs can cause rabies-like disease in dogs and cats after laboratory infection. The close relationship between humans and pets, such as dogs and cats, may generate a new spillover-spreading route for IRKV infection. Therefore, additional attention should be paid to trans-species infection of IRKV between bats and dogs or dogs and humans through investigation of the prevalence and circulation patterns of IRKV in China.展开更多
The author observed effects of 4 different acupuncture manipulations (lifting-thrusting, twisting-twirling, uniform reinforcing-reducing, and needling with sensation propagating along channels) on electrical activity ...The author observed effects of 4 different acupuncture manipulations (lifting-thrusting, twisting-twirling, uniform reinforcing-reducing, and needling with sensation propagating along channels) on electrical activity of the stomach, using amplitude and frequency of human electrogastrogram (EGG) as the indexes. The experiment proved that both the twisting-twirling and the uniform reinforcing-reducing methods inhibited electrical activity of the stomach to reduce the frequency of EGG (P展开更多
Little by little, we are entering the new era, intelligent interfaces are absorbing us more and more every day, and artificial intelligence makes its presence in a stealthy way. Virtual humans that represent an evolut...Little by little, we are entering the new era, intelligent interfaces are absorbing us more and more every day, and artificial intelligence makes its presence in a stealthy way. Virtual humans that represent an evolution of autonomous virtual agents;they are computer programs and in the future capable of carrying out different activities in certain environments. They will give the illusion of being human;they will have a body, and they will be immersed in an environment. They will have a set of senses that will allow them: 1) Sensations and therefore associated expressions;2) Communication;3) Learning;4) Remembering events, among others. By integrating the above, they will have a personality and autonomy, so they will be able to plan with respect to objectives;allowing them to decide and take actions with their body, in other words, they will count on awareness. The applications will be focused on environments that they will inhabit, or as interfaces that will interact with other systems. The application domains will be multiple;one of them being education. This article shows the design of OANNA like an avatar with the role of pedagogical agent. It was modeled as an affective-cognitive structure related to the teaching-learning process linked to a pedagogical agent that represents the interface of an artilect. OANNA, has the necessary animations for intervention within the teaching-learning process.展开更多
The fundamental concept in Chinese philosophy is pursuing harmony between humans and nature. This is based on the belief that humans are an integral part of nature, with tlie supreme ideal of life being the conscious ...The fundamental concept in Chinese philosophy is pursuing harmony between humans and nature. This is based on the belief that humans are an integral part of nature, with tlie supreme ideal of life being the conscious achievement of harmony between humans and nature.展开更多
Mammalian development and maturation, particularly processes for humans have evolved in the context of the boundary conditions of Earth (i.e. 1 g gravity, geomagnetic field, background radiation) to yield functional i...Mammalian development and maturation, particularly processes for humans have evolved in the context of the boundary conditions of Earth (i.e. 1 g gravity, geomagnetic field, background radiation) to yield functional individuals, although the process is not perfect and “errors” do occur. With the advent of spaceflight to low Earth orbit (the International Space Station), humans are now exposed to microgravity and increased exposure to radiation. However, thus far, only adult humans have served as astronauts, but this will likely change with plans to explore deep space and colonize planets. Thus, conception, fetal development, post-birth maturation, puberty and skeletal maturity will occur in the context of boundary conditions that did not shape human evolution and influence physiological and biomechanical systems designed to function within the Earth’s boundary conditions. Thus, processes utilizing the 1 g environment (i.e. walking upright) and the geomagnetic field (i.e. the electrical/biomagnetic basis of neural interactions) will have to adapt to new boundary conditions, providing opportunity for additional errors or alterations in processing during development which could impact functional outcomes at multiple levels. This review/perspective will discuss some of these issues and attempt to provide direction for addressing the potential issues to be encountered.展开更多
文摘Spinal cord injury results in the loss of sensory,motor,and autonomic functions,which almost always produces permanent physical disability.Thus,in the search for more effective treatments than those already applied for years,which are not entirely efficient,researches have been able to demonstrate the potential of biological strategies using biomaterials to tissue manufacturing through bioengineering and stem cell therapy as a neuroregenerative approach,seeking to promote neuronal recovery after spinal cord injury.Each of these strategies has been developed and meticulously evaluated in several animal models with the aim of analyzing the potential of interventions for neuronal repair and,consequently,boosting functional recovery.Although the majority of experimental research has been conducted in rodents,there is increasing recognition of the importance,and need,of evaluating the safety and efficacy of these interventions in non-human primates before moving to clinical trials involving therapies potentially promising in humans.This article is a literature review from databases(PubMed,Science Direct,Elsevier,Scielo,Redalyc,Cochrane,and NCBI)from 10 years ago to date,using keywords(spinal cord injury,cell therapy,non-human primates,humans,and bioengineering in spinal cord injury).From 110 retrieved articles,after two selection rounds based on inclusion and exclusion criteria,21 articles were analyzed.Thus,this review arises from the need to recognize the experimental therapeutic advances applied in non-human primates and even humans,aimed at deepening these strategies and identifying the advantages and influence of the results on extrapolation for clinical applicability in humans.
文摘As one of the latest research hotspots in the field of artificial intelligence,AI-generated content(AIGC)can create virtual teaching scenarios,such as those involving educational digital humans,through content creation.This integration of AI and education is a product that will profoundly change the form of online education and the learning experience.Currently,most courses for educational digital humans still rely on traditional educational models and face many problems in practice.Based on an overview of AIGC technology and its application in micro-course production,this paper analyzes the current status of micro-courses for educational digital humans.It proposes the application of AIGC technology and educational digital humans in micro-course production,namely,using AIGC technology to drive the transformation of micro-courses for educational digital humans towards intelligence,thereby improving education quality and efficiency.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Developmental Program of China(2021YFC2700202,2022YFC2702601,2019YFA0802600,2022YFA0806303)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32470915,32000587,32270901,82171601)+1 种基金Global Select Project(DJK-LX-2022010)of the Institute of Health and Medicine,Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center,Joint Fund for New Medicine of USTC(YD9100002034)Scientific Research Foundation for Scholars of the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC(RC2023054)。
文摘Infertility represents a significant health concern,with sperm quantity and quality being crucial determinants of male fertility.Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia(OAT)is characterized by reduced sperm motility,lower sperm concentration,and morphological abnormalities in sperm heads and flagella.Although variants in several genes have been implicated in OAT,its genetic etiologies and pathogenetic mechanisms remain inadequately understood.In this study,we identified a homozygous nonsense mutation(c.916C>T,p.Arg306*)in the coiled-coil domain containing 146(CCDC146)gene in an infertile male patient with OAT.This mutation resulted in the production of a truncated CCDC146 protein(amino acids 1-305),retaining only two out of five coiled-coil domains.To validate the pathogenicity of the CCDC146 mutation,we generated a mouse model(Ccdc146^(mut/mut))with a similar mutation to that of the patient.Consistently,the Ccdc146mut/mut mice exhibited infertility,characterized by significantly reduced sperm counts,diminished motility,and multiple defects in sperm heads and flagella.Furthermore,the levels of axonemal proteins,including DNAH17,DNAH1,and SPAG6,were significantly reduced in the sperm of Ccdc146^(mut/mut) mice.Additionally,both human and mouse CCDC146 interacted with intraflagellar transport protein 20(IFT20),but this interaction was lost in the mutated versions,leading to the degradation of IFT20.This study identified a novel deleterious homozygous nonsense mutation in CCDC146 that causes male infertility,potentially by disrupting axonemal protein transportation.These findings offer valuable insights for genetic counseling and understanding the mechanisms underlying CCDC146 mutant-associated infertility in human males.
文摘Birds are good friends of humans.They kill a great number of pests.But it seems that humans are not friendly to them.Humans use much pesticide to kill pests.But a lot of birds are killed at the same time.Sometimes,humans directly kill birds.Some people kill birds for food,money or even fun.So the number of birds has become smaller and smaller.
基金funded by the Jiangxi Provincial Social Science“14th Five-Year Plan”(2022)Fund’s General Project“Research on the Mechanism of Not Pursuing Criminal Responsibility for Cases Involving Both Administrative and Criminal Aspects in the Perspective of Optimizing the Law-Based Business Environment”(Project Number 22FX15D)。
文摘In traditional jurisprudence,humans are defined as rational individuals with dignity,in other words,subjects with the ability to make their own choices and decisions.Individuals live in a state and the state’s main task is to provide convenient conditions for them to practice their rationality.After entering the digital age,it is becoming increasingly difficult to maintain individual autonomy.The interpretation of the concept of humans in the dichotomy of individuals and the state increasingly lacks comprehensiveness.Human beings are seemingly losing their monopoly on rationality.These phenomena in the new age have caused the traditional legal concept of humans to face the dilemma of increasingly insufficient explanatory power,which has given rise to the need to adjust the concept of humans.In the process of adjustment,we shall abandon the anthropocentric view of technology to promote the harmonious coexistence between human society and technological systems and fully accept various new aspects and phenomena of social life in the digital age.In addition to the sublation of the rational view of utilitarianism,we shall pay more attention to and protect human emotional needs while developing a human rights system in the digital age.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41925009)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)(YSBR-019)+1 种基金the National Social Science Foundation of China(Grant No.23&ZD268)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42072033).
文摘Over the past 15 years,the Paleoanthropological and Paleolithic team from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology(IVPP),Chinese Academy of Sciences,has made significant progress in understanding modern human origins and evolution through extensive fieldwork,fossil and artifact discoveries,and cutting-edge ancient molecular analysis.The new fossil findings from Hualongdong,Xuchang,the first report on Harbin,and the reevaluations of previously found fossils like Xujiayao revealed high population diversity in East Asia during the late Middle Pleistocene,implying multiple evolutionary lineages linked to modern humans,Neanderthals,or Denisovans.Different species names were proposed for these unique fossils.Discoveries from Zhiren Cave and Fuyan Cave refreshed our knowledge of modern human emergence in China,sparking debates between the“Recent African Origin”and“Multiregional Evolution”hypothesis.Additionally,new archaeological evidence from Nwya Devu and Xiamabei highlighted human adaptations to extreme climates and technological innovations.Genomic studies further revealed complex patterns of modern human dispersal,admixture,and adaptation in China,especially in the past 40,000 years.The first mitochondrial DNA of Denisovan outside Denisova Cave was successfully extracted from the sediments on the Plateau,suggesting the long-term occupation of this population in this area.
文摘Proton pump inhibitors strongly inhibit gastric acid production,but digestion problems do not generally arise.We can intake almost ordinary food even after total gastrectomy.Small intestine itself can digest and absorb food using various digestive enzymes without digestion in the stomach.The pH level of gastric acid in humans is much lower than that of most animals,and very close to that of carrion-eating animals called scavengers.It is assumed that ancient humans became bipedal approximately 4 million years ago.It was difficult for humans,who just started unstable bipedal locomotion,to catch quadrupedal-walking animals that can move faster,without special hunting tools.They may have eaten remaining carcasses,which is mainly the leftovers of carnivora species,as animalderived food.The benefit to produce a volume of gastric acid for humans is carrion eating,in which disinfection by gastric acid is important.Humans produce a high concentration of gastric acid to enable consumption of a diet containing some bacteria and support this lifestyle by consuming significant energy to protect themselves from gastric acid.Now,the opportunity for strong deleterious bacteria to enter the gastrointestinal tract has decreased because of the organized clean environment.If this hygienic environment is maintained for a long time,our gastric acid level must be decreased gradually.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project [2018ZX10713-002,2017ZX10104001,2018ZX10711001]National key research and development project [2017YFC1200505,2016YFC1200905]the Development Grant of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control [2015SKLID505,2014SKLID103]
文摘Objective The current outbreak of Zika virus(ZIKV)poses a severe threat to human health.Two ZIKV strains were isolated from mosquitoes collected from the Dejiang prefecture in China in 2016,which was the first isolation of ZIKV in nature in China.Methods In this study,serum samples were collected from 366 healthy individuals and 104 animals from Dejiang prefecture in 2017,and the plaque reduction neutralization test(PRNT)was used to evaluate the seroprevalence of ZIKV.Results None of the 366 residents from whom the samples were collected were seropositive for ZIKV.None of the 11 pigs from whom the samples were collected were seropositive for ZIKV,while 1 of 63(1.59%)chickens and 2 of 30(6.67%)sheep were seropositive for ZIKV.Conclusions The extremely low seropositivity rate of ZIKV antibodies in animals in the Dejiang prefecture,Guizhou province in this study indicates that ZIKV can infect animals;however,there is a low risk of ZIKV circulating in the local population.
基金supported by National Institutes of Health Contracts P30-EY008098 and T32-EY017271-06(BethesdaMD)+14 种基金United States Department of Defense DM090217(ArlingtonVA)Alcon Research Institute Young Investigator Grant(Fort WorthTX)Eye and Ear Foundation(PittsburghPA)Research to Prevent Blindness(New YorkNY)Aging Institute Pilot Seed GrantUniversity of Pittsburgh(PittsburghPA)Postdoctoral Fellowship Program in Ocular Tissue Engineering and Regenerative OphthalmologyLouis J.Fox Center for Vision RestorationUniversity of Pittsburgh and UPMC(PittsburghPA)
文摘Blindness provides an unparalleled opportunity to study plasticity of the nervous system in humans.Seminal work in this area examined the often dramatic modifications to the visual cortex that result when visual input is completely absent from birth or very early in life（Kupers and Ptito,2014）.More recent studies explored what happens to the visual pathways in the context of acquired blindness.This is particularly relevant as the majority of diseases that cause vision loss occur in the elderly.
文摘Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular, zoonotic protozoan parasite that causes toxoplasmosis. It can potentially infect almost all mammalian and avian hosts including one-third of the human population world-wide. The major target group of the parasite includes immunocompromised patients (e.g. AIDS, cancer, organ transplantation) and fetus bearing pregnant women where it develops toxoplasmic encephalitis, myocarditis, chorioretinitis and abnormal fetal brain development or stillbirths respectively. In this review, we have presented the current status of T. gondii infection in livestock animals and human population in Bangladesh to assess the country-wide relative risk. Although exact prevalence is difficult to predict due to the scarcity of data, nevertheless existing literature suggests that 16% - 39% humans and 8% - 70% domestic animals are infected with T. gondii, which implies Bangladeshi population is at high risk of toxoplasmosis. Furthermore, we have proposed a potential area of research to decipher the genetic diversity and transmission routes of T. gondii infection into Bangladeshi population.
文摘OBJECT:Glioblastoma multiforme(GBM)is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor in adults.It isnearly uniformly fatal,with a median survival time of approximately l year,despite modem treatment modalities.Nevertheless,a range of survival times exists around this median.Efforts to understand why some patients livelonger or shorter than the average may provide insight into the biology of these neoplasms.The annexin VII(ANX7)gene is located on the human chromosome 10q21,a site long hypothesized to harbor tumor
文摘Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying human neurological disorders is hindered by both the complexity of the disorders and the lack of suitable experimental models recapitulating key pathological features of the disease.This is a crucial issue since a limited understanding of pathogenic mechanisms precludes the development of drugs counteracting the progression of the disease.Among neurological disorders,
文摘Taste stimuli can elicit facial responses, and the facial responses may be useful indexes of taste sensations. In this study, we propose that eye blinking is also elicited by taste stimuli and we examined eye blink responses in six healthy young adults. Low and high concentration solutions of the four basic taste qualities (sweetness, saltiness, sourness, and bitterness) and distilled water were delivered via a silicone tube. Facial responses were recorded by a video camera and eye blink responses were identified. The number of eye blinks in the 5 s following stimulation, and the latency and duration of the first eye blink, were quantified. High concentrations of sour and bitter solutions increased the number of eye blinks (195% and 227%, respectively;P P
文摘Ciprofloxacin is generally well tolerated;the most common adverse effects include gastro intestinal tract, central nervous system and hematological system effects. Recently rising cases of Ciprofloxacin associated toxicity have been reported. Experiment using animal models and clinical experience showed that Ciprofloxacin induced cardiotoxicity is marked by increase QT and QTC interval and prolonged action potential duration. This increases the risk of arrhythmia (tosarde de pointes). Ciprofloxacin induced cardiotoxic effect could be associated with blocking cardiac voltage—gated potassium channels particularly the rapid component (IKr) of the delayed rectifier potassium current. Drug interaction with inhibitors of Cytochrome P450 (CYP) mediated metabolism could be one of the underlying mechanisms. Several cases of Ciprofloxacin induced hepatoxicity have been also reported. These were characterized by extensive hepatocellular necrosis, mixed inflammatory infiltrate and abundant esinophils in the liver. Elevated liver enzymes which include serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gramma-glutamyltranferase and prolong prothrobin time were reported. The hepatotoxic effect of Ciprofloxacin as reported could be due to oxidative stress induced in the liver by Ciprofloxacin through the generation of oxidative radicals leading to depletion of protein content in hepatocytes as a consequence of nucleic acids diminution and DNA damage. This may lead to significant decrease in the number and degeneration in mitochondria which is responsible for energy supply. Conclusion: Ciprofloxacin induced cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity is relatively low in humans but patients’ liver and cardiac function may be considered before Ciprofloxacin use.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China[2016YFD0500401,2016YFD0501000,2017YFD0502300,and 2017YFD0500600]
文摘Lyssaviruses, including Rabies virus, Duvenhage virus, European bat lyssavirus 1, European bat lyssavirus 2, Australian bat lyssavirus, and Irkut virus （IRKV）, have caused human fatalities, but infection of IRKV in dogs has not been previously reported. In China, a dead dog that previously bit a human was determined to be infected with IRKV. Pathogenicity tests revealed that IRKVs can cause rabies-like disease in dogs and cats after laboratory infection. The close relationship between humans and pets, such as dogs and cats, may generate a new spillover-spreading route for IRKV infection. Therefore, additional attention should be paid to trans-species infection of IRKV between bats and dogs or dogs and humans through investigation of the prevalence and circulation patterns of IRKV in China.
文摘The author observed effects of 4 different acupuncture manipulations (lifting-thrusting, twisting-twirling, uniform reinforcing-reducing, and needling with sensation propagating along channels) on electrical activity of the stomach, using amplitude and frequency of human electrogastrogram (EGG) as the indexes. The experiment proved that both the twisting-twirling and the uniform reinforcing-reducing methods inhibited electrical activity of the stomach to reduce the frequency of EGG (P
文摘Little by little, we are entering the new era, intelligent interfaces are absorbing us more and more every day, and artificial intelligence makes its presence in a stealthy way. Virtual humans that represent an evolution of autonomous virtual agents;they are computer programs and in the future capable of carrying out different activities in certain environments. They will give the illusion of being human;they will have a body, and they will be immersed in an environment. They will have a set of senses that will allow them: 1) Sensations and therefore associated expressions;2) Communication;3) Learning;4) Remembering events, among others. By integrating the above, they will have a personality and autonomy, so they will be able to plan with respect to objectives;allowing them to decide and take actions with their body, in other words, they will count on awareness. The applications will be focused on environments that they will inhabit, or as interfaces that will interact with other systems. The application domains will be multiple;one of them being education. This article shows the design of OANNA like an avatar with the role of pedagogical agent. It was modeled as an affective-cognitive structure related to the teaching-learning process linked to a pedagogical agent that represents the interface of an artilect. OANNA, has the necessary animations for intervention within the teaching-learning process.
文摘The fundamental concept in Chinese philosophy is pursuing harmony between humans and nature. This is based on the belief that humans are an integral part of nature, with tlie supreme ideal of life being the conscious achievement of harmony between humans and nature.
文摘Mammalian development and maturation, particularly processes for humans have evolved in the context of the boundary conditions of Earth (i.e. 1 g gravity, geomagnetic field, background radiation) to yield functional individuals, although the process is not perfect and “errors” do occur. With the advent of spaceflight to low Earth orbit (the International Space Station), humans are now exposed to microgravity and increased exposure to radiation. However, thus far, only adult humans have served as astronauts, but this will likely change with plans to explore deep space and colonize planets. Thus, conception, fetal development, post-birth maturation, puberty and skeletal maturity will occur in the context of boundary conditions that did not shape human evolution and influence physiological and biomechanical systems designed to function within the Earth’s boundary conditions. Thus, processes utilizing the 1 g environment (i.e. walking upright) and the geomagnetic field (i.e. the electrical/biomagnetic basis of neural interactions) will have to adapt to new boundary conditions, providing opportunity for additional errors or alterations in processing during development which could impact functional outcomes at multiple levels. This review/perspective will discuss some of these issues and attempt to provide direction for addressing the potential issues to be encountered.
