The protection of historical artifacts that hold great significance in the fields of art,architecture,history,and culture ensures the preservation of cultural heritage and safeguards the shared past of humanity.Proper...The protection of historical artifacts that hold great significance in the fields of art,architecture,history,and culture ensures the preservation of cultural heritage and safeguards the shared past of humanity.Proper material selection and appropriate application methods are crucial for maintaining the aesthetic and structural integrity of historical structures and ensuring their transmission to future generations.Understanding the composition and properties of these materials is essential for making the right material choices in restoration processes.This study aims to provide a detailed evaluation of analytical methods used in the characterization of historical building materials and to synthesize the existing findings in the literature in a coherent manner.At the same time,it aims to provide a guide for researchers in the field in choosing the methodology by revealing the strengths and limitations of these techniques.Thus,it will contribute to the establishment of a data-based basis for future scientific studies.In this context,the objectives of the methods used to determine the properties of historical building materials,the processes of sampling and preparing materials for testing,the characteristics of the devices used in the tests,as well as the obtained analysis results and evaluations were reviewed.展开更多
The historical structures of Thailand are some of the most fascinating ancient sites in Asia.Their architectures reveal past cultures,traditions,knowledge,and expertise.Masonry materials are the major materials used t...The historical structures of Thailand are some of the most fascinating ancient sites in Asia.Their architectures reveal past cultures,traditions,knowledge,and expertise.Masonry materials are the major materials used to construct the historical structures in Thailand.One of the essential problem of Thai historical structure preservation is a shortage of engineering properties data for the structural stability assessment.Moreover,the in-depth engineering properties and the suitable substitution materials for Thai historical preservation are rarely found.Therefore,the engineering properties of the ancient masonry materials have to be explored together with the development of suitable substitute materials.This paper presents the physical and engineering properties of ancient materials and substitution materials for the preservation of Thailand’s historical structures.The ancient materials,including brick and mortar,are collected from historical places in the Bangkok and Ayutthaya Provinces.The physical and engineering properties of the masonry materials,such as the chemical composition,mineralogical composition,density,porosity,absorption,water vapor transmission,compressive strength,and modulus of elasticity,were evaluated in the laboratory.Fly ash was used as a pozzolanic material to partially replace the slaked lime to restore the historical mortar.The binder to sand ratio was controlled at 1:3 by weight.The slaked lime was substituted by fly ash at the rates of 10–30%by weight of binder.The engineering properties of the substitution mortars were also evaluated and compared with the ancient masonry materials.A masonry prism was also constructed to evaluate the compressive strength and the modulus of elasticity of the masonry structures.The physical and engineering properties of the ancient masonry materials obtained in this study can be included in a database for the preservation of Thailand’s historical masonry structures.The use of fly ash to partially replace the slaked lime could decrease the setting time and increase the compressive strength of historical repair mortar.The empirical equation obtained from this study could be used to predict the compressive strength of the masonry prisms of Thailand’s historical structures.展开更多
The article examines the physical,petrographic,mineralogical,and microstructural properties of mortar samples taken from a medieval structure located in northwestern Anatolia.Six mortar samples collected from the stru...The article examines the physical,petrographic,mineralogical,and microstructural properties of mortar samples taken from a medieval structure located in northwestern Anatolia.Six mortar samples collected from the structure were analyzed using advanced techniques such as acid loss,ignition loss,sieve analysis,physical analyses,polarizing and stereo microscope observations,SEM-EDS,XRD,and TGA.The mortars examined exhibit hydraulic properties.The hydraulic character of the mortars is mainly provided by brick dust and aggregates exhibiting pozzolanic activity.Acid loss and ignition loss analyses indicate that the binder-aggregate ratios vary between 1:1 and 1:3.The elemental and mineral composition of these mortars was analyzed using EDS and XRD,respectively.Analytical techniques revealed the presence of quartz,feldspar,muscovite,biotite,vaterite,and aragonite crystals.The results were supported by thermogravimetric analysis.This study provides important references for the formulation of compatible repair mortars to ensure the proper preservation of materials used in masonry walls of large-scale structures in similar geographical areas.It is intended that this study,based on the examination of mortar samples taken from the structure,will contribute to future research.展开更多
Clay brick is the most common construction materia（ used in the historical buildings of Diyarbaklr （Turkey）. Many clay brick manufacturing workshops and numerous brick masters have emerged. Diyarbakir currently has...Clay brick is the most common construction materia（ used in the historical buildings of Diyarbaklr （Turkey）. Many clay brick manufacturing workshops and numerous brick masters have emerged. Diyarbakir currently has two clay brick workshops that face the problem of being closed down. Therefore, manufacturing of clay brick by traditional methods may be forgotten in Diyarbakir. This study investigates the manufacturing phases of traditional clay bricks in Diyarbakir＇s local workshops, which have not been documented. The manufacturin8 phases of the clay bricks in Diyarbaklr were examined for the first time based on in-situ observations, investigations, and interviews. The research indicated the general phases of clay brick manufacturing. Raw materials are first prepared, formed, and dried. The firing of clay bricks is then performed through hacking, heating, burning, coolins, and de-hacking. The clay bricks are finally packaged and dispatched. The traditional manufacturing of clay brick methods in Diyarbaklr is similar in many regions of the world. The clay bricks are currently and extensfvely used in the restoration of historic structures. Therefore, their production must be continuous.展开更多
The municipality of Ronda,in Spain,has a rich architectural heritage,treasured by its inhabitants over the centuries.Among its numerous buildings of great heritage value,one stands out:the monumental bridge that rises...The municipality of Ronda,in Spain,has a rich architectural heritage,treasured by its inhabitants over the centuries.Among its numerous buildings of great heritage value,one stands out:the monumental bridge that rises above the precipice of the plateau on which this city sits.It is known as the New Bridge.This unique 18th-century engineering work favoured the expansion and growth of Ronda's population,also affecting its urban development.Currently,it continues to serve as a link between the original city centre and its expansion areas beyond the walls.This research addresses the reasons why this bridge was constructed,as well as the circumstances that marked its different construction phases.In addition,different hypotheses are put forward on how its physiognomy might have been,in the case that each of the different projects proposed for the bridge had been carried out in its entirety.All of this has led to the conclusion that the morphology of this bridge was not the result of a single design,but rather responds to the various modifications made during its construction.展开更多
Traditional plasters were generally produced until about the middle of the 20^(th) century.Among traditional plasters,lime plaster in Europe occupies a position of outstanding importance.Plasters play a key role as a ...Traditional plasters were generally produced until about the middle of the 20^(th) century.Among traditional plasters,lime plaster in Europe occupies a position of outstanding importance.Plasters play a key role as a protective and decorative outer layer in the care and rehabilitation of the built heritage.To meet the needs for protecting masonry and living in historic buildings in the modern age,traditional lime plasters can be modified to fulfill technical and aesthetic functions.This paper makes an assessment of the use of traditional and modern lime plasters in Germany.The rediscovery of lime plaster as a material for use in cultural heritage conservation has led to the application of traditional and modern plasters along with advanced guidelines and standards for their production and application.In China,a kind of lime-system has recently been developed that is historically and technically compatible with the types used historically;the new types lend itself well to use in modern conservation.展开更多
基金supported by Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University,The Scientific Research Coordination Unit,Project No.FLY-2025-5142.
文摘The protection of historical artifacts that hold great significance in the fields of art,architecture,history,and culture ensures the preservation of cultural heritage and safeguards the shared past of humanity.Proper material selection and appropriate application methods are crucial for maintaining the aesthetic and structural integrity of historical structures and ensuring their transmission to future generations.Understanding the composition and properties of these materials is essential for making the right material choices in restoration processes.This study aims to provide a detailed evaluation of analytical methods used in the characterization of historical building materials and to synthesize the existing findings in the literature in a coherent manner.At the same time,it aims to provide a guide for researchers in the field in choosing the methodology by revealing the strengths and limitations of these techniques.Thus,it will contribute to the establishment of a data-based basis for future scientific studies.In this context,the objectives of the methods used to determine the properties of historical building materials,the processes of sampling and preparing materials for testing,the characteristics of the devices used in the tests,as well as the obtained analysis results and evaluations were reviewed.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge the Thailand Research Fund(TRF)and King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi(KMUTT)for their joint support through the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D.(RGJ-PHD)Program(Grant No.PHD/0042/2559).
文摘The historical structures of Thailand are some of the most fascinating ancient sites in Asia.Their architectures reveal past cultures,traditions,knowledge,and expertise.Masonry materials are the major materials used to construct the historical structures in Thailand.One of the essential problem of Thai historical structure preservation is a shortage of engineering properties data for the structural stability assessment.Moreover,the in-depth engineering properties and the suitable substitution materials for Thai historical preservation are rarely found.Therefore,the engineering properties of the ancient masonry materials have to be explored together with the development of suitable substitute materials.This paper presents the physical and engineering properties of ancient materials and substitution materials for the preservation of Thailand’s historical structures.The ancient materials,including brick and mortar,are collected from historical places in the Bangkok and Ayutthaya Provinces.The physical and engineering properties of the masonry materials,such as the chemical composition,mineralogical composition,density,porosity,absorption,water vapor transmission,compressive strength,and modulus of elasticity,were evaluated in the laboratory.Fly ash was used as a pozzolanic material to partially replace the slaked lime to restore the historical mortar.The binder to sand ratio was controlled at 1:3 by weight.The slaked lime was substituted by fly ash at the rates of 10–30%by weight of binder.The engineering properties of the substitution mortars were also evaluated and compared with the ancient masonry materials.A masonry prism was also constructed to evaluate the compressive strength and the modulus of elasticity of the masonry structures.The physical and engineering properties of the ancient masonry materials obtained in this study can be included in a database for the preservation of Thailand’s historical masonry structures.The use of fly ash to partially replace the slaked lime could decrease the setting time and increase the compressive strength of historical repair mortar.The empirical equation obtained from this study could be used to predict the compressive strength of the masonry prisms of Thailand’s historical structures.
文摘The article examines the physical,petrographic,mineralogical,and microstructural properties of mortar samples taken from a medieval structure located in northwestern Anatolia.Six mortar samples collected from the structure were analyzed using advanced techniques such as acid loss,ignition loss,sieve analysis,physical analyses,polarizing and stereo microscope observations,SEM-EDS,XRD,and TGA.The mortars examined exhibit hydraulic properties.The hydraulic character of the mortars is mainly provided by brick dust and aggregates exhibiting pozzolanic activity.Acid loss and ignition loss analyses indicate that the binder-aggregate ratios vary between 1:1 and 1:3.The elemental and mineral composition of these mortars was analyzed using EDS and XRD,respectively.Analytical techniques revealed the presence of quartz,feldspar,muscovite,biotite,vaterite,and aragonite crystals.The results were supported by thermogravimetric analysis.This study provides important references for the formulation of compatible repair mortars to ensure the proper preservation of materials used in masonry walls of large-scale structures in similar geographical areas.It is intended that this study,based on the examination of mortar samples taken from the structure,will contribute to future research.
文摘Clay brick is the most common construction materia（ used in the historical buildings of Diyarbaklr （Turkey）. Many clay brick manufacturing workshops and numerous brick masters have emerged. Diyarbakir currently has two clay brick workshops that face the problem of being closed down. Therefore, manufacturing of clay brick by traditional methods may be forgotten in Diyarbakir. This study investigates the manufacturing phases of traditional clay bricks in Diyarbakir＇s local workshops, which have not been documented. The manufacturin8 phases of the clay bricks in Diyarbaklr were examined for the first time based on in-situ observations, investigations, and interviews. The research indicated the general phases of clay brick manufacturing. Raw materials are first prepared, formed, and dried. The firing of clay bricks is then performed through hacking, heating, burning, coolins, and de-hacking. The clay bricks are finally packaged and dispatched. The traditional manufacturing of clay brick methods in Diyarbaklr is similar in many regions of the world. The clay bricks are currently and extensfvely used in the restoration of historic structures. Therefore, their production must be continuous.
文摘The municipality of Ronda,in Spain,has a rich architectural heritage,treasured by its inhabitants over the centuries.Among its numerous buildings of great heritage value,one stands out:the monumental bridge that rises above the precipice of the plateau on which this city sits.It is known as the New Bridge.This unique 18th-century engineering work favoured the expansion and growth of Ronda's population,also affecting its urban development.Currently,it continues to serve as a link between the original city centre and its expansion areas beyond the walls.This research addresses the reasons why this bridge was constructed,as well as the circumstances that marked its different construction phases.In addition,different hypotheses are put forward on how its physiognomy might have been,in the case that each of the different projects proposed for the bridge had been carried out in its entirety.All of this has led to the conclusion that the morphology of this bridge was not the result of a single design,but rather responds to the various modifications made during its construction.
基金conducted with the financial and administrative support of NSFC-Grant No.51738008 and the Elite Innovation Program(2015)of Huzhou Municipal Government,Zhejiang Province,China.
文摘Traditional plasters were generally produced until about the middle of the 20^(th) century.Among traditional plasters,lime plaster in Europe occupies a position of outstanding importance.Plasters play a key role as a protective and decorative outer layer in the care and rehabilitation of the built heritage.To meet the needs for protecting masonry and living in historic buildings in the modern age,traditional lime plasters can be modified to fulfill technical and aesthetic functions.This paper makes an assessment of the use of traditional and modern lime plasters in Germany.The rediscovery of lime plaster as a material for use in cultural heritage conservation has led to the application of traditional and modern plasters along with advanced guidelines and standards for their production and application.In China,a kind of lime-system has recently been developed that is historically and technically compatible with the types used historically;the new types lend itself well to use in modern conservation.
