Extending the spacetime manifold of general relativity (GR) to incorporate the Hubble expansion of space as a specific curvature, generates a modified solution with three additional non-zero Christoffel symbols and a ...Extending the spacetime manifold of general relativity (GR) to incorporate the Hubble expansion of space as a specific curvature, generates a modified solution with three additional non-zero Christoffel symbols and a reformulated Ricci tensor and curvature. The observational consequences of this reformulation are compared with the ΛCDM model for luminosity distance using the extensive type 1a supernovae (SNe 1a) data with redshift corrected to the CMB, and for angular diameter distance using the recent baryonic acoustic oscillation (BAO) data. For the SNe 1a data, the modified GR and ΛCDM models differ by mag. over z<sub>cmb</sub> = 0.01 - 1.3, with overall weighted RMS errors of ±0.136μ<sub>B</sub> mag for modified GR and ±0.151μ<sub>B</sub> mag for ΛCDM respectively. The BAO measures span a range z = 0.106 - 2.36, with weighted RMS errors of ±0.034 Mpc with H<sub>0</sub> = 67.6 ± 0.25 for the modified GR model, and ±0.085 Mpc with H<sub>0</sub> = 70.0 ± 0.25 for the ΛCDM model. The derived GR metric for this new solution describes both the SNe 1a and the BAO observations with comparable accuracy to the w’ΛCDM model. By incorporating the Hubble expansion of space within general relativity as a specific curvature term, these observations may be described without requiring additional parameters for either dark matter or accelerating dark energy.展开更多
Aims: The expansion of the Universe and gravitation are considered different fundamental properties of the cosmos. We explore whether they are connected and propose an equation that links and unifies them. This equati...Aims: The expansion of the Universe and gravitation are considered different fundamental properties of the cosmos. We explore whether they are connected and propose an equation that links and unifies them. This equation describes the expansion of space as related to the mass of matter in that space. An expanding frame of reference, defined as expanding at the same rate, is the natural frame for an observer since the observer is part of the Universe and expands with it. In this frame, the expansion of the Universe by itself accounts for phenomena previously ascribed to gravitation. Gravity is fictitious and unnecessary. Here, we show that universal expansion naturally manifests as “gravity”. Methods: A theory is presented that postulates a natural expansion of the observer’s frame of reference due to matter and a generalized universal principle of equivalence of acceleration and gravitation that extends to any frame. It is consistent with both the general theory of relativity and our knowledge about the expansion of the Universe. Results: We tested the theory positively by applying its equation to global and local scales of the Universe with available data. It is applied to a Universe of homogeneous mass and discrete two and three-body systems and other phenomena hitherto thought to be unrelated. The results show that the proposed equation is valid at any scale. The fundamental nature of the Universe, from which gravity and other properties are derived, is its expansion.展开更多
In recent years,much attention has been given to the increase in the Earth-Sun distance,with the modern rate reported as 5-15 m/cy on the basis of astronomical measurements.However,traditional methods cannot measure t...In recent years,much attention has been given to the increase in the Earth-Sun distance,with the modern rate reported as 5-15 m/cy on the basis of astronomical measurements.However,traditional methods cannot measure the ancient leaving rates,so a myriad of research attempting to provide explanations were met with unmatched magnitudes.In this paper we consider that the growth patterns on fossils could reflect the ancient Earth-Sun relationships.Through mechanical analysis of both the Earth-Sun and Earth-Moon systems,these patterns confirmed an increase in the Earth-Sun distance.With a large number of well-preserved specimens and new technology available,both the modern and ancient leaving rates could be measured with high precision,and it was found that the Earth has been leaving the Sun over the past 0.53 billion years.The Earth's semi-major axis was 146 million kilometers at the beginning of the Phanerozoic Eon,equating to 97.6%of its current value.Measured modern leaving rates are 5-14 m/cy,whereas the ancient rates were much higher.Experimental results indicate a special expansion with an average expansion coefficient of 0.57H0 and deceleration in the form of Hubble drag.On the basis of experimental results,the Earth's semi-major axis could be represented by a simple formula that matches fossil measurements.展开更多
文摘Extending the spacetime manifold of general relativity (GR) to incorporate the Hubble expansion of space as a specific curvature, generates a modified solution with three additional non-zero Christoffel symbols and a reformulated Ricci tensor and curvature. The observational consequences of this reformulation are compared with the ΛCDM model for luminosity distance using the extensive type 1a supernovae (SNe 1a) data with redshift corrected to the CMB, and for angular diameter distance using the recent baryonic acoustic oscillation (BAO) data. For the SNe 1a data, the modified GR and ΛCDM models differ by mag. over z<sub>cmb</sub> = 0.01 - 1.3, with overall weighted RMS errors of ±0.136μ<sub>B</sub> mag for modified GR and ±0.151μ<sub>B</sub> mag for ΛCDM respectively. The BAO measures span a range z = 0.106 - 2.36, with weighted RMS errors of ±0.034 Mpc with H<sub>0</sub> = 67.6 ± 0.25 for the modified GR model, and ±0.085 Mpc with H<sub>0</sub> = 70.0 ± 0.25 for the ΛCDM model. The derived GR metric for this new solution describes both the SNe 1a and the BAO observations with comparable accuracy to the w’ΛCDM model. By incorporating the Hubble expansion of space within general relativity as a specific curvature term, these observations may be described without requiring additional parameters for either dark matter or accelerating dark energy.
文摘Aims: The expansion of the Universe and gravitation are considered different fundamental properties of the cosmos. We explore whether they are connected and propose an equation that links and unifies them. This equation describes the expansion of space as related to the mass of matter in that space. An expanding frame of reference, defined as expanding at the same rate, is the natural frame for an observer since the observer is part of the Universe and expands with it. In this frame, the expansion of the Universe by itself accounts for phenomena previously ascribed to gravitation. Gravity is fictitious and unnecessary. Here, we show that universal expansion naturally manifests as “gravity”. Methods: A theory is presented that postulates a natural expansion of the observer’s frame of reference due to matter and a generalized universal principle of equivalence of acceleration and gravitation that extends to any frame. It is consistent with both the general theory of relativity and our knowledge about the expansion of the Universe. Results: We tested the theory positively by applying its equation to global and local scales of the Universe with available data. It is applied to a Universe of homogeneous mass and discrete two and three-body systems and other phenomena hitherto thought to be unrelated. The results show that the proposed equation is valid at any scale. The fundamental nature of the Universe, from which gravity and other properties are derived, is its expansion.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2010CB328201)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2006AA12Z310)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(60772003)
文摘In recent years,much attention has been given to the increase in the Earth-Sun distance,with the modern rate reported as 5-15 m/cy on the basis of astronomical measurements.However,traditional methods cannot measure the ancient leaving rates,so a myriad of research attempting to provide explanations were met with unmatched magnitudes.In this paper we consider that the growth patterns on fossils could reflect the ancient Earth-Sun relationships.Through mechanical analysis of both the Earth-Sun and Earth-Moon systems,these patterns confirmed an increase in the Earth-Sun distance.With a large number of well-preserved specimens and new technology available,both the modern and ancient leaving rates could be measured with high precision,and it was found that the Earth has been leaving the Sun over the past 0.53 billion years.The Earth's semi-major axis was 146 million kilometers at the beginning of the Phanerozoic Eon,equating to 97.6%of its current value.Measured modern leaving rates are 5-14 m/cy,whereas the ancient rates were much higher.Experimental results indicate a special expansion with an average expansion coefficient of 0.57H0 and deceleration in the form of Hubble drag.On the basis of experimental results,the Earth's semi-major axis could be represented by a simple formula that matches fossil measurements.
