Food hoarding is prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic.To investigate the mechanism of urban consumers’food hoarding behaviors,we categorize hoarding motives into rational and irrational ones.Using random online sur...Food hoarding is prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic.To investigate the mechanism of urban consumers’food hoarding behaviors,we categorize hoarding motives into rational and irrational ones.Using random online survey samples from three cities in China,we employ the multivariate probit model to investigate the rational and irrational motives on food hoarding behavior.Our results confirmed the existence of both rational and irrational food hoarding,and also found factors attributing to the different buying behaviors.The amount of food at hand and the expectation on the infection possibility of COVID-19 are two major factors affecting rational hoarding.Bad mood and herd psychology are factors contributing to panic buying.This study provides an empirical evidence to support intervention policies aiming at mitigating panic buying behavior.展开更多
The studiy was carried out in Autunm from 1993 to 1995 in Liangshui Natural Reserve in NE China. After eating some seeds, Nuterackers fly over 1 km or more to some area with seeds in its sublingual pouch and cache the...The studiy was carried out in Autunm from 1993 to 1995 in Liangshui Natural Reserve in NE China. After eating some seeds, Nuterackers fly over 1 km or more to some area with seeds in its sublingual pouch and cache the seeds in the ground for future use. Each cache contains 1-7 seeds commonly. Caching habitats are in accord with seedlings sites. The quantities of caching seeds are very large. Caching depth is adaptable for seed germination. The Eurasian Nutcrackers have an important effect on seeds dispersal of Korean pine.展开更多
Scatter hoarding by corvids （crows, jays, magpies, and nutcrackers） provides seed dispersal for many large-seeded plants, including oaks and pines. When hoarding seeds, corvids often choose nonrandom locations throu...Scatter hoarding by corvids （crows, jays, magpies, and nutcrackers） provides seed dispersal for many large-seeded plants, including oaks and pines. When hoarding seeds, corvids often choose nonrandom locations throughout the landscape, resulting in differential survival of seeds. In the context of habitat restoration, such disproportional storing of seeds in areas suitable for germin- ation and establishment can accelerate expansion and recovery of large-seeded tree populations and their associated ecosystems. Here, we investigate the spatial preferences of island scrub jays Aphelocoma insularis during scatter hoarding of acorns （Quercus spp.） on Santa Cruz Island. We use a large behavioral data set on the birds＇ behavior in combination with seedling surveys and spatial analysis to determine whether 1） island scrub jays disproportionally cache seeds in specific habitat types, and 2） whether the preferred habitat type is suitable for oak regeneration. Our results show that the jays nonrandomly cache acorns across the landscape; they use chaparral and coastal sage scrub disproportionally while avoiding open and grassy areas. The areas used most often for caching were also the areas with the highest oak seedling densities. We discuss the potential role of these findings for the recovery of Santa Cruz Island＇s oak habitat since the 1980s.展开更多
Because of factors such as energy and time one invests in an object,the stronger the connection,value,and reluc-tance to lose said object individual will have.Hoarding behavior arises when individuals incorporate a st...Because of factors such as energy and time one invests in an object,the stronger the connection,value,and reluc-tance to lose said object individual will have.Hoarding behavior arises when individuals incorporate a strong attachment with themselves to an object.The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of self-investment on hoarding tendency and the roles of possession-self link and liking level in this connection.A hypothetical model of the relationship between self-investment,possession-self link,liking level,and hoarding tendency was tested.A convenience sampling method was used to survey 450 college students in Yunnan Province on either a paper-based or online self-report scale.The data were collected using self-investment,possession-self link,and liking level questionnaires,as well as the Saving Inventory Revised.Results showed positive relationship between the study variables,ranging from 0.37 to 0.87.College students’self-investment had a direct positive pre-dictive effect on hoarding tendency;self-investment,in turn,indirectly predicted hoarding tendency through the mediating effect of possession-self link;and individual liking level of items had a moderating effect for self-invest-ment on the possession-self link.This study shows how self-investment affects the hoarding tendency of college students,and the results of this study also help demonstrate the value of self-investment and possession-self link in optimizing students’hoarding tendency and thus promoting good psychological status.展开更多
Understanding the driving mechanism of the divergence of hoarding strategies of animals(i.e.,scatter-hoarding vs.larder-hoarding)is crucial to understand the ecological and evolutionary implications of plant-animal in...Understanding the driving mechanism of the divergence of hoarding strategies of animals(i.e.,scatter-hoarding vs.larder-hoarding)is crucial to understand the ecological and evolutionary implications of plant-animal interactions.Zhang et al.(2022)compiled a global-scale dataset from the published literature including 183 species of seed-hoarding rodents,and concluded that phylogenetic conservatism,functional traits,and environmental factors counted for the hoarding behavior divergence of rodents.A more thought-provoking question may be asked:Do these variables contribute equally or not to explain the divergence of hoarding strategies?Here,we re-analyzed Zhang et al's(2022)dataset using partial Ralk calculation(Ives 2019)to parse out the relative contri-lik butions of these variables.展开更多
Hoarding is defined as the acquisition and failure to discard a large number of possessions,resulting in significant cluttering and distress to themselves and others.When the severity of hoarding behaviour increases w...Hoarding is defined as the acquisition and failure to discard a large number of possessions,resulting in significant cluttering and distress to themselves and others.When the severity of hoarding behaviour increases with age,the risk of vulnerability increases,especially in older people with dementia.This pathological comportment tends not to be identified until the patient is hospitalized and needs a home visit for safe discharge planning or when major concerns arise from family or the public.Diagnosing hoarding disorders from secondary conditions with hoarding behaviour can be challenging.A number of assessments and intervention strategies for hoarding can be implemented to improve the health and safety of these patients.A case of a patient with hoarding behaviour in a patient with dementia is described.展开更多
A though China has seen a large trade surplus in the Apast few years,it is striking that the large trade surplus has not been accompanied by large selling of foreign exchange(FX)on China's foreign exchange market....A though China has seen a large trade surplus in the Apast few years,it is striking that the large trade surplus has not been accompanied by large selling of foreign exchange(FX)on China's foreign exchange market.While this has prompted many market participants to talk about potential"FX hoarding,"it has not resulted in a significant increase in official FX reserves or private sector FX deposits.In fact,private sector FX deposits dropped for the most of the past few years.Is this MFX hoarding"or MFX dishoarding"?展开更多
This study examined the impact of childhood environmental unpredictability on hoarding behavior,focusing on the mediating roles of attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance and the moderating role of environmental c...This study examined the impact of childhood environmental unpredictability on hoarding behavior,focusing on the mediating roles of attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance and the moderating role of environmental cues.Three studies were con-ducted:Study 1 investigated the effect of childhood environmental unpredictability on hoarding behavior through big data anal-ysis and an experiment;Study 2 tested the mediating effects of attachment anxiety and avoidance,as well as the moderating role of environmental cues,using a two-stage questionnaire;and Study 3 further explored differences in hoarding behavior across attachment styles.Results indicated that childhood environmental unpredictability significantly and positively predicted hoarding behavior,with attachment anxiety and avoidance serving as parallel mediators.Moreover,pandemic-related environmental cues moderated the direct effect of childhood environmental unpredictability on hoarding behavior,with this effect weakening after the cues diminished.These findings provide novel insights into hoarding behavior as an adaptive response to childhood environmental unpredictability,clarify the roles of attachment anxiety and avoidance as adaptive mechanisms,and underscore the influence of current environmental cues in shaping hoarding behavior.展开更多
Although seed hoarding by rodents has been extensively studied,differentiation in seed-hoarding behaviors among sympatric rodent species has not been well investigated.Using semi-natural enclosures,we demonstrated tha...Although seed hoarding by rodents has been extensively studied,differentiation in seed-hoarding behaviors among sympatric rodent species has not been well investigated.Using semi-natural enclosures,we demonstrated that three sympatric rodent species showed clear differentiation in food selection,scatter versus larder hoarding behaviors and eating behaviors when offered seeds of four plant species from a warm temperate forest in northern China.The large field mouse Apodemus peninsulae preferred seeds of wild apricot(Prunus armeniaca)and Liaodong oak(Quercus liaotungensis),whereas the Chinese white-bellied rat Niviventor confucianus preferred seeds of cultivated walnut and Liaodong oak,and the David’s rock squirrel Sciurotamias davidianus preferred seeds of cultivated walnut,wild apricot and Liaodong oak.All three rodents showed larder hoarding of seeds from all four plant species,but the large field mouse showed scatter hoarding of wild apricot,and the David’s rock squirrel showed scatter hoarding of Liaodong oak and wild walnut.Acorns of Liaodong oak,which have a soft seed hull,were more often eaten in situ,whereas wild walnuts,which have a hard seed hull and more tannin,were less hoarded by all rodent species.Differentiation in the scatter versus larder hoarding behaviors of sympatric rodent species suggests that sympatric rodents play different roles in the regeneration of different sympatric plant species.展开更多
The impact of insecure attachment on hoarding behavior(HB)has been supported by empirical evidence.However,scant literature has focused on how anthropomorphism(attributing human-like traits,characteristics,or emotions...The impact of insecure attachment on hoarding behavior(HB)has been supported by empirical evidence.However,scant literature has focused on how anthropomorphism(attributing human-like traits,characteristics,or emotions to nonhuman objects)and hoarding beliefs(motivations for ownership)affect the relationship between insecure attachment and HB,especially among Chinese adolescents.Using a cross-sectional study,we reserved 903 participants(561 males,342 females,M=20.20,SD=1.85,age range=18-24 years)to complete self-report questionnaires about close relationships,anthropomorphism,saving beliefs,and saving inventory to investigate the mediating role of anthropomorphism and the moderating role of hoarding beliefs in the relationship between insecure attachment and HB.Attachment anxiety and avoidance had a positive relationship with HB,and anthropomorphism is a mediating factor in the association between attachment anxiety and HB.In addition,hoarding beliefs moderated the relationship between attachment anxiety and HB.This study further elaborated on the relationships between insecure attachment,anthropomorphism,hoarding beliefs,and HB,which might shed some light on adolescent clinical interventions.展开更多
Deforestation and thinning are human activities that can destabilize the forest ecological system and,consequently,impact significantly on habitat and behavior of forest-dwelling animals.This hypothesis was test...Deforestation and thinning are human activities that can destabilize the forest ecological system and,consequently,impact significantly on habitat and behavior of forest-dwelling animals.This hypothesis was tested in Yugong in the Mount Taihangshan area by comparing the tracks of tagged seeds of Armeniaca sibirica.in sites of unthinned and thinned forests.Our results showed that:(i)the diversity of vegetation and rodents drastically reduced in sites with thinned forests,compared to unthinned sites;(ii)the amount of both removed and scatter-hoarded seeds significantly declined in sites with thinned forests,compared with the unthinned sites;(iii)there was no significant difference observed in the distance of seed dispersal between the thinned and unthinned areas;and(iv)the thinning did not show a significant change to the model of cache size.These results suggested that the thinning of forests negatively influenced the species richness and food-hoarding behavior of rodents.In addition,the results indicated that the weakened scattered-hoarding might be disadvantageous to seedling recruitment and forest restoration.展开更多
Seed traits play an important role in affecting seed preference and hoarding behaviors of small rodents.Despite greatly affected by seed traits,seed detectability of competitors represents pilfering risks and may also...Seed traits play an important role in affecting seed preference and hoarding behaviors of small rodents.Despite greatly affected by seed traits,seed detectability of competitors represents pilfering risks and may also modify seed hoarding preference of animals.However,whether seed traits and seed detectability show consistent effects on seed hoarding preference of animals remain largely unknown.Here,we explored how seed traits and seed detectability correlate with seed hoarding preference of Leopoldamys edwardsi and Apodemus chevrieri in a subtropical forest.Despite the effects of seed coat thickness and caloric value on hoarding preference of L.edwardsi,we detected no significant effects of other seed traits on hording preference of the 2 rodent species.There was no correlation between larder-hoarding preference and inter-or intra-specific seed detectability of L.edwardsi;however,seed detectability of L.edwardsi was negatively correlated with its own scatter-hoarding preference.Although scatter-hoarding preference of A.chevrieri was not correlated with inter-and intra-specific seed detectability,larder-hoarding preference of A.chevrieri was positively correlated with intra-specific seed detectability.Our study may provide evidence that intra-specific seed detectability rather than seed traits and inter-specific pilfering risks play an important role in modifying seed hoarding preference of rodents.展开更多
Asymmetric competition occurs when some species have distinct advantages over their competitors and is common in animals with overlapping habitats and diet.However,the mechanism allowing coexistence between asymmetric...Asymmetric competition occurs when some species have distinct advantages over their competitors and is common in animals with overlapping habitats and diet.However,the mechanism allowing coexistence between asymmetric competitors is not fully clear.Chinese white-bellied rats(Niviventer confucianus,CWR)and Korean field mice(Apodemus peninsulae,KFM)are common asymmetric competitors in shrublands and forests west of Beijing city.They share similar diet(e.g.plant seeds)and activity(nocturnal),but differ in body size(CWR are bigger than KFM),food hoarding habit(CWR:mainly larder hoarding;KFM:both larder and scatter hoarding),and ability to protect cached food(CWR are more aggressive than KFM).Here,we tested seed competition in 15 CWR-KFM pairs over a 10-day period under semi-natural enclosure conditions to uncover the differences in food hoarding,cache pilferage,and food protection between the 2 rodents,and discuss the implication for coexistence.Prior to pilferage,CWR harvested and ate more seeds than KFM.CWR tended to larder hoard seeds,whereas KFM preferred to scatter hoard seeds.Following pilferage,CWR increased consumption,decreased intensity of hoarding,and pilfered more caches from KFM than they lost,while KFM increased consumption more than they hoarded,and they preferred to hoard seeds in low and medium competition areas.Accordingly,both of the 2 rodent species increased their total energy consumption and hoarding following pilferage.Both rodent species tended to harvest seeds from the source,rather than pilfer caches from each other to compensate for cache loss via pilferage.Compared to CWR,KFM consumed fewer seeds when considering seed number,but hoarded more seeds when considering the seeds’relative energy(energy of hoarded seeds/rodent body mass2/3)at the end of the trials.These results suggest that asymmetric competition for food exists between CWR and KFM,but differentiation in hoarding behavior could help the subordinate species(i.e.KFM)hoard more energy than the dominant species(i.e.CWR),and may contribute to their coexistence in the field.展开更多
基金The authors thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72003008)the Social Science Funding from Beijing Municipal Education Commission,China(SM201810011002)2017 Beijing High Level Group Building Program,China(IDHT20170505).
文摘Food hoarding is prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic.To investigate the mechanism of urban consumers’food hoarding behaviors,we categorize hoarding motives into rational and irrational ones.Using random online survey samples from three cities in China,we employ the multivariate probit model to investigate the rational and irrational motives on food hoarding behavior.Our results confirmed the existence of both rational and irrational food hoarding,and also found factors attributing to the different buying behaviors.The amount of food at hand and the expectation on the infection possibility of COVID-19 are two major factors affecting rational hoarding.Bad mood and herd psychology are factors contributing to panic buying.This study provides an empirical evidence to support intervention policies aiming at mitigating panic buying behavior.
文摘The studiy was carried out in Autunm from 1993 to 1995 in Liangshui Natural Reserve in NE China. After eating some seeds, Nuterackers fly over 1 km or more to some area with seeds in its sublingual pouch and cache the seeds in the ground for future use. Each cache contains 1-7 seeds commonly. Caching habitats are in accord with seedlings sites. The quantities of caching seeds are very large. Caching depth is adaptable for seed germination. The Eurasian Nutcrackers have an important effect on seeds dispersal of Korean pine.
文摘Scatter hoarding by corvids （crows, jays, magpies, and nutcrackers） provides seed dispersal for many large-seeded plants, including oaks and pines. When hoarding seeds, corvids often choose nonrandom locations throughout the landscape, resulting in differential survival of seeds. In the context of habitat restoration, such disproportional storing of seeds in areas suitable for germin- ation and establishment can accelerate expansion and recovery of large-seeded tree populations and their associated ecosystems. Here, we investigate the spatial preferences of island scrub jays Aphelocoma insularis during scatter hoarding of acorns （Quercus spp.） on Santa Cruz Island. We use a large behavioral data set on the birds＇ behavior in combination with seedling surveys and spatial analysis to determine whether 1） island scrub jays disproportionally cache seeds in specific habitat types, and 2） whether the preferred habitat type is suitable for oak regeneration. Our results show that the jays nonrandomly cache acorns across the landscape; they use chaparral and coastal sage scrub disproportionally while avoiding open and grassy areas. The areas used most often for caching were also the areas with the highest oak seedling densities. We discuss the potential role of these findings for the recovery of Santa Cruz Island＇s oak habitat since the 1980s.
基金supported by Yunnan Provincial Philosophy and Social Science Planning Youth Project under Grant No.QN2018055.
文摘Because of factors such as energy and time one invests in an object,the stronger the connection,value,and reluc-tance to lose said object individual will have.Hoarding behavior arises when individuals incorporate a strong attachment with themselves to an object.The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of self-investment on hoarding tendency and the roles of possession-self link and liking level in this connection.A hypothetical model of the relationship between self-investment,possession-self link,liking level,and hoarding tendency was tested.A convenience sampling method was used to survey 450 college students in Yunnan Province on either a paper-based or online self-report scale.The data were collected using self-investment,possession-self link,and liking level questionnaires,as well as the Saving Inventory Revised.Results showed positive relationship between the study variables,ranging from 0.37 to 0.87.College students’self-investment had a direct positive pre-dictive effect on hoarding tendency;self-investment,in turn,indirectly predicted hoarding tendency through the mediating effect of possession-self link;and individual liking level of items had a moderating effect for self-invest-ment on the possession-self link.This study shows how self-investment affects the hoarding tendency of college students,and the results of this study also help demonstrate the value of self-investment and possession-self link in optimizing students’hoarding tendency and thus promoting good psychological status.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971444,32171533,31770570)Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2208085J28).
文摘Understanding the driving mechanism of the divergence of hoarding strategies of animals(i.e.,scatter-hoarding vs.larder-hoarding)is crucial to understand the ecological and evolutionary implications of plant-animal interactions.Zhang et al.(2022)compiled a global-scale dataset from the published literature including 183 species of seed-hoarding rodents,and concluded that phylogenetic conservatism,functional traits,and environmental factors counted for the hoarding behavior divergence of rodents.A more thought-provoking question may be asked:Do these variables contribute equally or not to explain the divergence of hoarding strategies?Here,we re-analyzed Zhang et al's(2022)dataset using partial Ralk calculation(Ives 2019)to parse out the relative contri-lik butions of these variables.
文摘Hoarding is defined as the acquisition and failure to discard a large number of possessions,resulting in significant cluttering and distress to themselves and others.When the severity of hoarding behaviour increases with age,the risk of vulnerability increases,especially in older people with dementia.This pathological comportment tends not to be identified until the patient is hospitalized and needs a home visit for safe discharge planning or when major concerns arise from family or the public.Diagnosing hoarding disorders from secondary conditions with hoarding behaviour can be challenging.A number of assessments and intervention strategies for hoarding can be implemented to improve the health and safety of these patients.A case of a patient with hoarding behaviour in a patient with dementia is described.
文摘A though China has seen a large trade surplus in the Apast few years,it is striking that the large trade surplus has not been accompanied by large selling of foreign exchange(FX)on China's foreign exchange market.While this has prompted many market participants to talk about potential"FX hoarding,"it has not resulted in a significant increase in official FX reserves or private sector FX deposits.In fact,private sector FX deposits dropped for the most of the past few years.Is this MFX hoarding"or MFX dishoarding"?
基金supported by National Social Science Foundation of China(Major Program)(19ZDA021).
文摘This study examined the impact of childhood environmental unpredictability on hoarding behavior,focusing on the mediating roles of attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance and the moderating role of environmental cues.Three studies were con-ducted:Study 1 investigated the effect of childhood environmental unpredictability on hoarding behavior through big data anal-ysis and an experiment;Study 2 tested the mediating effects of attachment anxiety and avoidance,as well as the moderating role of environmental cues,using a two-stage questionnaire;and Study 3 further explored differences in hoarding behavior across attachment styles.Results indicated that childhood environmental unpredictability significantly and positively predicted hoarding behavior,with attachment anxiety and avoidance serving as parallel mediators.Moreover,pandemic-related environmental cues moderated the direct effect of childhood environmental unpredictability on hoarding behavior,with this effect weakening after the cues diminished.These findings provide novel insights into hoarding behavior as an adaptive response to childhood environmental unpredictability,clarify the roles of attachment anxiety and avoidance as adaptive mechanisms,and underscore the influence of current environmental cues in shaping hoarding behavior.
基金the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(G2000046802)the National Natural Science Foundation(30430130)the Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KSCX2-SW-103).
文摘Although seed hoarding by rodents has been extensively studied,differentiation in seed-hoarding behaviors among sympatric rodent species has not been well investigated.Using semi-natural enclosures,we demonstrated that three sympatric rodent species showed clear differentiation in food selection,scatter versus larder hoarding behaviors and eating behaviors when offered seeds of four plant species from a warm temperate forest in northern China.The large field mouse Apodemus peninsulae preferred seeds of wild apricot(Prunus armeniaca)and Liaodong oak(Quercus liaotungensis),whereas the Chinese white-bellied rat Niviventor confucianus preferred seeds of cultivated walnut and Liaodong oak,and the David’s rock squirrel Sciurotamias davidianus preferred seeds of cultivated walnut,wild apricot and Liaodong oak.All three rodents showed larder hoarding of seeds from all four plant species,but the large field mouse showed scatter hoarding of wild apricot,and the David’s rock squirrel showed scatter hoarding of Liaodong oak and wild walnut.Acorns of Liaodong oak,which have a soft seed hull,were more often eaten in situ,whereas wild walnuts,which have a hard seed hull and more tannin,were less hoarded by all rodent species.Differentiation in the scatter versus larder hoarding behaviors of sympatric rodent species suggests that sympatric rodents play different roles in the regeneration of different sympatric plant species.
文摘The impact of insecure attachment on hoarding behavior(HB)has been supported by empirical evidence.However,scant literature has focused on how anthropomorphism(attributing human-like traits,characteristics,or emotions to nonhuman objects)and hoarding beliefs(motivations for ownership)affect the relationship between insecure attachment and HB,especially among Chinese adolescents.Using a cross-sectional study,we reserved 903 participants(561 males,342 females,M=20.20,SD=1.85,age range=18-24 years)to complete self-report questionnaires about close relationships,anthropomorphism,saving beliefs,and saving inventory to investigate the mediating role of anthropomorphism and the moderating role of hoarding beliefs in the relationship between insecure attachment and HB.Attachment anxiety and avoidance had a positive relationship with HB,and anthropomorphism is a mediating factor in the association between attachment anxiety and HB.In addition,hoarding beliefs moderated the relationship between attachment anxiety and HB.This study further elaborated on the relationships between insecure attachment,anthropomorphism,hoarding beliefs,and HB,which might shed some light on adolescent clinical interventions.
基金funded by the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2007CB109106)the Key Research Programs in Colleges and Universities of Henan Province(No.16A180039)the Postdoctoral Research Foundation of Zhengzhou University.
文摘Deforestation and thinning are human activities that can destabilize the forest ecological system and,consequently,impact significantly on habitat and behavior of forest-dwelling animals.This hypothesis was tested in Yugong in the Mount Taihangshan area by comparing the tracks of tagged seeds of Armeniaca sibirica.in sites of unthinned and thinned forests.Our results showed that:(i)the diversity of vegetation and rodents drastically reduced in sites with thinned forests,compared to unthinned sites;(ii)the amount of both removed and scatter-hoarded seeds significantly declined in sites with thinned forests,compared with the unthinned sites;(iii)there was no significant difference observed in the distance of seed dispersal between the thinned and unthinned areas;and(iv)the thinning did not show a significant change to the model of cache size.These results suggested that the thinning of forests negatively influenced the species richness and food-hoarding behavior of rodents.In addition,the results indicated that the weakened scattered-hoarding might be disadvantageous to seedling recruitment and forest restoration.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070447 and 31760156)Youth Talent Introduction and Education Program of Shandong Province(20190601).
文摘Seed traits play an important role in affecting seed preference and hoarding behaviors of small rodents.Despite greatly affected by seed traits,seed detectability of competitors represents pilfering risks and may also modify seed hoarding preference of animals.However,whether seed traits and seed detectability show consistent effects on seed hoarding preference of animals remain largely unknown.Here,we explored how seed traits and seed detectability correlate with seed hoarding preference of Leopoldamys edwardsi and Apodemus chevrieri in a subtropical forest.Despite the effects of seed coat thickness and caloric value on hoarding preference of L.edwardsi,we detected no significant effects of other seed traits on hording preference of the 2 rodent species.There was no correlation between larder-hoarding preference and inter-or intra-specific seed detectability of L.edwardsi;however,seed detectability of L.edwardsi was negatively correlated with its own scatter-hoarding preference.Although scatter-hoarding preference of A.chevrieri was not correlated with inter-and intra-specific seed detectability,larder-hoarding preference of A.chevrieri was positively correlated with intra-specific seed detectability.Our study may provide evidence that intra-specific seed detectability rather than seed traits and inter-specific pilfering risks play an important role in modifying seed hoarding preference of rodents.
文摘Asymmetric competition occurs when some species have distinct advantages over their competitors and is common in animals with overlapping habitats and diet.However,the mechanism allowing coexistence between asymmetric competitors is not fully clear.Chinese white-bellied rats(Niviventer confucianus,CWR)and Korean field mice(Apodemus peninsulae,KFM)are common asymmetric competitors in shrublands and forests west of Beijing city.They share similar diet(e.g.plant seeds)and activity(nocturnal),but differ in body size(CWR are bigger than KFM),food hoarding habit(CWR:mainly larder hoarding;KFM:both larder and scatter hoarding),and ability to protect cached food(CWR are more aggressive than KFM).Here,we tested seed competition in 15 CWR-KFM pairs over a 10-day period under semi-natural enclosure conditions to uncover the differences in food hoarding,cache pilferage,and food protection between the 2 rodents,and discuss the implication for coexistence.Prior to pilferage,CWR harvested and ate more seeds than KFM.CWR tended to larder hoard seeds,whereas KFM preferred to scatter hoard seeds.Following pilferage,CWR increased consumption,decreased intensity of hoarding,and pilfered more caches from KFM than they lost,while KFM increased consumption more than they hoarded,and they preferred to hoard seeds in low and medium competition areas.Accordingly,both of the 2 rodent species increased their total energy consumption and hoarding following pilferage.Both rodent species tended to harvest seeds from the source,rather than pilfer caches from each other to compensate for cache loss via pilferage.Compared to CWR,KFM consumed fewer seeds when considering seed number,but hoarded more seeds when considering the seeds’relative energy(energy of hoarded seeds/rodent body mass2/3)at the end of the trials.These results suggest that asymmetric competition for food exists between CWR and KFM,but differentiation in hoarding behavior could help the subordinate species(i.e.KFM)hoard more energy than the dominant species(i.e.CWR),and may contribute to their coexistence in the field.
