I.Many styles of traditional houses,Traditional Chinese houses have many different styles.From south to north,east to west,different places have different types of houses.These styles are shaped by nature,weather,and ...I.Many styles of traditional houses,Traditional Chinese houses have many different styles.From south to north,east to west,different places have different types of houses.These styles are shaped by nature,weather,and culture.Each house shows the way of life and history of the local people.展开更多
China’s rapid urbanization presents significant challenges for rural construction and resource management,often prioritizing economic gains over climate adaptability and energy efficiency.This study focuses on tradit...China’s rapid urbanization presents significant challenges for rural construction and resource management,often prioritizing economic gains over climate adaptability and energy efficiency.This study focuses on traditional Huizhou houses,integrating energy consumption and comfort analysis into the early design stages.Initial simulations using the Universal Thermal Climate Index(UTCI)established a baseline model for comparison.Through the Wallacei_X plugin,optimized designs achieved a 19.88%reduction in energy use intensity(EUI)and a 9.37%improvement in summer outdoor comfort(UTCI_H)compared to the baseline.Further analysis along the Pareto frontier using Scikit-learn demonstrated high predictive accuracy with XGBoost(F1 scores:0.80 for 4-side houses,0.78 for 3-side houses).To enhance interpretability,SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)analysis explored nonlinear relationships between design variables and building performance,while coupling analysis examined the spatial relationships between houses and their environmental impact.In the final validation,the proposed workflow effectively linked building performance prediction with design optimization,achieving a 26%performance improvement over the original site plan.This integrated approach enables rapid performance evaluations,reduces costs,and provides practical design references.It highlights the potential of combining genetic algorithms and machine learning to drive sustainable rural development.展开更多
The city of Van is located to the Eastern Region of Turkey and has experienced two large earthquakes recently. Van earthquakes have caused big damages and demolitions in the city center, districts and in villages. As ...The city of Van is located to the Eastern Region of Turkey and has experienced two large earthquakes recently. Van earthquakes have caused big damages and demolitions in the city center, districts and in villages. As a result of precautions works have been realized to remove its effects shortly. However, it can be seen that the either urban or rural areas of the city carry the earthquake’s traces. Damages that the eartquake left on the buildings formed the most apparent and standing ones of the traces. Mud-brick buildings are the primary of those damaged buildings both in the centre of Van and in villages. Especially roofs’ collapsing and then walls’ demolition for mud-brick houses which were abandoned, and therefore were not maintained properly for a long time, are quite familiar situations after the earthquake. However, inhabited and maintained houses have been survived sturdily by contrast of other houses with modern materials and they helpt life to continue after the earthquake. In this study, mud-brick houses which were survived after earthquakes in Van and in the villages will be discussed. Reasons for demolition of those demolished and the qualities of those surviving ones will be scrutinized. It is going to be discussed how the mud-brick material which is distinguishing and struggling to gain it deserves as an ecological material today to resist against natural disasters sturdily when it is applied in decent way in scope with examples in the city of Van. Purpose of this study is to document right and wrong usage of the mud-brick materials with examples.展开更多
Research fruits in classical Chinese folk houses since 1980s were summarized in this study from various perspectives,such as architectural structure,spatial layout,decoration,aesthetic value,regional features and hist...Research fruits in classical Chinese folk houses since 1980s were summarized in this study from various perspectives,such as architectural structure,spatial layout,decoration,aesthetic value,regional features and historical attributes,meanwhile,the future study orientation in this field was also discussed.展开更多
The evaluation model was established to estimate the number of houses collapsed during typhoon disaster for Zhejiang Province.The factor leading to disaster,the environment fostering disaster and the exposure of build...The evaluation model was established to estimate the number of houses collapsed during typhoon disaster for Zhejiang Province.The factor leading to disaster,the environment fostering disaster and the exposure of buildings were processed by Principal Component Analysis.The key factor was extracted to support input of vector machine model and to build an evaluation model;the historical fitting result kept in line with the fact.In the real evaluation of two typhoons landed in Zhejiang Province in 2008 and 2009,the coincidence of evaluating result and actual value proved the feasibility of this model.展开更多
The spatial composition of natural environment and settlement in the Three Gorges region along the Yangtze River was analyzed from a macro perspective,which emphasized its characteristics of the interdependence among ...The spatial composition of natural environment and settlement in the Three Gorges region along the Yangtze River was analyzed from a macro perspective,which emphasized its characteristics of the interdependence among its buildings,landform and waterscape,between buildings and landscape,and integration of nature and human culture.Then the spatial features of folk houses were analyzed,while special attention was paid to its "upward","grey",and dynamic characteristics.The courtyard-type residence and stilted building in South China were taken as examples in order to explain their exterior spatial characteristics,and the interior spatial features were analyzed from the pursuit of courtyard layout,the preference of courtyard space and the emphasis of central room space.The paper exposed the builders' rational thinking about natural environment and living place conveyed through the traditional folk houses,as well as the practical value of this architectural style in the special natural environment of the Three Gorges region,and explained the artistic achievements from the integration of architecture and environment,aiming to provide references for the urban and living environment construction in this region during the "Post Three-Gorges Project Era".展开更多
From the creation,materials,colors and technical artistic characteristics of exterior and exterior spatial decoration,the artistic value of ancient Huizhou folk houses were analyzed.
[ Objective] To explore the characteristics of microbial aerosol pollution in different pig houses and provide theoretical foundation for risk assessment of microbial aerosols on human and animal health. [Method] Gest...[ Objective] To explore the characteristics of microbial aerosol pollution in different pig houses and provide theoretical foundation for risk assessment of microbial aerosols on human and animal health. [Method] Gestation house, nursery house and fattening house in suburb of Beijing were chosen as research objects, and the concentration, size distribution and composition characteristics of the airborne microorganisms were determined. [ Result] The concentrations of airborne microorganisms were completely different in different houses under the influences of ventilation, methods of cleaning manure and pig populations. The highest concentration of airborne microrganisms was the nursery house. The particles with diameter size of 0.65 -2.10 μm carried 26% -27% heterotrophic bacteria and 39% -43% fungi. They could reach alveolus of humans and animals and thus made infectious threat to health of humans and animals. The dominant heterotrophic bacteria genera were composed of Bacil/us and Pseudomonas; and the dominant fungi were Penicillium and Muco. [ Conclusion] Concentrations of airborne microorganisms are completely different in different houses. However. there is no sianificant difference between the microbial composition and tyee of oia houses.展开更多
The Qiang ethnic group in southern Songpan county lives in vernacular plank houses(VPHs)with an architectural tradition that dates to the period of the ancient Di people.VPHs are now mainly constructed in settlements ...The Qiang ethnic group in southern Songpan county lives in vernacular plank houses(VPHs)with an architectural tradition that dates to the period of the ancient Di people.VPHs are now mainly constructed in settlements of ethnic groups such as Baima Tibetans,Amdo Tibetans,and the Qiang people living in Wenxian county,Longnan city of Gansu province,and Maoxian,Lixian,Wenchuan,and Beichuan of Sichuan province respectively.Although VPHs of the Qiang people living in southern Songpan share many similarities with those of adjacent Tibetans in structure,construction,and spatial layout,they feature the Qiang people's unique architectural culture,and reflect a style transition from VPHs in the north to blockhouses in the south.The VPHs,as represented by those in Xiaoxinggou,play a significant role in the diversified architectural culture of this ethnic group.Their unique cultural value is worthy of further exploration and protection.展开更多
In this paper,a climate-adaptation study of vernacular houses in northern Hebei Province has been conducted based on quantitative field surveys. Three typical vernacular houses with different kinds of building envelop...In this paper,a climate-adaptation study of vernacular houses in northern Hebei Province has been conducted based on quantitative field surveys. Three typical vernacular houses with different kinds of building envelopes were selected. The field surveys included investigation on building material and construction,measurement of indoor thermal environment, infrared thermographic study of building envelopes and measurement of luminous environment. The results showed that the indoor air temperatures were below thermal comfort zone from late night till early morning and the horizontal temperature gradient was obvious. The adobe wall showed better thermal performance than the other two. As for the building layout,it is beneficial to put a storeroom on the north side of the house as a temperature buffer zone. Furthermore,due to missing insulation and the informal process of construction,significant amounts of heat escaped from building envelopes,especially from the corner of wall,ceiling and around the openings. The daylight factors on the work plan in the main rooms were accordance with design standards and the level of illuminance met the requirements of family's daily activities.展开更多
Currently,people pay more and more attention to the transitional resettlement of victims after various natural disasters.There is an urgent need for a large number of temporary houses to resettle the victims after nat...Currently,people pay more and more attention to the transitional resettlement of victims after various natural disasters.There is an urgent need for a large number of temporary houses to resettle the victims after natural disasters.Disaster-relief temporary houses(DTHs)played an important role in the post-disaster resettlement in the past,which can not only be produced on a large scale,but also can be quickly and conveniently erected,which were the main means to solve the problem of transitional resettlement.However,due to their temporary nature,there was no extra energy consuming system installed in the DTHs generally.Hence the indoor thermal environment inside the DTHs was severe in summer.In this study,combined with the field experimental tests of the DTHs in Wenchuan Earthquake and Lushan Earthquake and the experimental study of the full-size DTH,it found that the thermal environment inside the DTH was intolerably high in summer.It had negative impact on victims.In order to improve the thermal environment inside DTHs during post-disaster period which lacked of extra energy resources,this study used the method of combining phase change materials(PCMs)with walls of the DTH to explore its feasibility and effectiveness.The results showed that PCMs could effectively improve the thermal environment inside the DTH in summer.Furthermore,the difference of the composite positions between PCMs and the wall affected the improvement effect.The energy release rate of the PCMs assembly system(PAS)varied according to the positions of the PCMs.展开更多
JIANGNAN or regions south of the Yangtze River’s lower reaches, is an area with green hills and limpid waters. It has long been the epitome of natural beauty and fertility. Waterways are the main means of transportat...JIANGNAN or regions south of the Yangtze River’s lower reaches, is an area with green hills and limpid waters. It has long been the epitome of natural beauty and fertility. Waterways are the main means of transportation here as the land is divided by canals into a checkerboard. Under these natural conditions, locals designed and built their houses in a unique way, the design of which gave rise to the Suzhou traditional folk house architectural style. The houses are usually not wide and have a deep interior. The layout and scale of each house varies, depending on the wealth of its owner. When seen from a distance, the cluster of houses presents an irregular beauty densely decorating the small areas of land in the region.展开更多
The housing situation just after the First World War was very bad.This was due,among other things,to the huge war damage of buildings as well as years of neglecting the construction movement during 123 years of partit...The housing situation just after the First World War was very bad.This was due,among other things,to the huge war damage of buildings as well as years of neglecting the construction movement during 123 years of partitioning.Not only public buildings were destroyed,but most of all housing development,which at that time in the Lublin region mostly had a wooden structure.The article presents a part of a comprehensive study of the wooden architecture of the interwar period of small towns in the Lublin region.Representative examples from each type of object were discussed.展开更多
Confucian ethics, idea and behavior criterion were embodied in "everything" of life, especially in the building as an important tool for moralizing. Taking a case study on vernacular houses of Dongting East ...Confucian ethics, idea and behavior criterion were embodied in "everything" of life, especially in the building as an important tool for moralizing. Taking a case study on vernacular houses of Dongting East Mountain and West Mountain, this paper reveals the "moderate", "etiquette" and "benevolence" as moral contents in the building's layout, form, space, decoration and so on. The moralizing reflects a subtle way of guidance, as well as diversified and systematic characteristics. Vernacular houses deeply mingled with daily life, had unique influence as physical environment, thus realizing the implementation and manifestation of Confucian moralizing ideas that have been converted to folk customs. In sum, the Confucian moralizing function carried by vernacular houses is the product of institutions and rules, and it is also the manifestation of conscious inheritance of cultural identity.展开更多
Kaiping Diaolou is a special and unique architectural style of Chinese countryside dwellings. It is famous for the rare and complex fusion of Chinese and Western architectural styles. The Diaolou is also an important ...Kaiping Diaolou is a special and unique architectural style of Chinese countryside dwellings. It is famous for the rare and complex fusion of Chinese and Western architectural styles. The Diaolou is also an important historic and cultural site as it shows China’s embrace of foreign culture in a transitional period. On June 28, 2007, Kaiping Diaolou was inscribed into the world cultural heritage list.展开更多
Soil erosion studies around houses in four communities in Ghana were carried out from August to November, 2010. Thirty houses were selected from each of the four communities for the study. Measurements of slope and th...Soil erosion studies around houses in four communities in Ghana were carried out from August to November, 2010. Thirty houses were selected from each of the four communities for the study. Measurements of slope and the depth of exposed foundation of houses were done with the help of a string and a tape measure. Data were also obtained through questionnaire and interview of house owners. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to measure some relationships among data. In the selection of site for building a house, higher percentage of the house owners considered no factor. The major cleaning activity around the surrounding of houses was noted to be sweeping with a broom. All the houses in the communities had their foundations exposed, 57% - 93% of the houses had exposed foundations up to a level within 51 - 100 cm which was classified as “Severely Exposed”. The extent of building foundation exposed by soil erosion was found to be positively correlated with the age of building and the slope of the land. Most of the respondents controlled soil erosion by blocking water ways with materials such as, sand heaps, stones and sacks filled with soil. Only 10% of the respondents from one of the communities planted grasses around their houses to control soil erosion. Communities need to be educated to plant grasses around their houses to beautify the surroundings and to control soil erosion.展开更多
From the perspective of archival science,the protection of ancient houses was studied.The similarities between the protection of ancient houses and the management of archives in terms of nature and workfl ow were expl...From the perspective of archival science,the protection of ancient houses was studied.The similarities between the protection of ancient houses and the management of archives in terms of nature and workfl ow were explored theoretically.In daily life,ancient house protection and archives management complement each other.The protection of ancient houses must rely on archives.Moreover,archives will be generated in all aspects of specifi c protection work.Combined with the case analysis of the protection of ancient houses in Longyou County,Zhejiang Province,the close relationship between the two was further verified.On this basis,the current deficiencies in the protection of ancient dwellings in terms of staff,archive object,and archive collection were analyzed,and corresponding countermeasures were proposed.展开更多
The tuzhang houses or,literally,the clay palm houses,of the Yi ethnic minority are located in the central and southeastern parts of Yunnan Province.The traditional dwelling of the Yi people is mainly built of adobes,w...The tuzhang houses or,literally,the clay palm houses,of the Yi ethnic minority are located in the central and southeastern parts of Yunnan Province.The traditional dwelling of the Yi people is mainly built of adobes,which makes it warm in winter and cool in summer,and is strong and durable.The roofs of neighboring households are linked together,a reflection of local people’s harmonious coexistence.It is of great value in the history of folk houses.展开更多
Dwellings are usually constructed by people as per their respective needs,with the use of traditional skills.The architectural built form,layout,building materials,and local construction practices vary from one region...Dwellings are usually constructed by people as per their respective needs,with the use of traditional skills.The architectural built form,layout,building materials,and local construction practices vary from one region to the other,depending on the socio cultural and socio-economic significance.It is essential and crucial to understand the cultural significance in an ever-transforming world.Thus,a study has been attempted to analyze typical characteristics of houses in Krishna district of coastal Andhra Pradesh.As part of the study process,a few dwellings were selected which have vernacular building components and which underwent transformation(spatial,physical and esthetical)in response to the respective users’changing requirements in time and space.People’s attachment to the vernacular components of the present and earlier house was recorded.The qualitative analysis brought out that 25%of houses exhibited transformation in their built-up area while 75%exhibited transformation in terms of its spaces,components such as roof,wall,joinery and ornamentation.It was also found that the quantum of transformation which had taken place arose from different reasons in isolation and combination such as family structure,change from joint large family to a smaller nuclear family system within the same premises,property subdivision,growth in economic condition,and partial physical deterioration of building components.The principal focus of this paper is to understand the degree of people’s attachment or satisfaction level toward vernacular elements and thereby understand the social acceptance of vernacular architecture in a broader perspective.展开更多
This paper presents the experience in building low-cost houses in ferrocement technology,arched cross-section with on-site construction,using skeletal method combined with steel hollow structural sections.The author w...This paper presents the experience in building low-cost houses in ferrocement technology,arched cross-section with on-site construction,using skeletal method combined with steel hollow structural sections.The author wanted to develop a simpler,faster and more cost-effective system of the construction of smaller buildings,retaining their stability and durability,energy-efficiency and resistance to earthquakes and storm winds at the same time.The goal was to enable non-professionals to build houses in quick and simple way using standard,easily accessible materials and tools.Houses such as described in this paper were built in DR Congo(Democratic Republic of the Congo)and have proven to be,fast-to-build,safe,durable and serviceable with practically no maintenance required.In 2016,15 such houses were built in less than four months.The author has promoted the solution for construction of such houses in continent climate conditions too,using stronger frame and much better thermal insulation,without thermal bridges.展开更多
文摘I.Many styles of traditional houses,Traditional Chinese houses have many different styles.From south to north,east to west,different places have different types of houses.These styles are shaped by nature,weather,and culture.Each house shows the way of life and history of the local people.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52378011).
文摘China’s rapid urbanization presents significant challenges for rural construction and resource management,often prioritizing economic gains over climate adaptability and energy efficiency.This study focuses on traditional Huizhou houses,integrating energy consumption and comfort analysis into the early design stages.Initial simulations using the Universal Thermal Climate Index(UTCI)established a baseline model for comparison.Through the Wallacei_X plugin,optimized designs achieved a 19.88%reduction in energy use intensity(EUI)and a 9.37%improvement in summer outdoor comfort(UTCI_H)compared to the baseline.Further analysis along the Pareto frontier using Scikit-learn demonstrated high predictive accuracy with XGBoost(F1 scores:0.80 for 4-side houses,0.78 for 3-side houses).To enhance interpretability,SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)analysis explored nonlinear relationships between design variables and building performance,while coupling analysis examined the spatial relationships between houses and their environmental impact.In the final validation,the proposed workflow effectively linked building performance prediction with design optimization,achieving a 26%performance improvement over the original site plan.This integrated approach enables rapid performance evaluations,reduces costs,and provides practical design references.It highlights the potential of combining genetic algorithms and machine learning to drive sustainable rural development.
文摘The city of Van is located to the Eastern Region of Turkey and has experienced two large earthquakes recently. Van earthquakes have caused big damages and demolitions in the city center, districts and in villages. As a result of precautions works have been realized to remove its effects shortly. However, it can be seen that the either urban or rural areas of the city carry the earthquake’s traces. Damages that the eartquake left on the buildings formed the most apparent and standing ones of the traces. Mud-brick buildings are the primary of those damaged buildings both in the centre of Van and in villages. Especially roofs’ collapsing and then walls’ demolition for mud-brick houses which were abandoned, and therefore were not maintained properly for a long time, are quite familiar situations after the earthquake. However, inhabited and maintained houses have been survived sturdily by contrast of other houses with modern materials and they helpt life to continue after the earthquake. In this study, mud-brick houses which were survived after earthquakes in Van and in the villages will be discussed. Reasons for demolition of those demolished and the qualities of those surviving ones will be scrutinized. It is going to be discussed how the mud-brick material which is distinguishing and struggling to gain it deserves as an ecological material today to resist against natural disasters sturdily when it is applied in decent way in scope with examples in the city of Van. Purpose of this study is to document right and wrong usage of the mud-brick materials with examples.
文摘Research fruits in classical Chinese folk houses since 1980s were summarized in this study from various perspectives,such as architectural structure,spatial layout,decoration,aesthetic value,regional features and historical attributes,meanwhile,the future study orientation in this field was also discussed.
基金Supported by Scientific Research Project for Commonwealth (GYHY200806017)Innovation Project for Graduate of Jiangsu Province (CX09S-018Z)
文摘The evaluation model was established to estimate the number of houses collapsed during typhoon disaster for Zhejiang Province.The factor leading to disaster,the environment fostering disaster and the exposure of buildings were processed by Principal Component Analysis.The key factor was extracted to support input of vector machine model and to build an evaluation model;the historical fitting result kept in line with the fact.In the real evaluation of two typhoons landed in Zhejiang Province in 2008 and 2009,the coincidence of evaluating result and actual value proved the feasibility of this model.
基金Supported by Humanities Fund of Ministry of Education (09YJAZH047)Scientific Research and Development Program of Yichang City (A09302-27)~~
文摘The spatial composition of natural environment and settlement in the Three Gorges region along the Yangtze River was analyzed from a macro perspective,which emphasized its characteristics of the interdependence among its buildings,landform and waterscape,between buildings and landscape,and integration of nature and human culture.Then the spatial features of folk houses were analyzed,while special attention was paid to its "upward","grey",and dynamic characteristics.The courtyard-type residence and stilted building in South China were taken as examples in order to explain their exterior spatial characteristics,and the interior spatial features were analyzed from the pursuit of courtyard layout,the preference of courtyard space and the emphasis of central room space.The paper exposed the builders' rational thinking about natural environment and living place conveyed through the traditional folk houses,as well as the practical value of this architectural style in the special natural environment of the Three Gorges region,and explained the artistic achievements from the integration of architecture and environment,aiming to provide references for the urban and living environment construction in this region during the "Post Three-Gorges Project Era".
文摘From the creation,materials,colors and technical artistic characteristics of exterior and exterior spatial decoration,the artistic value of ancient Huizhou folk houses were analyzed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(50908009)the Scientific Research Initial Foundation of Doctor,Beijing Institute of Civil Engineering and Architecture(100900502)
文摘[ Objective] To explore the characteristics of microbial aerosol pollution in different pig houses and provide theoretical foundation for risk assessment of microbial aerosols on human and animal health. [Method] Gestation house, nursery house and fattening house in suburb of Beijing were chosen as research objects, and the concentration, size distribution and composition characteristics of the airborne microorganisms were determined. [ Result] The concentrations of airborne microorganisms were completely different in different houses under the influences of ventilation, methods of cleaning manure and pig populations. The highest concentration of airborne microrganisms was the nursery house. The particles with diameter size of 0.65 -2.10 μm carried 26% -27% heterotrophic bacteria and 39% -43% fungi. They could reach alveolus of humans and animals and thus made infectious threat to health of humans and animals. The dominant heterotrophic bacteria genera were composed of Bacil/us and Pseudomonas; and the dominant fungi were Penicillium and Muco. [ Conclusion] Concentrations of airborne microorganisms are completely different in different houses. However. there is no sianificant difference between the microbial composition and tyee of oia houses.
基金the findings of a“Study on Architectural Culture Fusion in the Ethnic Corridor Area:A Case Study of Qiang Architecture in the Upper Reaches of the Minjiang River”(13XJC850002)a cultural and social science research project of the Ministry of Education in 2013the findings of a discipline project(Studies on Bashu Culture)of Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences。
文摘The Qiang ethnic group in southern Songpan county lives in vernacular plank houses(VPHs)with an architectural tradition that dates to the period of the ancient Di people.VPHs are now mainly constructed in settlements of ethnic groups such as Baima Tibetans,Amdo Tibetans,and the Qiang people living in Wenxian county,Longnan city of Gansu province,and Maoxian,Lixian,Wenchuan,and Beichuan of Sichuan province respectively.Although VPHs of the Qiang people living in southern Songpan share many similarities with those of adjacent Tibetans in structure,construction,and spatial layout,they feature the Qiang people's unique architectural culture,and reflect a style transition from VPHs in the north to blockhouses in the south.The VPHs,as represented by those in Xiaoxinggou,play a significant role in the diversified architectural culture of this ethnic group.Their unique cultural value is worthy of further exploration and protection.
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.51278262)State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science (Grant No.20111450987)
文摘In this paper,a climate-adaptation study of vernacular houses in northern Hebei Province has been conducted based on quantitative field surveys. Three typical vernacular houses with different kinds of building envelopes were selected. The field surveys included investigation on building material and construction,measurement of indoor thermal environment, infrared thermographic study of building envelopes and measurement of luminous environment. The results showed that the indoor air temperatures were below thermal comfort zone from late night till early morning and the horizontal temperature gradient was obvious. The adobe wall showed better thermal performance than the other two. As for the building layout,it is beneficial to put a storeroom on the north side of the house as a temperature buffer zone. Furthermore,due to missing insulation and the informal process of construction,significant amounts of heat escaped from building envelopes,especially from the corner of wall,ceiling and around the openings. The daylight factors on the work plan in the main rooms were accordance with design standards and the level of illuminance met the requirements of family's daily activities.
文摘Currently,people pay more and more attention to the transitional resettlement of victims after various natural disasters.There is an urgent need for a large number of temporary houses to resettle the victims after natural disasters.Disaster-relief temporary houses(DTHs)played an important role in the post-disaster resettlement in the past,which can not only be produced on a large scale,but also can be quickly and conveniently erected,which were the main means to solve the problem of transitional resettlement.However,due to their temporary nature,there was no extra energy consuming system installed in the DTHs generally.Hence the indoor thermal environment inside the DTHs was severe in summer.In this study,combined with the field experimental tests of the DTHs in Wenchuan Earthquake and Lushan Earthquake and the experimental study of the full-size DTH,it found that the thermal environment inside the DTH was intolerably high in summer.It had negative impact on victims.In order to improve the thermal environment inside DTHs during post-disaster period which lacked of extra energy resources,this study used the method of combining phase change materials(PCMs)with walls of the DTH to explore its feasibility and effectiveness.The results showed that PCMs could effectively improve the thermal environment inside the DTH in summer.Furthermore,the difference of the composite positions between PCMs and the wall affected the improvement effect.The energy release rate of the PCMs assembly system(PAS)varied according to the positions of the PCMs.
文摘JIANGNAN or regions south of the Yangtze River’s lower reaches, is an area with green hills and limpid waters. It has long been the epitome of natural beauty and fertility. Waterways are the main means of transportation here as the land is divided by canals into a checkerboard. Under these natural conditions, locals designed and built their houses in a unique way, the design of which gave rise to the Suzhou traditional folk house architectural style. The houses are usually not wide and have a deep interior. The layout and scale of each house varies, depending on the wealth of its owner. When seen from a distance, the cluster of houses presents an irregular beauty densely decorating the small areas of land in the region.
文摘The housing situation just after the First World War was very bad.This was due,among other things,to the huge war damage of buildings as well as years of neglecting the construction movement during 123 years of partitioning.Not only public buildings were destroyed,but most of all housing development,which at that time in the Lublin region mostly had a wooden structure.The article presents a part of a comprehensive study of the wooden architecture of the interwar period of small towns in the Lublin region.Representative examples from each type of object were discussed.
基金Sponsored by the Philosophical and Social Science Research Project in Colleges and Universities of Jiangsu Province(2010SJB760012)
文摘Confucian ethics, idea and behavior criterion were embodied in "everything" of life, especially in the building as an important tool for moralizing. Taking a case study on vernacular houses of Dongting East Mountain and West Mountain, this paper reveals the "moderate", "etiquette" and "benevolence" as moral contents in the building's layout, form, space, decoration and so on. The moralizing reflects a subtle way of guidance, as well as diversified and systematic characteristics. Vernacular houses deeply mingled with daily life, had unique influence as physical environment, thus realizing the implementation and manifestation of Confucian moralizing ideas that have been converted to folk customs. In sum, the Confucian moralizing function carried by vernacular houses is the product of institutions and rules, and it is also the manifestation of conscious inheritance of cultural identity.
文摘Kaiping Diaolou is a special and unique architectural style of Chinese countryside dwellings. It is famous for the rare and complex fusion of Chinese and Western architectural styles. The Diaolou is also an important historic and cultural site as it shows China’s embrace of foreign culture in a transitional period. On June 28, 2007, Kaiping Diaolou was inscribed into the world cultural heritage list.
文摘Soil erosion studies around houses in four communities in Ghana were carried out from August to November, 2010. Thirty houses were selected from each of the four communities for the study. Measurements of slope and the depth of exposed foundation of houses were done with the help of a string and a tape measure. Data were also obtained through questionnaire and interview of house owners. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to measure some relationships among data. In the selection of site for building a house, higher percentage of the house owners considered no factor. The major cleaning activity around the surrounding of houses was noted to be sweeping with a broom. All the houses in the communities had their foundations exposed, 57% - 93% of the houses had exposed foundations up to a level within 51 - 100 cm which was classified as “Severely Exposed”. The extent of building foundation exposed by soil erosion was found to be positively correlated with the age of building and the slope of the land. Most of the respondents controlled soil erosion by blocking water ways with materials such as, sand heaps, stones and sacks filled with soil. Only 10% of the respondents from one of the communities planted grasses around their houses to control soil erosion. Communities need to be educated to plant grasses around their houses to beautify the surroundings and to control soil erosion.
文摘From the perspective of archival science,the protection of ancient houses was studied.The similarities between the protection of ancient houses and the management of archives in terms of nature and workfl ow were explored theoretically.In daily life,ancient house protection and archives management complement each other.The protection of ancient houses must rely on archives.Moreover,archives will be generated in all aspects of specifi c protection work.Combined with the case analysis of the protection of ancient houses in Longyou County,Zhejiang Province,the close relationship between the two was further verified.On this basis,the current deficiencies in the protection of ancient dwellings in terms of staff,archive object,and archive collection were analyzed,and corresponding countermeasures were proposed.
文摘The tuzhang houses or,literally,the clay palm houses,of the Yi ethnic minority are located in the central and southeastern parts of Yunnan Province.The traditional dwelling of the Yi people is mainly built of adobes,which makes it warm in winter and cool in summer,and is strong and durable.The roofs of neighboring households are linked together,a reflection of local people’s harmonious coexistence.It is of great value in the history of folk houses.
文摘Dwellings are usually constructed by people as per their respective needs,with the use of traditional skills.The architectural built form,layout,building materials,and local construction practices vary from one region to the other,depending on the socio cultural and socio-economic significance.It is essential and crucial to understand the cultural significance in an ever-transforming world.Thus,a study has been attempted to analyze typical characteristics of houses in Krishna district of coastal Andhra Pradesh.As part of the study process,a few dwellings were selected which have vernacular building components and which underwent transformation(spatial,physical and esthetical)in response to the respective users’changing requirements in time and space.People’s attachment to the vernacular components of the present and earlier house was recorded.The qualitative analysis brought out that 25%of houses exhibited transformation in their built-up area while 75%exhibited transformation in terms of its spaces,components such as roof,wall,joinery and ornamentation.It was also found that the quantum of transformation which had taken place arose from different reasons in isolation and combination such as family structure,change from joint large family to a smaller nuclear family system within the same premises,property subdivision,growth in economic condition,and partial physical deterioration of building components.The principal focus of this paper is to understand the degree of people’s attachment or satisfaction level toward vernacular elements and thereby understand the social acceptance of vernacular architecture in a broader perspective.
文摘This paper presents the experience in building low-cost houses in ferrocement technology,arched cross-section with on-site construction,using skeletal method combined with steel hollow structural sections.The author wanted to develop a simpler,faster and more cost-effective system of the construction of smaller buildings,retaining their stability and durability,energy-efficiency and resistance to earthquakes and storm winds at the same time.The goal was to enable non-professionals to build houses in quick and simple way using standard,easily accessible materials and tools.Houses such as described in this paper were built in DR Congo(Democratic Republic of the Congo)and have proven to be,fast-to-build,safe,durable and serviceable with practically no maintenance required.In 2016,15 such houses were built in less than four months.The author has promoted the solution for construction of such houses in continent climate conditions too,using stronger frame and much better thermal insulation,without thermal bridges.
