Climate change poses a profound threat to mountain agro-ecosystems,particularly in the Himalayan region of West Bengal,India,by disrupting precipitation patterns,increasing temperature variability,and intensifying ext...Climate change poses a profound threat to mountain agro-ecosystems,particularly in the Himalayan region of West Bengal,India,by disrupting precipitation patterns,increasing temperature variability,and intensifying extreme weather events.Despite growing evidence of climate change impacts,there remains a critical research gap in understanding how socioeconomic factors drive farmers' adaptation strategies to climate change in this vulnerable region.This study examines how farmers in the Himalayan region of West Bengal,India,perceived and responded to the growing impacts of climate change on mountain agro-ecosystems.Drawing on cross-sectional data from 370 farm households selected through multistage sampling,the research employs a combination of analytical tools,including the severity index(SI) to assess farmers' perceptions to climate change,the adaptation index(AI) to evaluate adaptive responses,the Garrett's ranking technique to prioritize constraints,and the ordered logistic regression to identify key socioeconomic drivers of adaptation.Findings reveal a high level of climate awareness among farmers,particularly regarding the increase in weather extremes(SI=74.87%),increase in temperature(SI=72.31%),and irregular rainfall patterns and highly erratic rainfall(SI=62.52%).The most commonly adopted strategies include adopting intercropping and mixed cropping systems(AI=0.613),adoption of the integrated farming system model(AI=0.600),and shift towards non-farm employment(AI=0.608),while the adoption of climate-resilient crop varieties and improved irrigation remains limited.Regression analysis highlights that education(regression coefficient=0.38),average landholding size(regression coefficient=1.21),and access to daily weather forecast information(regression coefficient=1.92) significantly promote adaptive behaviour,whereas age(regression coefficient= –0.09) and gender(regression coefficient= –0.76) are negatively associated.Institutional constraints,particularly unavailability of institutional credit,emerge as primary barriers.The study underscores the urgent need for region-specific,inclusive policy frameworks that enhance climate advisory services,support technology dissemination,and empower marginalized groups in the Himalayan region of West Bengal.By fostering informed,equitable,and resilient agricultural systems,these strategies can significantly strengthen the adaptive capacity of mountain farming communities and contribute to sustainable development under a changing climate.展开更多
Knowledge of the seismogenic environment of fault zones is critical for understanding the processes and mechanisms of large earthquakes.We conducted a rock magnetic study of the fault rocks and protoliths to investiga...Knowledge of the seismogenic environment of fault zones is critical for understanding the processes and mechanisms of large earthquakes.We conducted a rock magnetic study of the fault rocks and protoliths to investigate the seismogenic environment of earthquakes in the Motuo fault zone,in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis.The results indicate that magnetite is the principal magnetic carrier in the fault rocks and protolith,while the protolith has a higher content of paramagnetic minerals than the fault rocks.The fault rocks are characterized by a high magnetic susceptibility relative to the protolith in the Motuo fault zone.This is likely due to the thermal alteration of paramagnetic minerals to magnetite caused by coseismic frictional heating with concomitant hydrothermal fluid circulation.The high magnetic susceptibility of the fault rocks and neoformed magnetite indicate that large earthquakes with frictional heating temperatures>500℃have occurred in the Motuo fault zone in the past,and that the fault maintained an oxidizing environment with weak fluid action during these earthquakes.Our results reveal the seismogenic environment of the Motuo fault zone,and they are potentially important for the evaluation of the regional stability in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis.展开更多
Frequent glacier-related watershed geohazard chains are causing severe damage to life and infrastructure,reported consistently from the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis.This paper presents a systematic method for researchin...Frequent glacier-related watershed geohazard chains are causing severe damage to life and infrastructure,reported consistently from the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis.This paper presents a systematic method for researching geohazard,from regional to individual scale.The methodology includes the establishment of geological chain inventories,discrimination of geohazard chain modes,analyses of dynamics and dam breaches,and risk assessments.The following results were obtained:(1)In the downstream of Yarlung Zangbo River,175 sites were identified as high-risk for river blockage disasters,indicating the development of watershed geohazards.Five geohazard chain modes were summarized by incorporating geomorphological characteristics,historical events,landslide zoning,and materials.The risk areas of typical hazard were identified and assessed using InSAR data.(2)Glacier-related watershed geohazard chains are significantly different from traditional landslides.A detailed inversion analysis was conducted on the massive rock-ice avalanche in the Sedongpu gully in 2021.This particular event lasted roughly 300 seconds,with a maximum flow velocity of 77.2 m/s and a maximum flow height of 93 meters.By scrutinizing the dynamic processes and mechanical characteristics,mobility stages and phase transitions can be divided into four stages.(3)Watershed geohazard chains tend to block rivers.The peak breach discharge of the Yigong Landslide reached 12.4×10^(4) m^(3)/s,which is 36 times the volume of the seasonal flood discharge in the Yigong River.Megafloods caused by landslide dam breaches have significantly shaped the geomorphology.This study offers insights into disaster patterns and the multistaged movement characteristics of glacier-related watershed geohazard chains,providing a comprehensive method for investigations and assessments in glacial regions.展开更多
The Gabo lithium deposit represents a newly discovered pegmatite-type lithium deposit within the Himalayan metallogenic belt.The tourmaline-muscovite granite,the largest leucogranite in the mining area,displays a clos...The Gabo lithium deposit represents a newly discovered pegmatite-type lithium deposit within the Himalayan metallogenic belt.The tourmaline-muscovite granite,the largest leucogranite in the mining area,displays a close spatial correlation with the Li-pegmatite veins.This study aims to examine the genesis of tourmaline and evaluate the significance and potential of pegmatite lithium deposits.Tourmaline is extensively distributed in tourmaline-muscovite granite at Gabo deposit in Luozha county(Xizang).Investigation of the compositional and in situ boron isotopes of the tourmaline revealed that the tourmalines mainly belong to the schorl group and exhibit uniform elevated Li-Sn contents andδ^(11)B values(-11.6‰to-10.5‰).This indicates that the tourmaline mainly crystallized from a boron-rich granitic magma undergoing enrichment in elemental lithium during the tourmaline crystallization process.Compared with the principal rare metal leucogranite-pegmatites in the Himalayan orogen,it is proposed that the elevated lithium(Li)content of tourmaline serves as an eff ective mineral indicator for the highly evolved pegmatite-type rare metal deposits.展开更多
1 Himalayan salt,a pink organic variety of the essential food sourced from Pakistan,is becoming increasingly popular in China,fueled by growing demand from quality‑conscious consumers.Himalayan salt is on the dining t...1 Himalayan salt,a pink organic variety of the essential food sourced from Pakistan,is becoming increasingly popular in China,fueled by growing demand from quality‑conscious consumers.Himalayan salt is on the dining tables of more Chinese consumers on occasions such as camping,barbecue parties and grilling steak at home,and it has been used to improve taste and for decorative purposes.展开更多
The Himalayan Griffon(Gyps himalayensis), occurring mainly in the Tibetan Plateau, is one of the scavengers of Old World vultures. As of now, knowledge about the Himalayan Griffon in China remains scarce. Estimates of...The Himalayan Griffon(Gyps himalayensis), occurring mainly in the Tibetan Plateau, is one of the scavengers of Old World vultures. As of now, knowledge about the Himalayan Griffon in China remains scarce. Estimates of its number, habitat, and conservation status were carried out in 2003, 2009 and 2102 in the Lhasa River Valley, where we paid particular attention to the population living at the Drigung Thel Monastery, Mzizhokunggar County. The resident species occupies alpine meadows in the daytime and roosts at the upper parts of cliffs at night between 4400–5000 m elevation. The number of individual birds of the Himalayan Griffon around the monastery was estimated as 230 in 2003, 250 in 2009 and 200 in 2012. This population is considered relatively stable, thanks to the current conservation measures by Buddhist monks and local people. Given the lack of any baseline information, it is difficult for us to recommend and provide any effective conservation measures.展开更多
The Himalayan Monal (Lophophorus impejanus) is a national first grade protected species in China.So far,current knowledge of the Himalayan Monal in China is still poor.An estimate of its distribution,numbers and habit...The Himalayan Monal (Lophophorus impejanus) is a national first grade protected species in China.So far,current knowledge of the Himalayan Monal in China is still poor.An estimate of its distribution,numbers and habitat was conducted during a two-year investigation from 2008 to 2009 in southern Tibet,especially in Lhozhag,Cona and Yadong counties.In total,12 sightings of the Himalayan Monal were recorded during the study period.Our data suggest that this bird is mainly found in Medog,Zayu,Cona,Lhunze,Lhozhag,Nyalam,Dingjie,Gamba and Yadong counties on the southern slopes of the Himalayas.Its western-most location was confirmed to be Nyalam County.The bird ranges in elevation from 3800 to 4300 m in the summer and from 3200 to 3500 m in the winter.We sighted 36-37 individual birds,consisting of 8-10 males,16-20 females and 7-8 sub-adults inhabiting the area around the Kajiu Monastery in Lhozhag County.The birds are mainly found in rocky forests,interspersed with steep slopes,cliffs and alpine meadows at elevations between 3800 and 4000 m.The population density of the Himalayan Monal near the Kajiu Monastery is 2.03 individual birds per km2,much larger than that of Yadong and Cona counties (0.052 individuals per krn2).展开更多
Located in southern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,northwest China,the Liupan Mountain National Nature Reserve covers a total area of 26,783.64 hectares.Established in 1982 and upgraded to national status in 1988,it pr...Located in southern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,northwest China,the Liupan Mountain National Nature Reserve covers a total area of 26,783.64 hectares.Established in 1982 and upgraded to national status in 1988,it protects a vital temperate mountainous forest ecosystem on the Loess Plateau.The reserve is centred around the Liupan Mountain range,one of China’s youngest mountain chains,formed by Himalayan tectonic movements.展开更多
The eastern Himalayan syntaxis in Namjagbarwa is a high-grade metamorphicterrain formed by the India-Eurasia collision and northward indentation of the Indian continent intoAsia. Right- and left-lateral slip zones wer...The eastern Himalayan syntaxis in Namjagbarwa is a high-grade metamorphicterrain formed by the India-Eurasia collision and northward indentation of the Indian continent intoAsia. Right- and left-lateral slip zones were formed by the indentation on the eastern and westernboundaries of the syntaxis respectively. The Dongjug-Mainling fault zone is the main shear zone onthe western boundary. This fault zone is a left-lateral slip belt with a large component ofthrusting. The kinematics of the fault is consistent with the shortening within the syntaxis, andthe slipping history along it represents the indenting process of the syntaxis. The Ar-Archronological study shows that the age of the early deformation in the Dongjug-Mainling fault zoneranges from 62 to 59 Ma. This evidences that the India-Eurasia collision occurred in the earlyPaleocene in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis.展开更多
The western boundary of the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis (EHS) is a deformation belt up to 30km wide (Fig.1). Trending ca. N35°E, it separates the Gangdise magmatic belt in the west from the gneiss of EHS in the ea...The western boundary of the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis (EHS) is a deformation belt up to 30km wide (Fig.1). Trending ca. N35°E, it separates the Gangdise magmatic belt in the west from the gneiss of EHS in the east. Its rock association, mica\|schist, quartzite, marble, and amphibolite, can be traced to the south to Gangdise belt and they were probably metamorphosed from the sediments along Yarlung Zangbo. This belt consists of several intensive deformation zones, the largest one of which is along the belt’s western margin from Dongjug to Mainling and we called this ca. 10km wide shear zone as the Dongjug\|Mainling shear zone (DMSZ).DMSZ experienced earlier ductile shear and later ductile\|brittle normal faulting. The earlier deformation produced mylonitic rocks. Their foliation trends N30°～40°E and dips northwest with the angle ranging from 55°to 80°, steepening northeastward. The penetrative kinematic lineation in the rocks has a varying attitude along the trend of DMSZ. It dips southwest with an angle of ca.35° in the southwest near Mainling, whereas dips northeast in the northeast. Moreover, the northeast dipping lineation steepens northeastwards, e.g., its angle ranges form 30° to 45° in the segment from Serkyim La to Dongjug but becomes 60～70° in the northeast most in another zone near Parlung. Kinematic indicators show that the motion of DMSZ had a left\|lateral slipping component, but the vertical motion components were different in the southwest from the northeast. From Serkyim La to the northeast, DMSZ had a kinematics of NW plate (Gangdise belt) thrusting over the SE plate (EHS) and its thrusting component increased toward northeast. However, the DMSZ has a vertical motion with the SE plate (EHS) as the uplifting plate.展开更多
文摘Climate change poses a profound threat to mountain agro-ecosystems,particularly in the Himalayan region of West Bengal,India,by disrupting precipitation patterns,increasing temperature variability,and intensifying extreme weather events.Despite growing evidence of climate change impacts,there remains a critical research gap in understanding how socioeconomic factors drive farmers' adaptation strategies to climate change in this vulnerable region.This study examines how farmers in the Himalayan region of West Bengal,India,perceived and responded to the growing impacts of climate change on mountain agro-ecosystems.Drawing on cross-sectional data from 370 farm households selected through multistage sampling,the research employs a combination of analytical tools,including the severity index(SI) to assess farmers' perceptions to climate change,the adaptation index(AI) to evaluate adaptive responses,the Garrett's ranking technique to prioritize constraints,and the ordered logistic regression to identify key socioeconomic drivers of adaptation.Findings reveal a high level of climate awareness among farmers,particularly regarding the increase in weather extremes(SI=74.87%),increase in temperature(SI=72.31%),and irregular rainfall patterns and highly erratic rainfall(SI=62.52%).The most commonly adopted strategies include adopting intercropping and mixed cropping systems(AI=0.613),adoption of the integrated farming system model(AI=0.600),and shift towards non-farm employment(AI=0.608),while the adoption of climate-resilient crop varieties and improved irrigation remains limited.Regression analysis highlights that education(regression coefficient=0.38),average landholding size(regression coefficient=1.21),and access to daily weather forecast information(regression coefficient=1.92) significantly promote adaptive behaviour,whereas age(regression coefficient= –0.09) and gender(regression coefficient= –0.76) are negatively associated.Institutional constraints,particularly unavailability of institutional credit,emerge as primary barriers.The study underscores the urgent need for region-specific,inclusive policy frameworks that enhance climate advisory services,support technology dissemination,and empower marginalized groups in the Himalayan region of West Bengal.By fostering informed,equitable,and resilient agricultural systems,these strategies can significantly strengthen the adaptive capacity of mountain farming communities and contribute to sustainable development under a changing climate.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds of the Institute of Geomechanics(DZLXJK202401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42177172,U2244226,42172255)+1 种基金the China Geological Survey Project(DD20230538)Deep Earth Probe and Mineral Resources ExplorationNational Science and Technology Major Project(2024ZD1000500)。
文摘Knowledge of the seismogenic environment of fault zones is critical for understanding the processes and mechanisms of large earthquakes.We conducted a rock magnetic study of the fault rocks and protoliths to investigate the seismogenic environment of earthquakes in the Motuo fault zone,in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis.The results indicate that magnetite is the principal magnetic carrier in the fault rocks and protolith,while the protolith has a higher content of paramagnetic minerals than the fault rocks.The fault rocks are characterized by a high magnetic susceptibility relative to the protolith in the Motuo fault zone.This is likely due to the thermal alteration of paramagnetic minerals to magnetite caused by coseismic frictional heating with concomitant hydrothermal fluid circulation.The high magnetic susceptibility of the fault rocks and neoformed magnetite indicate that large earthquakes with frictional heating temperatures>500℃have occurred in the Motuo fault zone in the past,and that the fault maintained an oxidizing environment with weak fluid action during these earthquakes.Our results reveal the seismogenic environment of the Motuo fault zone,and they are potentially important for the evaluation of the regional stability in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U2244227,U2244226,42177172)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFC3004301)China Geological Survey Project(No.DD20230538)。
文摘Frequent glacier-related watershed geohazard chains are causing severe damage to life and infrastructure,reported consistently from the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis.This paper presents a systematic method for researching geohazard,from regional to individual scale.The methodology includes the establishment of geological chain inventories,discrimination of geohazard chain modes,analyses of dynamics and dam breaches,and risk assessments.The following results were obtained:(1)In the downstream of Yarlung Zangbo River,175 sites were identified as high-risk for river blockage disasters,indicating the development of watershed geohazards.Five geohazard chain modes were summarized by incorporating geomorphological characteristics,historical events,landslide zoning,and materials.The risk areas of typical hazard were identified and assessed using InSAR data.(2)Glacier-related watershed geohazard chains are significantly different from traditional landslides.A detailed inversion analysis was conducted on the massive rock-ice avalanche in the Sedongpu gully in 2021.This particular event lasted roughly 300 seconds,with a maximum flow velocity of 77.2 m/s and a maximum flow height of 93 meters.By scrutinizing the dynamic processes and mechanical characteristics,mobility stages and phase transitions can be divided into four stages.(3)Watershed geohazard chains tend to block rivers.The peak breach discharge of the Yigong Landslide reached 12.4×10^(4) m^(3)/s,which is 36 times the volume of the seasonal flood discharge in the Yigong River.Megafloods caused by landslide dam breaches have significantly shaped the geomorphology.This study offers insights into disaster patterns and the multistaged movement characteristics of glacier-related watershed geohazard chains,providing a comprehensive method for investigations and assessments in glacial regions.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFC2901903)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFC2906805)+1 种基金the Second Comprehensive Scientific Expedition to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(No.2019QZKK0806)the Geological Survey Project of China Geological Survey,(Nos.DD20240071,DD20240014,DD20211690,DD20240069)。
文摘The Gabo lithium deposit represents a newly discovered pegmatite-type lithium deposit within the Himalayan metallogenic belt.The tourmaline-muscovite granite,the largest leucogranite in the mining area,displays a close spatial correlation with the Li-pegmatite veins.This study aims to examine the genesis of tourmaline and evaluate the significance and potential of pegmatite lithium deposits.Tourmaline is extensively distributed in tourmaline-muscovite granite at Gabo deposit in Luozha county(Xizang).Investigation of the compositional and in situ boron isotopes of the tourmaline revealed that the tourmalines mainly belong to the schorl group and exhibit uniform elevated Li-Sn contents andδ^(11)B values(-11.6‰to-10.5‰).This indicates that the tourmaline mainly crystallized from a boron-rich granitic magma undergoing enrichment in elemental lithium during the tourmaline crystallization process.Compared with the principal rare metal leucogranite-pegmatites in the Himalayan orogen,it is proposed that the elevated lithium(Li)content of tourmaline serves as an eff ective mineral indicator for the highly evolved pegmatite-type rare metal deposits.
文摘1 Himalayan salt,a pink organic variety of the essential food sourced from Pakistan,is becoming increasingly popular in China,fueled by growing demand from quality‑conscious consumers.Himalayan salt is on the dining tables of more Chinese consumers on occasions such as camping,barbecue parties and grilling steak at home,and it has been used to improve taste and for decorative purposes.
基金the State Forestry Administration in providing financial support for this study
文摘The Himalayan Griffon(Gyps himalayensis), occurring mainly in the Tibetan Plateau, is one of the scavengers of Old World vultures. As of now, knowledge about the Himalayan Griffon in China remains scarce. Estimates of its number, habitat, and conservation status were carried out in 2003, 2009 and 2102 in the Lhasa River Valley, where we paid particular attention to the population living at the Drigung Thel Monastery, Mzizhokunggar County. The resident species occupies alpine meadows in the daytime and roosts at the upper parts of cliffs at night between 4400–5000 m elevation. The number of individual birds of the Himalayan Griffon around the monastery was estimated as 230 in 2003, 250 in 2009 and 200 in 2012. This population is considered relatively stable, thanks to the current conservation measures by Buddhist monks and local people. Given the lack of any baseline information, it is difficult for us to recommend and provide any effective conservation measures.
基金the State Forestry Administration to provide financial support to this study
文摘The Himalayan Monal (Lophophorus impejanus) is a national first grade protected species in China.So far,current knowledge of the Himalayan Monal in China is still poor.An estimate of its distribution,numbers and habitat was conducted during a two-year investigation from 2008 to 2009 in southern Tibet,especially in Lhozhag,Cona and Yadong counties.In total,12 sightings of the Himalayan Monal were recorded during the study period.Our data suggest that this bird is mainly found in Medog,Zayu,Cona,Lhunze,Lhozhag,Nyalam,Dingjie,Gamba and Yadong counties on the southern slopes of the Himalayas.Its western-most location was confirmed to be Nyalam County.The bird ranges in elevation from 3800 to 4300 m in the summer and from 3200 to 3500 m in the winter.We sighted 36-37 individual birds,consisting of 8-10 males,16-20 females and 7-8 sub-adults inhabiting the area around the Kajiu Monastery in Lhozhag County.The birds are mainly found in rocky forests,interspersed with steep slopes,cliffs and alpine meadows at elevations between 3800 and 4000 m.The population density of the Himalayan Monal near the Kajiu Monastery is 2.03 individual birds per km2,much larger than that of Yadong and Cona counties (0.052 individuals per krn2).
文摘Located in southern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,northwest China,the Liupan Mountain National Nature Reserve covers a total area of 26,783.64 hectares.Established in 1982 and upgraded to national status in 1988,it protects a vital temperate mountainous forest ecosystem on the Loess Plateau.The reserve is centred around the Liupan Mountain range,one of China’s youngest mountain chains,formed by Himalayan tectonic movements.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 49802020,49732100 , 40172074) the Specific Project forthe Authors of the Best Dissertations of Chinese Universifies and Colleges (200022).
文摘The eastern Himalayan syntaxis in Namjagbarwa is a high-grade metamorphicterrain formed by the India-Eurasia collision and northward indentation of the Indian continent intoAsia. Right- and left-lateral slip zones were formed by the indentation on the eastern and westernboundaries of the syntaxis respectively. The Dongjug-Mainling fault zone is the main shear zone onthe western boundary. This fault zone is a left-lateral slip belt with a large component ofthrusting. The kinematics of the fault is consistent with the shortening within the syntaxis, andthe slipping history along it represents the indenting process of the syntaxis. The Ar-Archronological study shows that the age of the early deformation in the Dongjug-Mainling fault zoneranges from 62 to 59 Ma. This evidences that the India-Eurasia collision occurred in the earlyPaleocene in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis.
文摘The western boundary of the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis (EHS) is a deformation belt up to 30km wide (Fig.1). Trending ca. N35°E, it separates the Gangdise magmatic belt in the west from the gneiss of EHS in the east. Its rock association, mica\|schist, quartzite, marble, and amphibolite, can be traced to the south to Gangdise belt and they were probably metamorphosed from the sediments along Yarlung Zangbo. This belt consists of several intensive deformation zones, the largest one of which is along the belt’s western margin from Dongjug to Mainling and we called this ca. 10km wide shear zone as the Dongjug\|Mainling shear zone (DMSZ).DMSZ experienced earlier ductile shear and later ductile\|brittle normal faulting. The earlier deformation produced mylonitic rocks. Their foliation trends N30°～40°E and dips northwest with the angle ranging from 55°to 80°, steepening northeastward. The penetrative kinematic lineation in the rocks has a varying attitude along the trend of DMSZ. It dips southwest with an angle of ca.35° in the southwest near Mainling, whereas dips northeast in the northeast. Moreover, the northeast dipping lineation steepens northeastwards, e.g., its angle ranges form 30° to 45° in the segment from Serkyim La to Dongjug but becomes 60～70° in the northeast most in another zone near Parlung. Kinematic indicators show that the motion of DMSZ had a left\|lateral slipping component, but the vertical motion components were different in the southwest from the northeast. From Serkyim La to the northeast, DMSZ had a kinematics of NW plate (Gangdise belt) thrusting over the SE plate (EHS) and its thrusting component increased toward northeast. However, the DMSZ has a vertical motion with the SE plate (EHS) as the uplifting plate.
