Objective:To access the in vitro antibacterial activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis(H.rosa-sinensis) flower extract against human pathogens.Methods:Antibacterial activity was evaluated by using disc and agar diffusion m...Objective:To access the in vitro antibacterial activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis(H.rosa-sinensis) flower extract against human pathogens.Methods:Antibacterial activity was evaluated by using disc and agar diffusion methods.The protein was run through poly acrylmide gel electrophoresis to view their protein profile.Results:The results showed that the cold extraction illustrates a maximum zone of inhibition against Bacillus suhtillis(B.suhtillis),Escherichia coli(E.coli) viz.,(17.00±2.91),(14.50±1.71)mm.followed by hot extraction against.E.coli.Salmonella sp.as(11.66 ±3.14),(10.60±3.09)mm.In methanol extraction showed a highest zone of inhibition recorded against B.suhtillis,E.coli as(18.86±0.18),(18.00±1.63) mm pursued by ethanol extraction shower) utmost zone of inhibition recorded against Salmonella sp.at(20.40±1.54) mm.The crude protein from flower showed a maximum inhibitory zone observed against Salmonella sp.,E.coli viz.,(16.55±1.16),(14.30±2.86)mm.The flower material can be taken as an alternative source of antibacterial agent against the human pathogens.Conclusions:The extracts of the H.rosasinensis art;proved to have potential antibacterial activity,further studies arc highly need for the drug development.展开更多
In recent years, researchers tended to bring new alternative to biological protective systems used in conservation of food and production of safe food. Use of bacteriophage against to pathogen bacteria in food was the...In recent years, researchers tended to bring new alternative to biological protective systems used in conservation of food and production of safe food. Use of bacteriophage against to pathogen bacteria in food was the most hopeful system in these methods about bio-control. Controls of bacteriophage for each pathogen species and subspecies and determination of phage-host originality are important because efficient bio-control was achieved. Researches concentrated on some food-borne pathogen bacteria such as E. coli O157：H7, Campylobacter, Salmonella and Listeria. In a consequence of these studies made as in vitro and in vivo, first commercial production of phage which will be used in foods was made in Netherlands. Also, it has been informed that use of phage is cost-efficient alternative as compared with other preservatives. This review, discussed application of bacteriophages as bio-control agents in food and advantages and disadvantages about uses of bacteriophages by taking into account antimicrobial characteristics of them.展开更多
Five wild plant species belonging to different families (Chenopodium album, Plantago major, Elytrigia elongata, Filipendula ulmaria and Nigella sativa) widely spread in Russian Federation and the former USSR were eval...Five wild plant species belonging to different families (Chenopodium album, Plantago major, Elytrigia elongata, Filipendula ulmaria and Nigella sativa) widely spread in Russian Federation and the former USSR were evaluated for their ability to inhibit growth of two important human food-borne pathogens (Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes strain EGD-e) and eight plant pathogens (Alternaria alternata, Alternaria tenuissima, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Stagonospora nodorum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium culmorum and Phytophtora infestans). To isolate biologically active compounds from seeds, a step-wise procedure including extraction with hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and 10% acetic acid followed by reversed-phase HPLC was developed. Using disc-diffusion assay, the highest activity against E. coli O157:H7 was observed with extracts from F. ulmaria (hexane and ethyl acetate extracts and the unbound RP-HPLC fraction) and P. major (ethyl acetate extract and the unbound RP-HPLC fraction);E. elongate (the unbound RP-HPLC fraction) was less active. The extracts from P. major and E. elongate (the unbound RP-HPLC fractions) were equally highly active against L. monocytogenes, while those of F. ulmaria (the unbound RP-HPLC fraction) and N. sativa (hexane and ethyl acetate extracts) were less active against this pathogen. The dynamics of L. monocytogenes EGD-е and E. coli O157:H7 growth in the presence of two most potent extracts (RP-HPLC-unbound fractions of P. major and E. elongate and the hexane extract of F. ulmaria) was studied.展开更多
The giant African snail(Achatina fulica)is an invasive species served as potential vectors for antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)and potential human bacterial pathogens.Currently,urban green spaces receive extensive or...The giant African snail(Achatina fulica)is an invasive species served as potential vectors for antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)and potential human bacterial pathogens.Currently,urban green spaces receive extensive organic manure additions as part of their management,may intensify the biological contamination potential of these snail vectors,thereby increasing the risk of biological pollution in green spaces.However,the specific impacts of this practice on the microbial ecology of these invasive species remain poorly understood.Here,we investigated the effects of organic manure application on the gut microbiome of giant African snails,focusing on ARGs,bacterial community structure,and potential human bacterial pathogens.Microcosm experiments compared snail gut microbiomes in different treatments(Soil:soil samples collected after manure amendment,before any snail exposure.Feces:fecal samples collected from snails that lived on manure-amended soil.Control:fecal samples collected from snails that lived on unamended soil)using 16S r RNA high-throughput sequencing and metagenomic analysis.Our results show that manure application significantly altered gut bacterial community structure and increased ARG diversity by enriching specific high-risk ARGs(such as sul1 and sul2 in the Feces group increased by 2.89 and 2.43 times,respectively,compared to the Control group),and the introduction of eight novel ARG subtypes,despite decreasing overall ARG abundance.Moreover,the relative abundance of potential human pathogens,particularly Pseudomonadaceae,was greatly increased by manure application.These findings reveal that organic manure application in urban green spaces can potentially enhances their role as reservoirs and vectors of ARGs and human pathogens.展开更多
Burkholderia cepacia （Bc） and Pseudomonas aeruginosa （Pa） are both biocontrol agents in agriculture and opportunistic human pathogens in hospitals. Effective management and utilization practice is needed to unders...Burkholderia cepacia （Bc） and Pseudomonas aeruginosa （Pa） are both biocontrol agents in agriculture and opportunistic human pathogens in hospitals. Effective management and utilization practice is needed to understand their characteristics and distribution in rice. During the last decade, the two opportunistic human pathogens were detected in 631 samples of rice seed and 117 samples of rice plant in plain, highland and mountainous rice growing areas of China. Bc and Pa were primarily differentiated by common bacteriological characteristics and pathogenic tests and then identified into species by Biolog and FAME tests. However, the genotypes of Bc still could not be distinguished. It has been noted that the Bc and Pa mainly existed in rice root with the highest distribution frequency in plain areas （ 6.1% and 16.1%） and lowest in the mountainous areas （1.0% and 7.8%）.展开更多
Objective:To study the antibacterial activity of the leaf methanol extracts of five different species of Vitex namely,Vilex altissima(V.allissima),Vitex diversifolia(V.diversifolia),Vitex negundo(V.negundo),Vitex pedu...Objective:To study the antibacterial activity of the leaf methanol extracts of five different species of Vitex namely,Vilex altissima(V.allissima),Vitex diversifolia(V.diversifolia),Vitex negundo(V.negundo),Vitex peduncularis(V.peduncularis) and Vitex trifolia(V.trifolia). Methods:Antibacterial assay was carried out by using disc diffusion method,determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations(MBC) against five strains of Gram-positive and seven strains of Gram-negative human pathogenic bacterial strains.Results:The results of antibacterial activity of Vitex species showed that the extracts possessed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity.The V.peduncularis possessed the highest activity against all the microorganisms screened.It produced a zone of inhibition ranged between (11.000±0.577) and(22.670±0.667) mm and the MIC values were from 62.5 to I 000.0μg/mL and the MBC values were from 125.0 to 2 000.0μg/mL.Conclusions:Based on the present study, V.peduncularis is recommended for the isolation of antibacterial molecule responsible for the activity against the tested human pathogenic bacterial strains.展开更多
Antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs), human pathogenic bacteria(HPB), and HPB carrying ARGs are public issues that pose a high risk to aquatic environments and public health. Their diversity and abundance in water, intes...Antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs), human pathogenic bacteria(HPB), and HPB carrying ARGs are public issues that pose a high risk to aquatic environments and public health. Their diversity and abundance in water, intestine, and sediments of shrimp culture pond were investigated using metagenomic approach. A total of 19 classes of ARGs, 52 HPB species, and 7 species of HPB carrying ARGs were found. Additionally, 157, 104, and 86 subtypes of ARGs were detected in shrimp intestine, pond water, and sediment samples, respectively. In all the samples, multidrug resistance genes were the highest abundant class of ARGs. The dominant HPB was Enterococcus faecalis in shrimp intestine, Vibrio parahaemolyticus in sediments, and Mycobacterium yongonense in water, respectively. Moreover, E. faecalis(contig Intestine_364647)and Enterococcus faecium(contig Intestine_80272) carrying efr A, efr B and ANT(6)-Ia were found in shrimp intestine, Desulfosaricina cetonica(contig Sediment_825143) and Escherichia coli(contig Sediment_188430) carrying mex B and APH(3′)-IIa were found in sediments, and Laribacter hongkongensis(contig Water_478168 and Water_369477), Shigella sonnei(contig Water_880246),and Acinetobacter baumannii(contig Water_525520) carrying sul1, sul2, ere A, qac H, OXA-21, and mph D were found in pond water. Mobile genetic elements(MGEs) analysis indicated that horizontal gene transfer(HGT) of integrons, insertion sequences, and plasmids existed in shrimp intestine, sediment, and water samples, and the abundance of integrons was higher than that of other two MGEs. The results suggested that HPB carrying ARGs potentially existed in aquatic environments, and that these contributed to the environment and public health risk evaluation.展开更多
Liver transplantation(LT)is the standard therapy for individuals afflicted with end-stage liver disease.Despite notable advancements in LT technology,the incidence of early allograft dysfunction(EAD)remains a critical...Liver transplantation(LT)is the standard therapy for individuals afflicted with end-stage liver disease.Despite notable advancements in LT technology,the incidence of early allograft dysfunction(EAD)remains a critical concern,exacerbating the current organ shortage and detrimentally affecting the prognosis of recipients.Unfortunately,the perplexing hepatic heterogeneity has impeded characterization of the cellular traits and molecular events that contribute to EAD.Herein,we constructed a pioneering single-cell transcriptomic landscape of human transplanted livers derived from non-EAD and EAD patients,with 12 liver samples collected from 7 donors during the cold perfusion and portal reperfusion stages.Comparison of the 75231 cells of non-EAD and EAD patients revealed an EAD-associated immune niche comprising mucosal-associated invariant T cells,granzyme B^(+)(GZMB^(+))granzyme K^(+)(GZMK^(+))natural killer cells,and S100 calcium binding protein A12^(+)(S100A12^(+))neutrophils.Moreover,we verified this immune niche and its association with EAD occurrence in two independent cohorts.Our findings elucidate the cellular characteristics of transplanted livers and the EAD-associated pathogenic immune niche at the single-cell level,thus,offering valuable insights into EAD onset.展开更多
BACKGROUND Human milk oligosaccharides(HMOs)are bioactive components of breast milk with diverse health benefits,including shaping the gut microbiota,modulating the immune system,and protecting against infections.HMOs...BACKGROUND Human milk oligosaccharides(HMOs)are bioactive components of breast milk with diverse health benefits,including shaping the gut microbiota,modulating the immune system,and protecting against infections.HMOs exhibit dynamic secretion patterns during lactation,influenced by maternal genetics and environ-mental factors.Their direct and indirect antimicrobial properties have garnered significant research interest.However,a comprehensive understanding of the secretion dynamics of HMOs and their correlation with antimicrobial efficacy remains underexplored.AIM To synthesize current evidence on the secretion dynamics of HMOs during lactation and evaluate their antimicrobial roles against bacterial,viral,and protozoal pathogens.METHODS A systematic search of PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science,and Cochrane Library focused on studies investigating natural and synthetic HMOs,their secretion dynamics,and antimicrobial properties.Studies involving human,animal,and in vitro models were included.Data on HMO composition,temporal secretion patterns,and mechanisms of antimicrobial action were extracted.Quality assess-ment was performed using validated tools appropriate for study design.RESULTS A total of 44 studies were included,encompassing human,animal,and in vitro research.HMOs exhibited dynamic secretion patterns,with 2′-fucosyllactose(2′-FL)and lacto-N-tetraose peaking in early lactation and declining over time,while 3-fucosyllactose(3-FL)increased during later stages.HMOs demonstrated significant antimicrobial properties through pathogen adhesion inhibition,biofilm disruption,and enzymatic activity impairment.Synthetic HMOs,including bioengineered 2′-FL and 3-FL,were structurally and functionally comparable to natural HMOs,effectively inhibiting pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Escherichia coli,and Campylobacter jejuni.Additionally,HMOs exhibited synergistic effects with antibiotics,enhancing their efficacy against resistant pathogens.CONCLUSION HMOs are vital in antimicrobial defense,supporting infant health by targeting various pathogens.Both natural and synthetic HMOs hold significant potential for therapeutic applications,particularly in infant nutrition and as adjuncts to antibiotics.Further research,including clinical trials,is essential to address gaps in knowledge,validate findings,and explore the broader applicability of HMOs in improving maternal and neonatal health.展开更多
宫颈癌是全球女性第四大恶性肿瘤,其发生发展与高危型人乳头瘤病毒(high-risk human papillomavirus, HR-HPV)持续感染密切相关,本质是病原(HR-HPV)与宿主(宫颈组织及免疫系统)长期互作失衡的结果。γδ T细胞作为固有免疫与适应性免疫...宫颈癌是全球女性第四大恶性肿瘤,其发生发展与高危型人乳头瘤病毒(high-risk human papillomavirus, HR-HPV)持续感染密切相关,本质是病原(HR-HPV)与宿主(宫颈组织及免疫系统)长期互作失衡的结果。γδ T细胞作为固有免疫与适应性免疫的“桥梁细胞”,以不依赖经典MHC分子的抗原识别模式,在黏膜组织免疫监视中发挥独特作用,其亚群因组织分布、抗原识别谱及功能特性的差异,在HR-HPV感染清除及宫颈癌发生发展中扮演不同角色。本研究从病原-宿主互作核心机制出发,深入分析当前γδ T细胞亚群在宫颈癌免疫监视中的作用及挑战,为宫颈癌的免疫防治提供病原生物学视角的理论依据与研究方向。展开更多
Soils are important reservoirs of human pathogenic bacteria that can spread to humans through various path-ways.Metagenomics enables high-throughput pathogen identification by mapping sequencing reads to known pathoge...Soils are important reservoirs of human pathogenic bacteria that can spread to humans through various path-ways.Metagenomics enables high-throughput pathogen identification by mapping sequencing reads to known pathogen genomes.However,this approach has several limitations,e.g.,sequence assembly is time-consuming,and reliance on reference databases may overlook potential pathogens lacking close genomic matches.Here,we developed a novel,virulence factor(VF)based machine learning method using the K-Nearest Neighbors model(VF–KNN)for identifying human pathogenic bacteria from soil metagenomes.Through learning the VF features of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria,VF-KNN could achieve the desired performance in soil pathogen identification(AUC:0.95,Accuracy:0.85).Model prediction accuracy(0.95)was further validated using 61 pathogenic strains isolated from soil.For the top 15 most frequent soil pathogens,the prediction accuracy was>0.90 at 0.4X–1.0X genome coverage.VFs contributing significantly to pathogen identification were associated with regulation,effector delivery,motility,etc.By using VF-KNN,the averaged abundance of total potential pathogens in topsoils across China was 0.44%(n=336),predominantly concentrated in the eastern coastal provinces.Compared with the conventional method based on a predefined pathogen list,VF-KNN identified 28%more potential pathogenic species,including some newly reported but not in the predefined list(e.g.,Mycoli-cibacterium cosmeticum).Agricultural land exhibited significantly higher pathogen abundance and diversity than the other land types.This newly developed VF-KNN method is applicable for pathogen identification in broader environments.展开更多
Detection and monitoring of pathogens is a central aspect of maintaining public health.Rare and neglected zoonotic viruses have the potential to evolve and expand exponentially,leading to unforeseen outbreaks,epidemic...Detection and monitoring of pathogens is a central aspect of maintaining public health.Rare and neglected zoonotic viruses have the potential to evolve and expand exponentially,leading to unforeseen outbreaks,epidemics,and pandemics.The emerging multiomics and meta-omics techniques and workflows,such as proteogenomics and meta-genomics,offer the potential for the detection of harmful pathogens,as well as opportunities for the discovery of previously unknown bacterial,parasitic,or viral pathogens.Multiomics and meta-omics workflows provide molecular information for tracking pathogens and understanding the effectiveness of spread mitigation strategies.In addition to environmental monitoring,multiomics and meta-omics approaches have the potential for clinical applications and in-depth characterization of novel pathogens.In this review,we discuss recent applications of multiomics and meta-omics techniques,their advantages over traditional methods,and their potential implementations in biomedical research,environmental studies,and healthcare.We critically assess the benefits and challenges of multiomics and meta-omics studies and discuss their future perspectives.展开更多
Food-borne pathogens are an important challenge for the food industry.In this study,the possibility of using the previously designed and synthesized antimicrobial peptide HX-12C as a new food antimicrobial was evaluat...Food-borne pathogens are an important challenge for the food industry.In this study,the possibility of using the previously designed and synthesized antimicrobial peptide HX-12C as a new food antimicrobial was evaluated.Bacteriostatic and bactericidal tests showed that HX-12C has strong,rapid and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.Outer-and inner-membrane permeabilization assays revealed that HX-12C killed food-borne pathogens by inducing membrane permeability.Further Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM)and Transmission Electron Microscope(TEM)also showed that HX-12C can distinctively act on the bacterial membrane leading to the leakage of cellular contents.Moreover,HX-12C also showed anti-biofilm ability in bacterial killing tests.In the food storage test,HX-12C exhibited significant antimicrobial function in raw pork and orange juice.Therefore,HX-12C has shown great potential as a new antimicrobial agent in food storage.展开更多
The microbial quality of urban recreational water is of great concern to public health.The monitoring of indicator organisms and several pathogens alone is not sufficient to accurately and comprehensively identify mic...The microbial quality of urban recreational water is of great concern to public health.The monitoring of indicator organisms and several pathogens alone is not sufficient to accurately and comprehensively identify microbial risks.To assess the levels of bacterial pathogens and health risks in urban recreational water,we analyzed pathogen diversity and quantified four pathogens in 46 water samples collected from waterbodies in Beijing Olympic Forest Park in one year.The pathogen diversity revealed by 16 S r RNA gene targeted next-generation sequencing（NGS） showed that 16 of 40 genera and 13 of 76 reference species were present.The most abundant species were Acinetobacter johnsonii,Mycobacterium avium and Aeromonas spp.Quantitative polymerase chain reaction（q PCR） of Escherichia coli（uid A）,Aeromonas（aer A）,M.avium（16S r RNA）,Pseudomonas aeruginosa（oaa） and Salmonella（inv A） showed that the aer A genes were the most abundant,occurring in all samples with concentrations of 10^（4–6） genome copies/100 m L,followed by oaa,inv A and M.avium.In total,34.8% of the samples harbored all genes,indicating the prevalence of these pathogens in this recreational waterbody.Based on the q PCR results,a quantitative microbial risk assessment（QMRA） showed that the annual infection risks of Salmonella,M.avium and P.aeruginosa in five activities were mostly greater than the U.S.EPA risk limit for recreational contacts,and children playing with water may be exposed to the greatest infection risk.Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of bacterial pathogen diversity and pathogen abundance in urban recreational water by applying both NGS and q PCR.展开更多
Hepatitis B virus(HBV), hepatitis C virus(HCV),and human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) affect many people in Asian countries, although there are geographic differences. Both HBV and HIV(HBV/HIV) and HCV/HIV co-infection...Hepatitis B virus(HBV), hepatitis C virus(HCV),and human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) affect many people in Asian countries, although there are geographic differences. Both HBV and HIV(HBV/HIV) and HCV/HIV co-infections are highly prevalent in Asia. Hetero- and homosexual, injection drug use, and geographic area are strong predictors of HBV, HCV, and HIV serostatus. In HBV endemic regions, the prevalence and genotype distribution of HBV/HIV coinfection is almost comparable with that in the general population. In Japan, where HBV has low endemicity, the prevalence of HBV/HIV co-infection is approximately 10-fold higher than that in the general population, and HBV Ae is the most common subgenotype among HIV infected individuals. Highly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART) is an effective treatment for HIV/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Lamivudine, a component of HAART, is an effective treatment for HBV, HIV, and HBV/HIV co-infection; however, cost, emerging drug resistance, antiretroviral-associated liver toxicity and liver-related morbidity due to HCV progression are particular concerns. HCV/HIV co-infection may accelerate the clinical progression of both HCV and HIV. The high prevalence of HBV/HIV and HCV/HIV co-infections in Asia underscores the need to improve prevention and control measures, as fewer evidencebased prevention strategies are available(compared with Western countries). In this review, the most recent publications on the prevalence of HBV/HIV and HCV/HIV co-infections and related issues, such as therapy and problems in Asia, are updated and summarized.展开更多
Due to the increasing number of food-borne diseases,more attention is being paid to food safety.Food-borne pathogens are the main cause of food-borne diseases,which seriously endanger human health,so it is necessary t...Due to the increasing number of food-borne diseases,more attention is being paid to food safety.Food-borne pathogens are the main cause of food-borne diseases,which seriously endanger human health,so it is necessary to detect and control them.Traditional detection methods cannot meet the requirements of rapid detection of food due to many shortcomings,such as being time-consuming,laborious or requiring expensive instrumentation.Quantum dots have become a promising nanotechnology in pathogens tracking and detection because of their excellent optical properties.New biosensor detection methods based on quantum dots are have been gradually developed due to their high sensitivity and high specificity.In this review,we summarize the different characteristics of quantum dots synthesized by carbon,heavy metals and composite materials firstly.Then,attention is paid to the principles,advantages and limitations of the quantum dots biosensor with antibodies and aptamers as recognition elements for recognition and capture of food-borne pathogens.Finally,the great potential of quantum dots in pathogen detection is summarized.展开更多
This study investigated the spread of foodborne pathogens: Listeria monocytogenes, Es-cherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella in chicken sausage samples collected from retail markets in Greece and...This study investigated the spread of foodborne pathogens: Listeria monocytogenes, Es-cherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella in chicken sausage samples collected from retail markets in Greece and Egypt during 2006 and from Egypt through 2010. Other microbiological parameters;total viable count (TVC), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), pseudomonads (PS), staphylococci (STAPH), Brochothrix thermosphacta (BT), Enterobacteriaceae (EN), Escherichia coli (EC), yeasts and moulds (Y&M) were also counted. Egyptian chicken sausage samples were found to harbor L. mono- cytogenes, Staph. aureus and E. coli O157:H7;with frequencies equivalent to 24%, 60% and 26% of the total samples during 2006 and 37.87%, 64.44% and 41.11% of the total samples during 2010, respectively, while Greek samples were entirely free of theses pathogens. Enrichment techniques indicated the absence of Salmonella from both Greek and Egyptian samples. The obtained results may mobilize food producers and handlers in developing countries to take the due measures reducing food-borne pathogen risks and spoilage flora alongside the poultry chain.展开更多
The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic renewed interest in other previously discovered human coronaviruses—the non-severe acute respiratory syndrome human coronavirus (non-SARS hCoVs) and this study is a starting point for a...The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic renewed interest in other previously discovered human coronaviruses—the non-severe acute respiratory syndrome human coronavirus (non-SARS hCoVs) and this study is a starting point for a closer investigation of those. With the pandemic behind us we believe it to be important to also examine the current and past respiratory pathogen landscape in the patient population in our care. Therefore, 954 nasopharyngeal swabs of patients with respiratory diseases collected between October 2018 and March 2020 were tested against the pathogens Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis, Influenza A and virus, Human metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, Parainfluenza virus, human Adenovirus and Polyoma virus BK/JC. Swabs negative against these pathogens were further tested for OC43 and 229E by RT-qPCR. Human coronaviruses 229E and OC43 were proven as the causative agents in a considerable number of cases, confirmed by PCR. Overall, our results show that those two non-SARS hCoVs were responsible for 13.9% (11 of 79) of infections with flu-like symptoms of unknown etiology in the study area. In the subsequent seroprevalence study, it was shown that the seroprevalence rate of IgG antibodies against 229E and OC43 was over 50%, indicating that a big part of the population in our study area has been in contact with these non-SARS-CoVs and has built the specific humoral immune response accordingly.展开更多
文摘Objective:To access the in vitro antibacterial activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis(H.rosa-sinensis) flower extract against human pathogens.Methods:Antibacterial activity was evaluated by using disc and agar diffusion methods.The protein was run through poly acrylmide gel electrophoresis to view their protein profile.Results:The results showed that the cold extraction illustrates a maximum zone of inhibition against Bacillus suhtillis(B.suhtillis),Escherichia coli(E.coli) viz.,(17.00±2.91),(14.50±1.71)mm.followed by hot extraction against.E.coli.Salmonella sp.as(11.66 ±3.14),(10.60±3.09)mm.In methanol extraction showed a highest zone of inhibition recorded against B.suhtillis,E.coli as(18.86±0.18),(18.00±1.63) mm pursued by ethanol extraction shower) utmost zone of inhibition recorded against Salmonella sp.at(20.40±1.54) mm.The crude protein from flower showed a maximum inhibitory zone observed against Salmonella sp.,E.coli viz.,(16.55±1.16),(14.30±2.86)mm.The flower material can be taken as an alternative source of antibacterial agent against the human pathogens.Conclusions:The extracts of the H.rosasinensis art;proved to have potential antibacterial activity,further studies arc highly need for the drug development.
文摘In recent years, researchers tended to bring new alternative to biological protective systems used in conservation of food and production of safe food. Use of bacteriophage against to pathogen bacteria in food was the most hopeful system in these methods about bio-control. Controls of bacteriophage for each pathogen species and subspecies and determination of phage-host originality are important because efficient bio-control was achieved. Researches concentrated on some food-borne pathogen bacteria such as E. coli O157：H7, Campylobacter, Salmonella and Listeria. In a consequence of these studies made as in vitro and in vivo, first commercial production of phage which will be used in foods was made in Netherlands. Also, it has been informed that use of phage is cost-efficient alternative as compared with other preservatives. This review, discussed application of bacteriophages as bio-control agents in food and advantages and disadvantages about uses of bacteriophages by taking into account antimicrobial characteristics of them.
文摘Five wild plant species belonging to different families (Chenopodium album, Plantago major, Elytrigia elongata, Filipendula ulmaria and Nigella sativa) widely spread in Russian Federation and the former USSR were evaluated for their ability to inhibit growth of two important human food-borne pathogens (Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes strain EGD-e) and eight plant pathogens (Alternaria alternata, Alternaria tenuissima, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Stagonospora nodorum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium culmorum and Phytophtora infestans). To isolate biologically active compounds from seeds, a step-wise procedure including extraction with hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and 10% acetic acid followed by reversed-phase HPLC was developed. Using disc-diffusion assay, the highest activity against E. coli O157:H7 was observed with extracts from F. ulmaria (hexane and ethyl acetate extracts and the unbound RP-HPLC fraction) and P. major (ethyl acetate extract and the unbound RP-HPLC fraction);E. elongate (the unbound RP-HPLC fraction) was less active. The extracts from P. major and E. elongate (the unbound RP-HPLC fractions) were equally highly active against L. monocytogenes, while those of F. ulmaria (the unbound RP-HPLC fraction) and N. sativa (hexane and ethyl acetate extracts) were less active against this pathogen. The dynamics of L. monocytogenes EGD-е and E. coli O157:H7 growth in the presence of two most potent extracts (RP-HPLC-unbound fractions of P. major and E. elongate and the hexane extract of F. ulmaria) was studied.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32361143523 and 42407166)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFF1304600)+2 种基金Ningbo S&T project(No.2021-DST-004)the International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.322GJHZ2022028FN)the fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022T150635)。
文摘The giant African snail(Achatina fulica)is an invasive species served as potential vectors for antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)and potential human bacterial pathogens.Currently,urban green spaces receive extensive organic manure additions as part of their management,may intensify the biological contamination potential of these snail vectors,thereby increasing the risk of biological pollution in green spaces.However,the specific impacts of this practice on the microbial ecology of these invasive species remain poorly understood.Here,we investigated the effects of organic manure application on the gut microbiome of giant African snails,focusing on ARGs,bacterial community structure,and potential human bacterial pathogens.Microcosm experiments compared snail gut microbiomes in different treatments(Soil:soil samples collected after manure amendment,before any snail exposure.Feces:fecal samples collected from snails that lived on manure-amended soil.Control:fecal samples collected from snails that lived on unamended soil)using 16S r RNA high-throughput sequencing and metagenomic analysis.Our results show that manure application significantly altered gut bacterial community structure and increased ARG diversity by enriching specific high-risk ARGs(such as sul1 and sul2 in the Feces group increased by 2.89 and 2.43 times,respectively,compared to the Control group),and the introduction of eight novel ARG subtypes,despite decreasing overall ARG abundance.Moreover,the relative abundance of potential human pathogens,particularly Pseudomonadaceae,was greatly increased by manure application.These findings reveal that organic manure application in urban green spaces can potentially enhances their role as reservoirs and vectors of ARGs and human pathogens.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Nos. 30370951, 30270891）.
文摘Burkholderia cepacia （Bc） and Pseudomonas aeruginosa （Pa） are both biocontrol agents in agriculture and opportunistic human pathogens in hospitals. Effective management and utilization practice is needed to understand their characteristics and distribution in rice. During the last decade, the two opportunistic human pathogens were detected in 631 samples of rice seed and 117 samples of rice plant in plain, highland and mountainous rice growing areas of China. Bc and Pa were primarily differentiated by common bacteriological characteristics and pathogenic tests and then identified into species by Biolog and FAME tests. However, the genotypes of Bc still could not be distinguished. It has been noted that the Bc and Pa mainly existed in rice root with the highest distribution frequency in plain areas （ 6.1% and 16.1%） and lowest in the mountainous areas （1.0% and 7.8%）.
文摘Objective:To study the antibacterial activity of the leaf methanol extracts of five different species of Vitex namely,Vilex altissima(V.allissima),Vitex diversifolia(V.diversifolia),Vitex negundo(V.negundo),Vitex peduncularis(V.peduncularis) and Vitex trifolia(V.trifolia). Methods:Antibacterial assay was carried out by using disc diffusion method,determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations(MBC) against five strains of Gram-positive and seven strains of Gram-negative human pathogenic bacterial strains.Results:The results of antibacterial activity of Vitex species showed that the extracts possessed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity.The V.peduncularis possessed the highest activity against all the microorganisms screened.It produced a zone of inhibition ranged between (11.000±0.577) and(22.670±0.667) mm and the MIC values were from 62.5 to I 000.0μg/mL and the MBC values were from 125.0 to 2 000.0μg/mL.Conclusions:Based on the present study, V.peduncularis is recommended for the isolation of antibacterial molecule responsible for the activity against the tested human pathogenic bacterial strains.
基金financially supported by the China Agriculture Research System (No. CARS-48)the Guangzhou Science Technology and Innovation Commission Project (No. 201510010071)the Guangdong Ocean and Fishery Bureau Project (No. 20164200042090023)
文摘Antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs), human pathogenic bacteria(HPB), and HPB carrying ARGs are public issues that pose a high risk to aquatic environments and public health. Their diversity and abundance in water, intestine, and sediments of shrimp culture pond were investigated using metagenomic approach. A total of 19 classes of ARGs, 52 HPB species, and 7 species of HPB carrying ARGs were found. Additionally, 157, 104, and 86 subtypes of ARGs were detected in shrimp intestine, pond water, and sediment samples, respectively. In all the samples, multidrug resistance genes were the highest abundant class of ARGs. The dominant HPB was Enterococcus faecalis in shrimp intestine, Vibrio parahaemolyticus in sediments, and Mycobacterium yongonense in water, respectively. Moreover, E. faecalis(contig Intestine_364647)and Enterococcus faecium(contig Intestine_80272) carrying efr A, efr B and ANT(6)-Ia were found in shrimp intestine, Desulfosaricina cetonica(contig Sediment_825143) and Escherichia coli(contig Sediment_188430) carrying mex B and APH(3′)-IIa were found in sediments, and Laribacter hongkongensis(contig Water_478168 and Water_369477), Shigella sonnei(contig Water_880246),and Acinetobacter baumannii(contig Water_525520) carrying sul1, sul2, ere A, qac H, OXA-21, and mph D were found in pond water. Mobile genetic elements(MGEs) analysis indicated that horizontal gene transfer(HGT) of integrons, insertion sequences, and plasmids existed in shrimp intestine, sediment, and water samples, and the abundance of integrons was higher than that of other two MGEs. The results suggested that HPB carrying ARGs potentially existed in aquatic environments, and that these contributed to the environment and public health risk evaluation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82200725)the Innovation Team and Talents Cultivation Program of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(ZYYCXTD-D-202002)+4 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(226-2023-00114,226-2022-00226,and 226-2023-00059)the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(81930016)the Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA1100500)the Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(92159202)the Ningbo Top Medical and Health Research Program(2022030309).
文摘Liver transplantation(LT)is the standard therapy for individuals afflicted with end-stage liver disease.Despite notable advancements in LT technology,the incidence of early allograft dysfunction(EAD)remains a critical concern,exacerbating the current organ shortage and detrimentally affecting the prognosis of recipients.Unfortunately,the perplexing hepatic heterogeneity has impeded characterization of the cellular traits and molecular events that contribute to EAD.Herein,we constructed a pioneering single-cell transcriptomic landscape of human transplanted livers derived from non-EAD and EAD patients,with 12 liver samples collected from 7 donors during the cold perfusion and portal reperfusion stages.Comparison of the 75231 cells of non-EAD and EAD patients revealed an EAD-associated immune niche comprising mucosal-associated invariant T cells,granzyme B^(+)(GZMB^(+))granzyme K^(+)(GZMK^(+))natural killer cells,and S100 calcium binding protein A12^(+)(S100A12^(+))neutrophils.Moreover,we verified this immune niche and its association with EAD occurrence in two independent cohorts.Our findings elucidate the cellular characteristics of transplanted livers and the EAD-associated pathogenic immune niche at the single-cell level,thus,offering valuable insights into EAD onset.
文摘BACKGROUND Human milk oligosaccharides(HMOs)are bioactive components of breast milk with diverse health benefits,including shaping the gut microbiota,modulating the immune system,and protecting against infections.HMOs exhibit dynamic secretion patterns during lactation,influenced by maternal genetics and environ-mental factors.Their direct and indirect antimicrobial properties have garnered significant research interest.However,a comprehensive understanding of the secretion dynamics of HMOs and their correlation with antimicrobial efficacy remains underexplored.AIM To synthesize current evidence on the secretion dynamics of HMOs during lactation and evaluate their antimicrobial roles against bacterial,viral,and protozoal pathogens.METHODS A systematic search of PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science,and Cochrane Library focused on studies investigating natural and synthetic HMOs,their secretion dynamics,and antimicrobial properties.Studies involving human,animal,and in vitro models were included.Data on HMO composition,temporal secretion patterns,and mechanisms of antimicrobial action were extracted.Quality assess-ment was performed using validated tools appropriate for study design.RESULTS A total of 44 studies were included,encompassing human,animal,and in vitro research.HMOs exhibited dynamic secretion patterns,with 2′-fucosyllactose(2′-FL)and lacto-N-tetraose peaking in early lactation and declining over time,while 3-fucosyllactose(3-FL)increased during later stages.HMOs demonstrated significant antimicrobial properties through pathogen adhesion inhibition,biofilm disruption,and enzymatic activity impairment.Synthetic HMOs,including bioengineered 2′-FL and 3-FL,were structurally and functionally comparable to natural HMOs,effectively inhibiting pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Escherichia coli,and Campylobacter jejuni.Additionally,HMOs exhibited synergistic effects with antibiotics,enhancing their efficacy against resistant pathogens.CONCLUSION HMOs are vital in antimicrobial defense,supporting infant health by targeting various pathogens.Both natural and synthetic HMOs hold significant potential for therapeutic applications,particularly in infant nutrition and as adjuncts to antibiotics.Further research,including clinical trials,is essential to address gaps in knowledge,validate findings,and explore the broader applicability of HMOs in improving maternal and neonatal health.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFC3704700)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22276165)Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LR23B070002).
文摘Soils are important reservoirs of human pathogenic bacteria that can spread to humans through various path-ways.Metagenomics enables high-throughput pathogen identification by mapping sequencing reads to known pathogen genomes.However,this approach has several limitations,e.g.,sequence assembly is time-consuming,and reliance on reference databases may overlook potential pathogens lacking close genomic matches.Here,we developed a novel,virulence factor(VF)based machine learning method using the K-Nearest Neighbors model(VF–KNN)for identifying human pathogenic bacteria from soil metagenomes.Through learning the VF features of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria,VF-KNN could achieve the desired performance in soil pathogen identification(AUC:0.95,Accuracy:0.85).Model prediction accuracy(0.95)was further validated using 61 pathogenic strains isolated from soil.For the top 15 most frequent soil pathogens,the prediction accuracy was>0.90 at 0.4X–1.0X genome coverage.VFs contributing significantly to pathogen identification were associated with regulation,effector delivery,motility,etc.By using VF-KNN,the averaged abundance of total potential pathogens in topsoils across China was 0.44%(n=336),predominantly concentrated in the eastern coastal provinces.Compared with the conventional method based on a predefined pathogen list,VF-KNN identified 28%more potential pathogenic species,including some newly reported but not in the predefined list(e.g.,Mycoli-cibacterium cosmeticum).Agricultural land exhibited significantly higher pathogen abundance and diversity than the other land types.This newly developed VF-KNN method is applicable for pathogen identification in broader environments.
文摘Detection and monitoring of pathogens is a central aspect of maintaining public health.Rare and neglected zoonotic viruses have the potential to evolve and expand exponentially,leading to unforeseen outbreaks,epidemics,and pandemics.The emerging multiomics and meta-omics techniques and workflows,such as proteogenomics and meta-genomics,offer the potential for the detection of harmful pathogens,as well as opportunities for the discovery of previously unknown bacterial,parasitic,or viral pathogens.Multiomics and meta-omics workflows provide molecular information for tracking pathogens and understanding the effectiveness of spread mitigation strategies.In addition to environmental monitoring,multiomics and meta-omics approaches have the potential for clinical applications and in-depth characterization of novel pathogens.In this review,we discuss recent applications of multiomics and meta-omics techniques,their advantages over traditional methods,and their potential implementations in biomedical research,environmental studies,and healthcare.We critically assess the benefits and challenges of multiomics and meta-omics studies and discuss their future perspectives.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program"Intergovernmental International Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation"(2021YFE0192100),ChinaThe Scientific Research Project of Education Department of Hunan Province(21B0736 and 19A192).
文摘Food-borne pathogens are an important challenge for the food industry.In this study,the possibility of using the previously designed and synthesized antimicrobial peptide HX-12C as a new food antimicrobial was evaluated.Bacteriostatic and bactericidal tests showed that HX-12C has strong,rapid and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.Outer-and inner-membrane permeabilization assays revealed that HX-12C killed food-borne pathogens by inducing membrane permeability.Further Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM)and Transmission Electron Microscope(TEM)also showed that HX-12C can distinctively act on the bacterial membrane leading to the leakage of cellular contents.Moreover,HX-12C also showed anti-biofilm ability in bacterial killing tests.In the food storage test,HX-12C exhibited significant antimicrobial function in raw pork and orange juice.Therefore,HX-12C has shown great potential as a new antimicrobial agent in food storage.
基金supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51138006)the National Key Research on Water Environment Pollution Control in China(No.2012ZX07301-001)
文摘The microbial quality of urban recreational water is of great concern to public health.The monitoring of indicator organisms and several pathogens alone is not sufficient to accurately and comprehensively identify microbial risks.To assess the levels of bacterial pathogens and health risks in urban recreational water,we analyzed pathogen diversity and quantified four pathogens in 46 water samples collected from waterbodies in Beijing Olympic Forest Park in one year.The pathogen diversity revealed by 16 S r RNA gene targeted next-generation sequencing（NGS） showed that 16 of 40 genera and 13 of 76 reference species were present.The most abundant species were Acinetobacter johnsonii,Mycobacterium avium and Aeromonas spp.Quantitative polymerase chain reaction（q PCR） of Escherichia coli（uid A）,Aeromonas（aer A）,M.avium（16S r RNA）,Pseudomonas aeruginosa（oaa） and Salmonella（inv A） showed that the aer A genes were the most abundant,occurring in all samples with concentrations of 10^（4–6） genome copies/100 m L,followed by oaa,inv A and M.avium.In total,34.8% of the samples harbored all genes,indicating the prevalence of these pathogens in this recreational waterbody.Based on the q PCR results,a quantitative microbial risk assessment（QMRA） showed that the annual infection risks of Salmonella,M.avium and P.aeruginosa in five activities were mostly greater than the U.S.EPA risk limit for recreational contacts,and children playing with water may be exposed to the greatest infection risk.Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of bacterial pathogen diversity and pathogen abundance in urban recreational water by applying both NGS and q PCR.
基金Supported by The Japan Initiative for Global Research Network on Infectious Diseases(J-GRID)program from the Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology,Japan
文摘Hepatitis B virus(HBV), hepatitis C virus(HCV),and human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) affect many people in Asian countries, although there are geographic differences. Both HBV and HIV(HBV/HIV) and HCV/HIV co-infections are highly prevalent in Asia. Hetero- and homosexual, injection drug use, and geographic area are strong predictors of HBV, HCV, and HIV serostatus. In HBV endemic regions, the prevalence and genotype distribution of HBV/HIV coinfection is almost comparable with that in the general population. In Japan, where HBV has low endemicity, the prevalence of HBV/HIV co-infection is approximately 10-fold higher than that in the general population, and HBV Ae is the most common subgenotype among HIV infected individuals. Highly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART) is an effective treatment for HIV/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Lamivudine, a component of HAART, is an effective treatment for HBV, HIV, and HBV/HIV co-infection; however, cost, emerging drug resistance, antiretroviral-associated liver toxicity and liver-related morbidity due to HCV progression are particular concerns. HCV/HIV co-infection may accelerate the clinical progression of both HCV and HIV. The high prevalence of HBV/HIV and HCV/HIV co-infections in Asia underscores the need to improve prevention and control measures, as fewer evidencebased prevention strategies are available(compared with Western countries). In this review, the most recent publications on the prevalence of HBV/HIV and HCV/HIV co-infections and related issues, such as therapy and problems in Asia, are updated and summarized.
基金supported by the Breeding Plan of Shandong Provincial Qingchuang Research Team(2019-135)Qingdao science and technology project 21-l-4-sf-6-nsh,China.
文摘Due to the increasing number of food-borne diseases,more attention is being paid to food safety.Food-borne pathogens are the main cause of food-borne diseases,which seriously endanger human health,so it is necessary to detect and control them.Traditional detection methods cannot meet the requirements of rapid detection of food due to many shortcomings,such as being time-consuming,laborious or requiring expensive instrumentation.Quantum dots have become a promising nanotechnology in pathogens tracking and detection because of their excellent optical properties.New biosensor detection methods based on quantum dots are have been gradually developed due to their high sensitivity and high specificity.In this review,we summarize the different characteristics of quantum dots synthesized by carbon,heavy metals and composite materials firstly.Then,attention is paid to the principles,advantages and limitations of the quantum dots biosensor with antibodies and aptamers as recognition elements for recognition and capture of food-borne pathogens.Finally,the great potential of quantum dots in pathogen detection is summarized.
文摘This study investigated the spread of foodborne pathogens: Listeria monocytogenes, Es-cherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella in chicken sausage samples collected from retail markets in Greece and Egypt during 2006 and from Egypt through 2010. Other microbiological parameters;total viable count (TVC), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), pseudomonads (PS), staphylococci (STAPH), Brochothrix thermosphacta (BT), Enterobacteriaceae (EN), Escherichia coli (EC), yeasts and moulds (Y&M) were also counted. Egyptian chicken sausage samples were found to harbor L. mono- cytogenes, Staph. aureus and E. coli O157:H7;with frequencies equivalent to 24%, 60% and 26% of the total samples during 2006 and 37.87%, 64.44% and 41.11% of the total samples during 2010, respectively, while Greek samples were entirely free of theses pathogens. Enrichment techniques indicated the absence of Salmonella from both Greek and Egyptian samples. The obtained results may mobilize food producers and handlers in developing countries to take the due measures reducing food-borne pathogen risks and spoilage flora alongside the poultry chain.
文摘The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic renewed interest in other previously discovered human coronaviruses—the non-severe acute respiratory syndrome human coronavirus (non-SARS hCoVs) and this study is a starting point for a closer investigation of those. With the pandemic behind us we believe it to be important to also examine the current and past respiratory pathogen landscape in the patient population in our care. Therefore, 954 nasopharyngeal swabs of patients with respiratory diseases collected between October 2018 and March 2020 were tested against the pathogens Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis, Influenza A and virus, Human metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, Parainfluenza virus, human Adenovirus and Polyoma virus BK/JC. Swabs negative against these pathogens were further tested for OC43 and 229E by RT-qPCR. Human coronaviruses 229E and OC43 were proven as the causative agents in a considerable number of cases, confirmed by PCR. Overall, our results show that those two non-SARS hCoVs were responsible for 13.9% (11 of 79) of infections with flu-like symptoms of unknown etiology in the study area. In the subsequent seroprevalence study, it was shown that the seroprevalence rate of IgG antibodies against 229E and OC43 was over 50%, indicating that a big part of the population in our study area has been in contact with these non-SARS-CoVs and has built the specific humoral immune response accordingly.
