The human digital twin(HDT)emerges as a promising human-centric technology in Industry 5.0,but challenges remain in human modeling and simulation.Digital human modeling(DHM)provides solutions for modeling and simulati...The human digital twin(HDT)emerges as a promising human-centric technology in Industry 5.0,but challenges remain in human modeling and simulation.Digital human modeling(DHM)provides solutions for modeling and simulating human physical and cognitive aspects to support ergonomic analysis.However,it has limitations in real-time data usage,personalized services,and timely interaction.The emerging HDT concept offers new possibilities by integrating multi-source data and artificial intelligence for continuous monitoring and assessment.Hence,this paper reviews the evolution from DHM to HDT and proposes a unified HDT framework from a human factors perspective.The framework comprises the physical twin,the virtual twin,and the linkage between these two.The virtual twin integrates human modeling and AI engines to enable model-data-hybrid-enabled simulation.HDT can potentially upgrade traditional ergonomic methods to intelligent services through real-time analysis,timely feedback,and bidirectional interactions.Finally,the future perspectives of HDT for industrial applications as well as technical and social challenges are discussed.In general,this study outlines a human factors perspective on HDT for the first time,which is useful for cross-disciplinary research and human factors innovation to enhance the development of HDT in industry.展开更多
Methods of digital human modeling have been developed and utilized to reflect human shape features.However,most of published works focused on dynamic visualization or fashion design,instead of high-accuracy modeling,w...Methods of digital human modeling have been developed and utilized to reflect human shape features.However,most of published works focused on dynamic visualization or fashion design,instead of high-accuracy modeling,which was strongly demanded by medical or rehabilitation scenarios.Prior to a high-accuracy modeling of human legs based on non-uniform rational B-splines(NURBS),the method of extracting the required quasi-grid network of feature points for human legs is presented in this work.Given the 3 D scanned human body,the leg is firstly segmented and put in standardized position.Then re-sampling of the leg is conducted via a set of equidistant cross sections.Through analysis of leg circumferences and circumferential curvature,the characteristic sections of the leg as well as the characteristic points on the sections are then identified according to the human anatomy and shape features.The obtained collection can be arranged to form a grid of data points for knots calculation and high-accuracy shape reconstruction in future work.展开更多
The 3D shape of the human body is useful for applications in fitness, games and apparel. Accurate body scanners, howev- er, are expensive, limiting the availability of 3D body models. In this paper, we focus on the hu...The 3D shape of the human body is useful for applications in fitness, games and apparel. Accurate body scanners, howev- er, are expensive, limiting the availability of 3D body models. In this paper, we focus on the human body 3D modeling using one Kinect sensor modeling method. To get the human body model fast, three steps in rapid modeling of the human body are carried out. Firstly, according to anthropometric parameters, the standard model is parameterized; Secondly, the Kinect depth image of the human body model is gotten through, then, by using the PCL library the point cloud data is processed and matched, and the human body model is optimized; Finally, the realistic human body model is obtained with the rapid integration of the standard model and PCL library.展开更多
In recent years,humanized immune system(HIS)mice have been gradually used as models for preclinical research in pharmacotherapies and cell therapies with major breakthroughs in tumor and other fields,better mimicking ...In recent years,humanized immune system(HIS)mice have been gradually used as models for preclinical research in pharmacotherapies and cell therapies with major breakthroughs in tumor and other fields,better mimicking the human immune system and the tumor immune microenvironment,compared to traditional immunodeficient mice.To better promote the application of HIS mice in preclinical research,we se-lectively summarize the current prevalent and breakthrough research and evaluation of chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)-T cells in various antiviral and antitumor treat-ments.By exploring its application in preclinical research,we find that it can better reflect the actual clinical patient condition,with the advantages of providing high-efficiency detection indicators,even for progressive research and development.We believe that it has better clinical patient simulation and promotion for the updated design of CAR-T cell therapy than directly transplanted immunodeficient mice.The characteristics of the main models are proposed to improve the use defects of the existing models by reducing the limitation of antihost reaction,combining multiple models,and unifying sources and organoid substitution.Strategy study of relapse and toxicity after CAR-T treatment also provides more possibilities for application and development.展开更多
The anthropometric differences between European/American and Chinese population are remarkable and have significant influences on pedestrian kinematics and injury response in vehicle crashes.Therefore,the current stud...The anthropometric differences between European/American and Chinese population are remarkable and have significant influences on pedestrian kinematics and injury response in vehicle crashes.Therefore,the current study aims to develop and validate a Finite Element(FE)human body model representing the anthropometry of Chinese 50th percentile adult male for pedestrian safety analysis and development of Chinese ATDs(Anthropomorphic Test Devices).Firstly,a human body pedestrian model,named as C-HBM(Chinese Human Body Model),was developed based on the medical image data of a volunteer selected according to both anthropometry and anatomy characteristics of 50th percentile Chinese adult male.Then,the biofidelity of the C-HBM pedestrian model was validated against cadaver impact test data reported in the literature at the segment and full-body level.Finally,the validated C-HBM pedestrian model was employed to predict Chinese pedestrian injuries in real world vehicle crashes.The results indicate that the C-HBM pedestrian model has a good capability in predicting human body mechanical response in cadaver tests and Chinese leg and thorax injuries in vehicle crashes.Kinematic analysis shows that the C-HBM pedestrian model has less sliding on the hood surface,shorter movement in the horizontal direction,and higher pelvis displacement in the vertical direction than cadavers and the pedestrian model in the anthropometry of westerner due to anthropometric differences in the lower limbs.The currently developed C-HBM pedestrian model provides a basic tool for vehicle safety design and evaluation in China market,and for development of Chinese ATDs.展开更多
Modeling of the human body is a basic problem in computer animation of the humanbody. This paper presents a method in which the combination of polyhedra is used to establish aninitial rough design of the human body an...Modeling of the human body is a basic problem in computer animation of the humanbody. This paper presents a method in which the combination of polyhedra is used to establish aninitial rough design of the human body and subdivision of polyhedra to approximate the curvesurface of the real human body. In addition, the dynamic characteristics are taken intoconsideration of the human body, thus providing a fine basis for the establishment of the bumanbody animation.展开更多
An adaptive human tracking method across spatially separated surveillance cameras with non-overlapping fields of views （FOVs） is proposed. The method relies on the two cues of the human appearance model and spatio-t...An adaptive human tracking method across spatially separated surveillance cameras with non-overlapping fields of views （FOVs） is proposed. The method relies on the two cues of the human appearance model and spatio-temporal information between cameras. For the human appearance model, an HSV color histogram is extracted from different human body parts （head, torso, and legs）, then a weighted algorithm is used to compute the similarity distance of two people. Finally, a similarity sorting algorithm with two thresholds is exploited to find the correspondence. The spatio- temporal information is established in the learning phase and is updated incrementally according to the latest correspondence. The experimental results prove that the proposed human tracking method is effective without requiring camera calibration and it becomes more accurate over time as new observations are accumulated.展开更多
A complete characterization of the behavior in human-robot interactions(HRI) includes both: the behavioral dynamics and the control laws that characterize how the behavior is regulated with the perception data. In thi...A complete characterization of the behavior in human-robot interactions(HRI) includes both: the behavioral dynamics and the control laws that characterize how the behavior is regulated with the perception data. In this way, this work proposes a leader-follower coordinate control based on an impedance control that allows to establish a dynamic relation between social forces and motion error. For this, a scheme is presented to identify the impedance based on fictitious social forces, which are described by distance-based potential fields.As part of the validation procedure, we present an experimental comparison to select the better of two different fictitious force structures. The criteria are determined by two qualities: least impedance errors during the validation procedure and least parameter variance during the recursive estimation procedure.Finally, with the best fictitious force and its identified impedance,an impedance control is designed for a mobile robot Pioneer 3AT,which is programmed to follow a human in a structured scenario.According to results, and under the hypothesis that moving like humans will be acceptable by humans, it is believed that the proposed control improves the social acceptance of the robot for this kind of interaction.展开更多
Low collateral damage weapons achieve controlled personnel injury through the coupling of shock waves and particle swarms,where the particle swarms arise from the high-explosive dispersion of compacted metal particle ...Low collateral damage weapons achieve controlled personnel injury through the coupling of shock waves and particle swarms,where the particle swarms arise from the high-explosive dispersion of compacted metal particle ring.To investigate the dynamic response of the human target under combined shock waves and particle swarms loading,a physical human surrogate torso model(HSTM)was developed,and the dynamic response test experiment was conducted under the combined loading.The effects of particle size on the loading parameters,the damage patterns of the ballistic plate and HSTM,and the dynamic response parameters of the HSTM with and without protection are mainly analyzed.Our findings revealed that particle swarms can effectively delay the shock wave attenuation,especially the best effect when the particle size was 0.28–0.45 mm.The ballistic plate mainly exhibited dense perforation of the outer fabric and impacted crater damage of ceramic plates,whereas the unprotected HSTM was mainly dominated by high-density and small-size ballistic cavity group damage.The peak values of the dynamic response parameters for the HSTM under combined loading were significantly larger than those under bare charge loading,with multiple peaks observed.Under unprotected conditions,the peak acceleration of skeletons and peak pressure of organs increased with the particle size.Under protected conditions,the particle size,the number of particles hit,and the fit of the ballistic plate to the HSTM together affected the dynamic response parameters of the HSTM.展开更多
Genetically modified animal models are important for understanding the pathogenesis of human disease and developing therapeutic strategies. Although genetically modified mice have been widely used to model human disea...Genetically modified animal models are important for understanding the pathogenesis of human disease and developing therapeutic strategies. Although genetically modified mice have been widely used to model human diseases, some of these mouse models do not replicate important disease symptoms or pathology. Pigs are more similar to humans than mice in anatomy, physiology, and genome. Thus, pigs are considered to be better animal models to mimic some human diseases. This review describes genetically modified pigs that have been used to model various diseases including neurological, cardiovascular, and diabetic disorders. We also discuss the development in gene modification technology that can facilitate the generation of transgenic pig models for human diseases,展开更多
This paper presents a new feature-based mannequin modeling method, which is used in 3D computer aided garment design. Different from the traditional human modeling methods, a feature-based parametric design algorithm ...This paper presents a new feature-based mannequin modeling method, which is used in 3D computer aided garment design. Different from the traditional human modeling methods, a feature-based parametric design algorithm is involved in this method and mannequin posture animation is also implemented. They can greatly satisfy the requirements of the 3D computer aided garment design. At present, this mannequin modeling method has been implemented as a part of the computer aided 3D garment design system. Several mannequins for garment design have been manufactured by using this method and the rapid prototype technique.展开更多
A subsystem impactor test for pedestrian lower limb injury evaluation has been brought in China New Car Assessment Protocol(CNCAP).Concerning large anthropometric differences of the people from different countries,the...A subsystem impactor test for pedestrian lower limb injury evaluation has been brought in China New Car Assessment Protocol(CNCAP).Concerning large anthropometric differences of the people from different countries,the present study aims to establish and validate a finite element lower limb model representing 50th Chinese male size for pedestrian safety research,then compare its biomechanical responses with the general models currently in wide use in the world for pedestrian safety evaluation.Concerning the vehicle-pedestrian impact loading environment,the previously developed lower limb model with three-dimensional muscles was adjusted and validated through the related experiments.Then,the biomechanical responses of the validated model were compared with the Total Human Model for Safety(THUMS)and Advanced Pedestrian Legform Impactor(aPLI)models by combing with four typical vehicles.The results showed that both consistency and significant differences of biomechanical responses existed between the present model and the other two models.The injury measurements of the thigh region of the present model showed extremely large differences with the other two models,while the tibia and Medial Collateral Ligament(MCL)injury measurements show similar values.Thus,it can be concluded that directly using the aPLI or THUMS models for Chinese pedestrian safety evaluation is not robust concerning both kinematic responses and injury measurements.展开更多
This paper proposes a method to predict nonlinear Pilot-Induced Oscillation(PIO)using an intelligent human pilot model.This method is based on a scalogram-based PIO metric,which uses wavelet transforms to analyze the ...This paper proposes a method to predict nonlinear Pilot-Induced Oscillation(PIO)using an intelligent human pilot model.This method is based on a scalogram-based PIO metric,which uses wavelet transforms to analyze the nonlinear characteristics of a time-varying system.The intelligent human pilot model includes three modules:perception module,decision and adaptive module,and execution module.Intelligent and adaptive features,including a neural network receptor,fuzzy decision and adaptation,are also introduced into the human pilot model to describe the behavior of the human pilot accommodating the nonlinear events.Furthermore,an algorithm is proposed to describe the procedure of the PIO prediction method with nonlinear evaluation cases.The prediction results obtained by numerical simulation are compared with the assessments of flight test data to validate the utility of the method.The flight test data were generated in the evaluation of the Smart-Cue/Smart-Gain,which is capable of reducing the PIO tendencies considerably.The results show that the method can be applied to predict the nonlinear PIO events by human pilot model simulation.展开更多
In order to better understand biatrial conduction,investigate various conduction pathways,and compare the differences between isotropic and anisotropic conductions in human atria,we present a simulation study of biatr...In order to better understand biatrial conduction,investigate various conduction pathways,and compare the differences between isotropic and anisotropic conductions in human atria,we present a simulation study of biatrial conduction with known/assumed conduction pathways using a recently developed human atrial model.In addition to known pathways:(1) Bachmann's bundle(BB),(2) limbus of fossa ovalis(LFO),and(3) coronary sinus(CS),we also hypothesize that there exist two fast conduction bundles that connect the crista terminalis(CT),LFO,and CS.Our simulation demonstrates that use of these fast conduction bundles results in a conduction pattern consistent with experimental data.The comparison of isotropic and anisotropoic conductions in the BB case showed that the atrial working muscles had small effect on conduction time and conduction speed,although the conductivities assigned in anisotropic conduction were two to four times higher than the isotropic conduction.In conclusion,we suggest that the hypothesized intercaval bundles play a significant role in the biatrial conduction and that myofiber orientation has larger effects on the conduction system than the atrial working muscles.This study presents readers with new insights into human atrial conduction.展开更多
A Robust Adaptive Video Encoder (RAVE) based on human visual model is proposed. The encoder combines the best features of Fine Granularity Scalable (FGS) coding, framedropping coding, video redundancy coding, and huma...A Robust Adaptive Video Encoder (RAVE) based on human visual model is proposed. The encoder combines the best features of Fine Granularity Scalable (FGS) coding, framedropping coding, video redundancy coding, and human visual model. According to packet loss and available bandwidth of the network, the encoder adjust the output bit rate by jointly adapting quantization step-size instructed by human visual model, rate shaping, and periodically inserting key frame. The proposed encoder is implemented based on MPEG-4 encoder and is compared with the case of a conventional FGS algorithm. It is shown that RAVE is a very efficient robust video encoder that provides improved visual quality for the receiver and consumes equal or less network resource. Results are confirmed by subjective tests and simulation tests.展开更多
Virtual reality(VR)has been widely used in various manufacturing industries,and VR-based virtual manufacturing has received significant attention in the current intelligent manufacturing era.Digital human models(DHMs)...Virtual reality(VR)has been widely used in various manufacturing industries,and VR-based virtual manufacturing has received significant attention in the current intelligent manufacturing era.Digital human models(DHMs)are essential for virtual manufacturing applications.Additionally,researching new applications of DHMs has developed into an important academic research field.This paper aims to identify the applications and research trends of DHMs in the manufacturing industry and to provide a reference for the continued development of virtual manufacturing and DHMs.We selected a total of 49 related articles from a large number of articles published between 2014 and 2019.The applications of DHMs in the manufacturing industry are analyzed from different perspectives and various relevant technical limitations are discussed.The results indicate that the applications of DHMs differ significantly between different types of fields.The automotive industry is the main application field for DHMs,and assembly/maintenance simulations and evaluations are the main application types.Additionally,there are still some limitations in the establishment of virtual environments,motion control,and DHM evaluation that should be addressed.Finally,research trends in the application of DHMs are illustrated and discussed,including the planning and assessment of human-robot collaboration systems,the combination of DHMs and augmented reality,and improved motion planning for DHMs.In summary,the application of DHMs can improve the realism and effectiveness of virtual manufacturing,and DHMs will be more widely and deeply studied and applied in various manufacturing industries in the near future.展开更多
Using the theories of population carrying capacity and ecological elasticity in other fields for reference, the connotation of regional human settlement system was defined from the viewpoint of the complex relationshi...Using the theories of population carrying capacity and ecological elasticity in other fields for reference, the connotation of regional human settlement system was defined from the viewpoint of the complex relationship among the factors such as regional population, resources, environment and economic and social development in the context of China′s rapid urbanization. Then the concept and characterization methods of the regional human settlement carrying capacity were proposed by means of population scale. Furthermore, a model of carrying capacity-pressure-state-response(CPSR) on regional human settlement system was established by referencing pressure-state-response(PSR) model, and the Catastrophe Theory was introduced to determine the corresponding standards of multi-criteria programming and evaluation. Taking Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China as an example, an empirical analysis on evaluation of human settlement system from 2000 to 2012 was carried out. The results showed that the carrying capacity of human settlement system in Dalian was fluctuating between 9.6 × 106 to 10 × 106 persons with a quantitative stage of the dynamic regulation. During the research period the load index of human settlement system in Dalian dropped from 0.96 to 0.84 with a lower pressure of human settlement system than the national average level. And the emergency response grades of human settlement system in Dalian were kept in grade Ⅱ(orange warning) or grade Ⅲ(yellow warning). Human settlement system of Dalian was in slight security state as a whole, but the load had a tendency of increase in recent years. The related departments should pay close attention to regional human settlement system and take active measures to improve human settlement by both intensity control and total quantity control. By comparison, analysis and discussion, it was considered that the results were basically accordded with the current situations of human settlement in Dalian, and the evaluation results were more reliable, visualized and easily applied in practice. Therefore, the above-mentioned concepts, characterization and evaluation methods of the regional human settlement system and carrying capacity could provide a new thought and method for quantitative evaluation of human settlement.展开更多
Model organisms have been widely used to dissect important biological phenomena, as well as to explore potential causes and treatments for human disorders. Much of our knowledge on molecular mechanisms underlying the ...Model organisms have been widely used to dissect important biological phenomena, as well as to explore potential causes and treatments for human disorders. Much of our knowledge on molecular mechanisms underlying the heredity, development as well as physiology is largely derived from the researches of model organisms. We have witnessed an explosive increase in the development and application of genetic modified model organisms in the last decade.展开更多
To evaluate urban human settlement, we propose a human settlement environment development index(HSEDI) model by choosing vegetation coverage, land surface temperature, impervious surfaces, slope, wetness, and water co...To evaluate urban human settlement, we propose a human settlement environment development index(HSEDI) model by choosing vegetation coverage, land surface temperature, impervious surfaces, slope, wetness, and water condition as the evaluation factors. We applied the proposed model to Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China. Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper(TM) images from 1998 to 2010 and digital elevation model(DEM) data with a 30-m resolution were used to calculate the values of the six evaluation factors. The HSEDI value in Xuzhou City was found to be between 2.24 and 8.10 from 1998 to 2010, and it was further divided into five levels, uninhabitable, moderately uninhabitable, generally inhabitable, moderately inhabitable, and inhabitable. The best HSEDI value was in 2007. The generally inhabitable region was about 100.98 km^2, covering 30.87% of the total area in 2007; the moderately inhabitable region was about 170.58 km2 covering 52.15% of the total area; the inhabitable region was about 32.03 km^2, covering 9.79% of the total area; the percentage of the uninhabitable region was zero; and that of the moderately uninhabitable region was very small, less than 1.00%. Moreover, we analyzed the habitability in the respect of spatial patterns and change detection. Results show that the degraded regions of habitability quality are mainly located in the urban fringe and the improved regions are mainly located in the main urban and rural areas. Reason for the degraded habitability quality is the rapid progress of urbanization. However, the increase in urban green spaces and the construction of the main urban area promoted the improved habitability quality. Besides, we further analyzed socio-economic and socio-demographic data to confirm the results of the habitability analysis. The results indicate that the human settlement in Xuzhou City is in a satisfactory condition, but some efforts should be made to control the possible uninhabitable and moderately uninhabitable regions, and to improve the quality of the generally inhabitable regions.展开更多
Intense human activities have greatly changed the flood generation conditions in most areas of the world, and have destroyed the consistency in the annual flood peak and volume series. For design flood estimation, coa...Intense human activities have greatly changed the flood generation conditions in most areas of the world, and have destroyed the consistency in the annual flood peak and volume series. For design flood estimation, coaxial correlation diagram and conceptual hydrological model are two frequently used tools to adjust and reconstruct the flood series under human disturbance. This study took a typical mountain catchment of the Haihe River Basin as an example to investigate the effects of human activities on flood regime and to compare and assess the two adjustment methods. The main purpose is to construct a conceptual hydrological model which can incorporate the effects of human activities. The results show that the coaxial correlation diagram is simple and widely-used, but can only adjust the time series of total flood volumes. Therefore, it is only applicable under certain conditions(e.g. There is a strong link between the flood peaks and volumes and the link is not significantly affected by human activities). The conceptual model is a powerful tool to adjust the time series of both flood peak flows and flood volumes over different durations provided that it is closely related to the catchment hydrological characteristics, specifically accounting for the effects of human activities, and incorporating expert knowledge when estimating or calibrating parameters. It is suggested that the two methods should be used together to cross check each other.展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.72071179)ZJU-Sunon Joint Research Center of Smart Furniture,Zhejiang University,China.
文摘The human digital twin(HDT)emerges as a promising human-centric technology in Industry 5.0,but challenges remain in human modeling and simulation.Digital human modeling(DHM)provides solutions for modeling and simulating human physical and cognitive aspects to support ergonomic analysis.However,it has limitations in real-time data usage,personalized services,and timely interaction.The emerging HDT concept offers new possibilities by integrating multi-source data and artificial intelligence for continuous monitoring and assessment.Hence,this paper reviews the evolution from DHM to HDT and proposes a unified HDT framework from a human factors perspective.The framework comprises the physical twin,the virtual twin,and the linkage between these two.The virtual twin integrates human modeling and AI engines to enable model-data-hybrid-enabled simulation.HDT can potentially upgrade traditional ergonomic methods to intelligent services through real-time analysis,timely feedback,and bidirectional interactions.Finally,the future perspectives of HDT for industrial applications as well as technical and social challenges are discussed.In general,this study outlines a human factors perspective on HDT for the first time,which is useful for cross-disciplinary research and human factors innovation to enhance the development of HDT in industry.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12002085 and 51603039)Shanghai Pujiang Program,China(No.19PC002)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.2232019D3-58)Initial Research Funds for Young Teachers of Donghua University,China(No.104-07-0053088)。
文摘Methods of digital human modeling have been developed and utilized to reflect human shape features.However,most of published works focused on dynamic visualization or fashion design,instead of high-accuracy modeling,which was strongly demanded by medical or rehabilitation scenarios.Prior to a high-accuracy modeling of human legs based on non-uniform rational B-splines(NURBS),the method of extracting the required quasi-grid network of feature points for human legs is presented in this work.Given the 3 D scanned human body,the leg is firstly segmented and put in standardized position.Then re-sampling of the leg is conducted via a set of equidistant cross sections.Through analysis of leg circumferences and circumferential curvature,the characteristic sections of the leg as well as the characteristic points on the sections are then identified according to the human anatomy and shape features.The obtained collection can be arranged to form a grid of data points for knots calculation and high-accuracy shape reconstruction in future work.
基金Supported by MOE(Ministry of Education in China)Project of Humanities and Social Sciences(No.13YJC890027)the National Natural Science Foundations of China(No.61003173)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2012ZZ0063)the Science and Technology Project of Guangzhou City(No.2012J4100002)
文摘The 3D shape of the human body is useful for applications in fitness, games and apparel. Accurate body scanners, howev- er, are expensive, limiting the availability of 3D body models. In this paper, we focus on the human body 3D modeling using one Kinect sensor modeling method. To get the human body model fast, three steps in rapid modeling of the human body are carried out. Firstly, according to anthropometric parameters, the standard model is parameterized; Secondly, the Kinect depth image of the human body model is gotten through, then, by using the PCL library the point cloud data is processed and matched, and the human body model is optimized; Finally, the realistic human body model is obtained with the rapid integration of the standard model and PCL library.
基金CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences,Grant/Award Number:2021-I2M-1-035National Key Research and Development Project,Grant/Award Number:2022YFA1103803。
文摘In recent years,humanized immune system(HIS)mice have been gradually used as models for preclinical research in pharmacotherapies and cell therapies with major breakthroughs in tumor and other fields,better mimicking the human immune system and the tumor immune microenvironment,compared to traditional immunodeficient mice.To better promote the application of HIS mice in preclinical research,we se-lectively summarize the current prevalent and breakthrough research and evaluation of chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)-T cells in various antiviral and antitumor treat-ments.By exploring its application in preclinical research,we find that it can better reflect the actual clinical patient condition,with the advantages of providing high-efficiency detection indicators,even for progressive research and development.We believe that it has better clinical patient simulation and promotion for the updated design of CAR-T cell therapy than directly transplanted immunodeficient mice.The characteristics of the main models are proposed to improve the use defects of the existing models by reducing the limitation of antihost reaction,combining multiple models,and unifying sources and organoid substitution.Strategy study of relapse and toxicity after CAR-T treatment also provides more possibilities for application and development.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52275286)Hunan Outstanding Youth Fund(Grant No.2023JJ10010)+2 种基金Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province(Grant NO.2022SK2105)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Grant NO.JCYJ20230807122004009)Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen(Grant NO.SZZYSM202311006).
文摘The anthropometric differences between European/American and Chinese population are remarkable and have significant influences on pedestrian kinematics and injury response in vehicle crashes.Therefore,the current study aims to develop and validate a Finite Element(FE)human body model representing the anthropometry of Chinese 50th percentile adult male for pedestrian safety analysis and development of Chinese ATDs(Anthropomorphic Test Devices).Firstly,a human body pedestrian model,named as C-HBM(Chinese Human Body Model),was developed based on the medical image data of a volunteer selected according to both anthropometry and anatomy characteristics of 50th percentile Chinese adult male.Then,the biofidelity of the C-HBM pedestrian model was validated against cadaver impact test data reported in the literature at the segment and full-body level.Finally,the validated C-HBM pedestrian model was employed to predict Chinese pedestrian injuries in real world vehicle crashes.The results indicate that the C-HBM pedestrian model has a good capability in predicting human body mechanical response in cadaver tests and Chinese leg and thorax injuries in vehicle crashes.Kinematic analysis shows that the C-HBM pedestrian model has less sliding on the hood surface,shorter movement in the horizontal direction,and higher pelvis displacement in the vertical direction than cadavers and the pedestrian model in the anthropometry of westerner due to anthropometric differences in the lower limbs.The currently developed C-HBM pedestrian model provides a basic tool for vehicle safety design and evaluation in China market,and for development of Chinese ATDs.
文摘Modeling of the human body is a basic problem in computer animation of the humanbody. This paper presents a method in which the combination of polyhedra is used to establish aninitial rough design of the human body and subdivision of polyhedra to approximate the curvesurface of the real human body. In addition, the dynamic characteristics are taken intoconsideration of the human body, thus providing a fine basis for the establishment of the bumanbody animation.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 60972001 )the Science and Technology Plan of Suzhou City(No. SG201076)
文摘An adaptive human tracking method across spatially separated surveillance cameras with non-overlapping fields of views （FOVs） is proposed. The method relies on the two cues of the human appearance model and spatio-temporal information between cameras. For the human appearance model, an HSV color histogram is extracted from different human body parts （head, torso, and legs）, then a weighted algorithm is used to compute the similarity distance of two people. Finally, a similarity sorting algorithm with two thresholds is exploited to find the correspondence. The spatio- temporal information is established in the learning phase and is updated incrementally according to the latest correspondence. The experimental results prove that the proposed human tracking method is effective without requiring camera calibration and it becomes more accurate over time as new observations are accumulated.
文摘A complete characterization of the behavior in human-robot interactions(HRI) includes both: the behavioral dynamics and the control laws that characterize how the behavior is regulated with the perception data. In this way, this work proposes a leader-follower coordinate control based on an impedance control that allows to establish a dynamic relation between social forces and motion error. For this, a scheme is presented to identify the impedance based on fictitious social forces, which are described by distance-based potential fields.As part of the validation procedure, we present an experimental comparison to select the better of two different fictitious force structures. The criteria are determined by two qualities: least impedance errors during the validation procedure and least parameter variance during the recursive estimation procedure.Finally, with the best fictitious force and its identified impedance,an impedance control is designed for a mobile robot Pioneer 3AT,which is programmed to follow a human in a structured scenario.According to results, and under the hypothesis that moving like humans will be acceptable by humans, it is believed that the proposed control improves the social acceptance of the robot for this kind of interaction.
文摘Low collateral damage weapons achieve controlled personnel injury through the coupling of shock waves and particle swarms,where the particle swarms arise from the high-explosive dispersion of compacted metal particle ring.To investigate the dynamic response of the human target under combined shock waves and particle swarms loading,a physical human surrogate torso model(HSTM)was developed,and the dynamic response test experiment was conducted under the combined loading.The effects of particle size on the loading parameters,the damage patterns of the ballistic plate and HSTM,and the dynamic response parameters of the HSTM with and without protection are mainly analyzed.Our findings revealed that particle swarms can effectively delay the shock wave attenuation,especially the best effect when the particle size was 0.28–0.45 mm.The ballistic plate mainly exhibited dense perforation of the outer fabric and impacted crater damage of ceramic plates,whereas the unprotected HSTM was mainly dominated by high-density and small-size ballistic cavity group damage.The peak values of the dynamic response parameters for the HSTM under combined loading were significantly larger than those under bare charge loading,with multiple peaks observed.Under unprotected conditions,the peak acceleration of skeletons and peak pressure of organs increased with the particle size.Under protected conditions,the particle size,the number of particles hit,and the fit of the ballistic plate to the HSTM together affected the dynamic response parameters of the HSTM.
基金supported by the grants from the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program) awarded to N.L.(No.2011CBA01000) and L.L.(No. 2011CB944203)
文摘Genetically modified animal models are important for understanding the pathogenesis of human disease and developing therapeutic strategies. Although genetically modified mice have been widely used to model human diseases, some of these mouse models do not replicate important disease symptoms or pathology. Pigs are more similar to humans than mice in anatomy, physiology, and genome. Thus, pigs are considered to be better animal models to mimic some human diseases. This review describes genetically modified pigs that have been used to model various diseases including neurological, cardiovascular, and diabetic disorders. We also discuss the development in gene modification technology that can facilitate the generation of transgenic pig models for human diseases,
文摘This paper presents a new feature-based mannequin modeling method, which is used in 3D computer aided garment design. Different from the traditional human modeling methods, a feature-based parametric design algorithm is involved in this method and mannequin posture animation is also implemented. They can greatly satisfy the requirements of the 3D computer aided garment design. At present, this mannequin modeling method has been implemented as a part of the computer aided 3D garment design system. Several mannequins for garment design have been manufactured by using this method and the rapid prototype technique.
基金This work is supported by the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51621004)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51875187)+1 种基金Hunan Youth Talent Program(Grant No.2020RC3016)Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2019JJ40021).
文摘A subsystem impactor test for pedestrian lower limb injury evaluation has been brought in China New Car Assessment Protocol(CNCAP).Concerning large anthropometric differences of the people from different countries,the present study aims to establish and validate a finite element lower limb model representing 50th Chinese male size for pedestrian safety research,then compare its biomechanical responses with the general models currently in wide use in the world for pedestrian safety evaluation.Concerning the vehicle-pedestrian impact loading environment,the previously developed lower limb model with three-dimensional muscles was adjusted and validated through the related experiments.Then,the biomechanical responses of the validated model were compared with the Total Human Model for Safety(THUMS)and Advanced Pedestrian Legform Impactor(aPLI)models by combing with four typical vehicles.The results showed that both consistency and significant differences of biomechanical responses existed between the present model and the other two models.The injury measurements of the thigh region of the present model showed extremely large differences with the other two models,while the tibia and Medial Collateral Ligament(MCL)injury measurements show similar values.Thus,it can be concluded that directly using the aPLI or THUMS models for Chinese pedestrian safety evaluation is not robust concerning both kinematic responses and injury measurements.
基金co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11502008)the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (No. 2017ZA51002)
文摘This paper proposes a method to predict nonlinear Pilot-Induced Oscillation(PIO)using an intelligent human pilot model.This method is based on a scalogram-based PIO metric,which uses wavelet transforms to analyze the nonlinear characteristics of a time-varying system.The intelligent human pilot model includes three modules:perception module,decision and adaptive module,and execution module.Intelligent and adaptive features,including a neural network receptor,fuzzy decision and adaptation,are also introduced into the human pilot model to describe the behavior of the human pilot accommodating the nonlinear events.Furthermore,an algorithm is proposed to describe the procedure of the PIO prediction method with nonlinear evaluation cases.The prediction results obtained by numerical simulation are compared with the assessments of flight test data to validate the utility of the method.The flight test data were generated in the evaluation of the Smart-Cue/Smart-Gain,which is capable of reducing the PIO tendencies considerably.The results show that the method can be applied to predict the nonlinear PIO events by human pilot model simulation.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 2007CB512100)the National High-Tech R & D Program (863) of China (No. 2006AA02Z307)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81171421 and 61101046)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. Z1080300)
文摘In order to better understand biatrial conduction,investigate various conduction pathways,and compare the differences between isotropic and anisotropic conductions in human atria,we present a simulation study of biatrial conduction with known/assumed conduction pathways using a recently developed human atrial model.In addition to known pathways:(1) Bachmann's bundle(BB),(2) limbus of fossa ovalis(LFO),and(3) coronary sinus(CS),we also hypothesize that there exist two fast conduction bundles that connect the crista terminalis(CT),LFO,and CS.Our simulation demonstrates that use of these fast conduction bundles results in a conduction pattern consistent with experimental data.The comparison of isotropic and anisotropoic conductions in the BB case showed that the atrial working muscles had small effect on conduction time and conduction speed,although the conductivities assigned in anisotropic conduction were two to four times higher than the isotropic conduction.In conclusion,we suggest that the hypothesized intercaval bundles play a significant role in the biatrial conduction and that myofiber orientation has larger effects on the conduction system than the atrial working muscles.This study presents readers with new insights into human atrial conduction.
基金Supported by Innovation Fund of China(00C26224210641)
文摘A Robust Adaptive Video Encoder (RAVE) based on human visual model is proposed. The encoder combines the best features of Fine Granularity Scalable (FGS) coding, framedropping coding, video redundancy coding, and human visual model. According to packet loss and available bandwidth of the network, the encoder adjust the output bit rate by jointly adapting quantization step-size instructed by human visual model, rate shaping, and periodically inserting key frame. The proposed encoder is implemented based on MPEG-4 encoder and is compared with the case of a conventional FGS algorithm. It is shown that RAVE is a very efficient robust video encoder that provides improved visual quality for the receiver and consumes equal or less network resource. Results are confirmed by subjective tests and simulation tests.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(51475291).
文摘Virtual reality(VR)has been widely used in various manufacturing industries,and VR-based virtual manufacturing has received significant attention in the current intelligent manufacturing era.Digital human models(DHMs)are essential for virtual manufacturing applications.Additionally,researching new applications of DHMs has developed into an important academic research field.This paper aims to identify the applications and research trends of DHMs in the manufacturing industry and to provide a reference for the continued development of virtual manufacturing and DHMs.We selected a total of 49 related articles from a large number of articles published between 2014 and 2019.The applications of DHMs in the manufacturing industry are analyzed from different perspectives and various relevant technical limitations are discussed.The results indicate that the applications of DHMs differ significantly between different types of fields.The automotive industry is the main application field for DHMs,and assembly/maintenance simulations and evaluations are the main application types.Additionally,there are still some limitations in the establishment of virtual environments,motion control,and DHM evaluation that should be addressed.Finally,research trends in the application of DHMs are illustrated and discussed,including the planning and assessment of human-robot collaboration systems,the combination of DHMs and augmented reality,and improved motion planning for DHMs.In summary,the application of DHMs can improve the realism and effectiveness of virtual manufacturing,and DHMs will be more widely and deeply studied and applied in various manufacturing industries in the near future.
基金Under the auspices of Project of Humanities and Social Sciences,Ministry of Education of China(No.14YJAZH112)Social Sciences Planning Project of Liaoning Province(No.L13BJL019)+1 种基金Economic and Social Development Project of Liaoning Province(No.2014lslktzixxjx-06)Specialized Research Fund for Doctoral Program of Higher Education,Ministry of Education of China(No.20122136110003)
文摘Using the theories of population carrying capacity and ecological elasticity in other fields for reference, the connotation of regional human settlement system was defined from the viewpoint of the complex relationship among the factors such as regional population, resources, environment and economic and social development in the context of China′s rapid urbanization. Then the concept and characterization methods of the regional human settlement carrying capacity were proposed by means of population scale. Furthermore, a model of carrying capacity-pressure-state-response(CPSR) on regional human settlement system was established by referencing pressure-state-response(PSR) model, and the Catastrophe Theory was introduced to determine the corresponding standards of multi-criteria programming and evaluation. Taking Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China as an example, an empirical analysis on evaluation of human settlement system from 2000 to 2012 was carried out. The results showed that the carrying capacity of human settlement system in Dalian was fluctuating between 9.6 × 106 to 10 × 106 persons with a quantitative stage of the dynamic regulation. During the research period the load index of human settlement system in Dalian dropped from 0.96 to 0.84 with a lower pressure of human settlement system than the national average level. And the emergency response grades of human settlement system in Dalian were kept in grade Ⅱ(orange warning) or grade Ⅲ(yellow warning). Human settlement system of Dalian was in slight security state as a whole, but the load had a tendency of increase in recent years. The related departments should pay close attention to regional human settlement system and take active measures to improve human settlement by both intensity control and total quantity control. By comparison, analysis and discussion, it was considered that the results were basically accordded with the current situations of human settlement in Dalian, and the evaluation results were more reliable, visualized and easily applied in practice. Therefore, the above-mentioned concepts, characterization and evaluation methods of the regional human settlement system and carrying capacity could provide a new thought and method for quantitative evaluation of human settlement.
文摘Model organisms have been widely used to dissect important biological phenomena, as well as to explore potential causes and treatments for human disorders. Much of our knowledge on molecular mechanisms underlying the heredity, development as well as physiology is largely derived from the researches of model organisms. We have witnessed an explosive increase in the development and application of genetic modified model organisms in the last decade.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41471356)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2014ZDPY14)Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(No.SZBF2011-6-B35)
文摘To evaluate urban human settlement, we propose a human settlement environment development index(HSEDI) model by choosing vegetation coverage, land surface temperature, impervious surfaces, slope, wetness, and water condition as the evaluation factors. We applied the proposed model to Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China. Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper(TM) images from 1998 to 2010 and digital elevation model(DEM) data with a 30-m resolution were used to calculate the values of the six evaluation factors. The HSEDI value in Xuzhou City was found to be between 2.24 and 8.10 from 1998 to 2010, and it was further divided into five levels, uninhabitable, moderately uninhabitable, generally inhabitable, moderately inhabitable, and inhabitable. The best HSEDI value was in 2007. The generally inhabitable region was about 100.98 km^2, covering 30.87% of the total area in 2007; the moderately inhabitable region was about 170.58 km2 covering 52.15% of the total area; the inhabitable region was about 32.03 km^2, covering 9.79% of the total area; the percentage of the uninhabitable region was zero; and that of the moderately uninhabitable region was very small, less than 1.00%. Moreover, we analyzed the habitability in the respect of spatial patterns and change detection. Results show that the degraded regions of habitability quality are mainly located in the urban fringe and the improved regions are mainly located in the main urban and rural areas. Reason for the degraded habitability quality is the rapid progress of urbanization. However, the increase in urban green spaces and the construction of the main urban area promoted the improved habitability quality. Besides, we further analyzed socio-economic and socio-demographic data to confirm the results of the habitability analysis. The results indicate that the human settlement in Xuzhou City is in a satisfactory condition, but some efforts should be made to control the possible uninhabitable and moderately uninhabitable regions, and to improve the quality of the generally inhabitable regions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41130639, 51179045, 41201028)the Nonprofit Industry Financial Program of MWR of China (201501022)
文摘Intense human activities have greatly changed the flood generation conditions in most areas of the world, and have destroyed the consistency in the annual flood peak and volume series. For design flood estimation, coaxial correlation diagram and conceptual hydrological model are two frequently used tools to adjust and reconstruct the flood series under human disturbance. This study took a typical mountain catchment of the Haihe River Basin as an example to investigate the effects of human activities on flood regime and to compare and assess the two adjustment methods. The main purpose is to construct a conceptual hydrological model which can incorporate the effects of human activities. The results show that the coaxial correlation diagram is simple and widely-used, but can only adjust the time series of total flood volumes. Therefore, it is only applicable under certain conditions(e.g. There is a strong link between the flood peaks and volumes and the link is not significantly affected by human activities). The conceptual model is a powerful tool to adjust the time series of both flood peak flows and flood volumes over different durations provided that it is closely related to the catchment hydrological characteristics, specifically accounting for the effects of human activities, and incorporating expert knowledge when estimating or calibrating parameters. It is suggested that the two methods should be used together to cross check each other.
