On Wednesday, China announced adjustments for the prices of non-residential power and thermal coal in order to ease power shortages and reduce financial pressure on power companies. The National Development and Reform...On Wednesday, China announced adjustments for the prices of non-residential power and thermal coal in order to ease power shortages and reduce financial pressure on power companies. The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) announced that it will raise the retail price展开更多
Boosting incomes is one of the government＇s priorities in the current five-year plan MIGRANT worker Su ruifang has lived in Beijing for more than 10 years. She started out as a cleaner, but has since
This study delves into the multifaceted impact of price hikes on the standard of living in Bangladesh, with a specific focus on distinct socioeconomic segments. Amidst Bangladesh’s economic growth, the challenges of ...This study delves into the multifaceted impact of price hikes on the standard of living in Bangladesh, with a specific focus on distinct socioeconomic segments. Amidst Bangladesh’s economic growth, the challenges of rising inflation and increased living costs have become pressing concerns. Employing a mixed-methods approach combines quantitative data from a structured survey with qualitative insights from in-depth interviews and focused group discussions to analyze the repercussions of price hikes. Stratified random sampling ensures representation across affluent, middle-class, and economically disadvantaged groups. Utilizing data [1] from 2020 to November 2023 on the yearly change in retail prices of essential commodities, analysis reveals significant demographic shifts, occupational changes, and altered asset ownership patterns among households. The vulnerable population, including daily wage laborers and low-income individuals, is disproportionately affected by adjustments in consumption, income generation, and living arrangements. Statistical analyses, including One-Way ANOVA and Paired Sample t-tests, illuminate significant mean differences in strategies employed during price hikes. Despite challenges, the prioritization of education remains evident, emphasizing its resilience in the face of economic hardships. The result shows that price hikes, especially in essential items, lead to substantial adjustments in living costs, with items like onions, garlic, and ginger experiencing significant increases of 275%, 108%, and 483%, respectively.展开更多
Following the U.S.announcement of a new round of tariff hikes on Chinese goods on April 2 local time,Ella Wang,a seller of festive decorations in Yiwu,a hub of small commodities in Zhejiang Province,east China,has not...Following the U.S.announcement of a new round of tariff hikes on Chinese goods on April 2 local time,Ella Wang,a seller of festive decorations in Yiwu,a hub of small commodities in Zhejiang Province,east China,has noticed fewer orders from the United States,but exports to Europe,Africa and the Middle East continue without price rises.展开更多
Lin Wei is a hiking enthusiast.At six o'clock on the last Saturday morning,the temperature at the foot of the mountain was only 2℃,so she put on her thickest fleece jacket.However,after only half an hour of climb...Lin Wei is a hiking enthusiast.At six o'clock on the last Saturday morning,the temperature at the foot of the mountain was only 2℃,so she put on her thickest fleece jacket.However,after only half an hour of climbing,the heat left her drenched in sweat,making her feel very cold.By midday,the temperature was approaching 20℃,and her heavy jacket had to be tied around her waist,becoming a burden during her hike.This outdoor adventure allowed her to appreciate the beautiful scenery,but also subjected her to repeated changes in temperature.展开更多
The Central Government will take whatever measures necessary to stifle inflation THE PRICE OF PRODUCE:Fresh vegetables are for sale at a supermarket in Ji’nan, Shandong Province.
Mood-driven purchases of both goods and services are on the rise,emerging as the new engine driving consumption.MINIATURE decorative green banana trees called“No Anxiety”(a word play on the Chinese words“don’t be ...Mood-driven purchases of both goods and services are on the rise,emerging as the new engine driving consumption.MINIATURE decorative green banana trees called“No Anxiety”(a word play on the Chinese words“don’t be a green banana”),blind boxes,mountain hiking companions,and AI chat pals-many products and services that were dismissed as useless or worthless years ago are now gaining popularity among young consumers.Behind this trend is the increase in consumer spending,driven more by emotions than practical needs.展开更多
China saw its third fuel price hike this year when the National Development and Reform Commission, China’s top price regulator, hiked gasoline and diesel retail prices up by 9 percent, effective on June 30. It is the...China saw its third fuel price hike this year when the National Development and Reform Commission, China’s top price regulator, hiked gasoline and diesel retail prices up by 9 percent, effective on June 30. It is the second rally in a month after the country initiated a new fuel pricing scheme in May.展开更多
Most Chinese teenagers have no memory of the harsh times when coupons were used to buy meat,clothes, cooking oil and grain. They hear the stories from their parents and have little connection with a lifestyle in which...Most Chinese teenagers have no memory of the harsh times when coupons were used to buy meat,clothes, cooking oil and grain. They hear the stories from their parents and have little connection with a lifestyle in which almost every essential commodity is in short supply. With prices rising sharply,and early signs of an inflationary economy arous-展开更多
Every year during the Spring Festival,a wave of price hikes in various sectors,particularly in service industries like restaurants,hotels,car hailing and car washes,sweeps across China’s big cities and this year was ...Every year during the Spring Festival,a wave of price hikes in various sectors,particularly in service industries like restaurants,hotels,car hailing and car washes,sweeps across China’s big cities and this year was no exception.For example,Didi.展开更多
IT took Han Zhong and his teammates over two hours to walk more than 9.5 kilometers along the Qingshangang,a watercourse that feeds a local steel manufacturing giant in Wuhan,central China’s Hubei Province,on a swelt...IT took Han Zhong and his teammates over two hours to walk more than 9.5 kilometers along the Qingshangang,a watercourse that feeds a local steel manufacturing giant in Wuhan,central China’s Hubei Province,on a sweltering summer day.They weren’t hiking enthusiasts nor seasoned athletes.They were exploring the city’s wetland landscape.展开更多
NEW DWELLERS OF MOUNTAINS Neweekly 15 September A growing number of people are turning towards the mountains,venturing into valleys and forests to explore a life as“new mountain dwellers”–a fresh way of mountain li...NEW DWELLERS OF MOUNTAINS Neweekly 15 September A growing number of people are turning towards the mountains,venturing into valleys and forests to explore a life as“new mountain dwellers”–a fresh way of mountain living.Immersed in the poetic scenery,they rest,hike,boat,read,attend valley concerts,or admire paintings in poetry halls.Everything blends with and respects nature.展开更多
主题语境:旅游探险,篇幅:330词,建议用时:6分钟,For thrill-seekers and nature lovers,Kyrgyzstan just got a whole lot more exciting!The Kyrgyz Nomad Trail(KNT)is an incredible 2,000⁃kilometer hiking route that stretches ac...主题语境:旅游探险,篇幅:330词,建议用时:6分钟,For thrill-seekers and nature lovers,Kyrgyzstan just got a whole lot more exciting!The Kyrgyz Nomad Trail(KNT)is an incredible 2,000⁃kilometer hiking route that stretches across northern and eastern Kyrgyzstan,making it Central Asias longest trail network.Launched in June 2024,this adventure trail weaves through breathtaking landscapes,passing through regions like Jalal-Abad,Naryn and Issyk-Kul.展开更多
In recent years,outdoor apparel that combines functionality with fashion has become a focal point in the market.As research on fluorinated compounds deepens,calls for eliminating PFAS(per-and poly fluorinated alkyl su...In recent years,outdoor apparel that combines functionality with fashion has become a focal point in the market.As research on fluorinated compounds deepens,calls for eliminating PFAS(per-and poly fluorinated alkyl substances)are growing louder.Traditional outdoor equipment such as waterproof jackets and hiking boots have long relied on PFAS for water and oil resistance,yet this comes at the potential cost of threatening ecosystems and consumer health.An innovationdriven sustainable transformation is now emerging—a growing number of pioneering brands are developing eco-friendly,PFAS-free alternatives,redefining the standards of high performance.展开更多
1 Exploring Transylvania,with its promises of ancient buildings,wall‑guarded churches and fantastic castles,is a genuine treat for nature lovers,but since October 2022,a new social project,Via Transilvanica,aims to in...1 Exploring Transylvania,with its promises of ancient buildings,wall‑guarded churches and fantastic castles,is a genuine treat for nature lovers,but since October 2022,a new social project,Via Transilvanica,aims to invite active travelers to explore the essence of Romanian culture.展开更多
Metaheuristic algorithms are pivotal in cloud task scheduling. However, the complexity and uncertainty of the scheduling problem severely limit algorithms. To bypass this circumvent, numerous algorithms have been prop...Metaheuristic algorithms are pivotal in cloud task scheduling. However, the complexity and uncertainty of the scheduling problem severely limit algorithms. To bypass this circumvent, numerous algorithms have been proposed. The Hiking Optimization Algorithm (HOA) have been used in multiple fields. However, HOA suffers from local optimization, slow convergence, and low efficiency of late iteration search when solving cloud task scheduling problems. Thus, this paper proposes an improved HOA called CMOHOA. It collaborates with multi-strategy to improve HOA. Specifically, Chebyshev chaos is introduced to increase population diversity. Then, a hybrid speed update strategy is designed to enhance convergence speed. Meanwhile, an adversarial learning strategy is introduced to enhance the search capability in the late iteration. Different scenarios of scheduling problems are used to test the CMOHOA’s performance. First, CMOHOA was used to solve basic cloud computing task scheduling problems, and the results showed that it reduced the average total cost by 10% or more. Secondly, CMOHOA has been applied to edge fog cloud scheduling problems, and the results show that it reduces the average total scheduling cost by 2% or more. Finally, CMOHOA reduced the average total cost by 7% or more in scheduling problems for information transmission.展开更多
Tourist trails as a linear form of tourist infrastructure fulfill various functions(i.e. recreational, ecological, economic, social, ensuring safety). They are especially important in national parks, where in selected...Tourist trails as a linear form of tourist infrastructure fulfill various functions(i.e. recreational, ecological, economic, social, ensuring safety). They are especially important in national parks, where in selected areas tourist penetration is allowed only along specially designed, official routes. A well-planned layout of tourist trails with appropriate facilities can help to limit the negative consequences of tourist pressure on protected natural areas. The aim of the article is a comparison of offers for active tourists in two mountain national parks(the Krkono?e National Park in the Czech Republic and the Peneda-Gerês National Park in Portugal), taking into consideration the marked hiking trails – the most frequently used type of tourist trails. As a result the level of area coverage by the networks of hiking trails was assessed, as well as their adequateness towards the needs of tourists. The descriptive analysis was based on author's personal observations. In the examination of hiking trails as part of a system, some elements of the graph theory were used, especially coefficients for topologic analysis of spatial structure. This method enables simplification of a network, comparison of various areas and making some assumptions concerning tourist infrastructure, which is a crucial factor while analyzing trails from a tourists' point of view. In both analyzed national parks the relief is quite similar, as well as their locations near national borders, what justifies the choice of the areas scrutinized in the paper. What differ them are patterns of tourism development and the current ways of undertaking active tourism. Not similarities but the two latter factors resulted in a distinct character of the two compared networks of trails and facilities connected with them. The system of hiking trails and tourist infrastructure seem better developed in the Krkono?e National Park, what can be explained by historical and social conditions, especially the adopted model of hiking. In the article some disadvantages of tourist infrastructure in both protected areas were presented, as well as some suggestions in terms of its development, resulting from the analysis of networks of hiking trails.展开更多
This study presents a methodology for assessment of the condition of hiking trails(HTs)and their impact zones in the central part of the Low Tatra mountain range,based on comparison of two complex data sets gathered i...This study presents a methodology for assessment of the condition of hiking trails(HTs)and their impact zones in the central part of the Low Tatra mountain range,based on comparison of two complex data sets gathered in 33 years apart.The first field investigation was performed in 1980 and 1981,and the second in 2013 and 2014.The main goal was to perform a landscape typology in order to assess the susceptibility of landscape complexes to occurrence of anthropogenic and natural destruction processes and to assess the condition and prospects of HTs and their impacts on the adjacent alpine environment.Landscape complexes were characterised by selected abiotic,biotic and technical parameters of HTs and their impact zones.Due to the high variability of these parameters over the length of the HTs,we had to decide on how to map them.This was done using a square grid with 100 m-sized cells.For each cell with HT,the parameters were assigned the typical value within that cell.In total,26.3 km of HT were studied,stretching over 266 grid cells.On comparison of the two data sets,it was seen that,64%(171 grid cells)display a generally positive condition,with 54%(143 grid cells)even exhibiting significant improvement or continuously positive state of their condition.36%(95 grid cells)were in bad condition,including 3%(9 grid cells)whose state had deteriorated,and 2%(6 grid cells)whose state had significantly deteriorated,in the time between the two assessments.展开更多
National parks are highly valuable natural areas and have the potential to attract a large number of visitors.The number of visitors at national parks is systematically increasing,often exceeding Tourism Carrying Capa...National parks are highly valuable natural areas and have the potential to attract a large number of visitors.The number of visitors at national parks is systematically increasing,often exceeding Tourism Carrying Capacity(TCC)of trails.This situation requires adjusting the number of park visitors to adapt to sustainable management systems of visitor flow,thus preventing or counteracting overtourism.The aim of the study is to propose a comprehensive method for tourists monitoring in mid-mountain national park presented on the example of the Sto?owe Mountains National Park(SMNP)in Poland,called as Monitoring System of tourist traffic(MSTT).The study describes six stages procedure of tourists Monitoring System creation and application as an optimal measurement technique.The MSTT enabled a multidimensional analysis of tourist traffic in SMNP.With the help of 39 pyroelectric sensors and surveys data spatio-temporal characteristic of visitor flow was obtained.The data generated in MSTT included hourly,daily,weekly,monthly,and annual reports,taking into account the direction of traffic measuring both directions:entries(IN),exits(OUT)and passages(IN+OUT).The results from pyroelectric sensors were supplemented with field surveys,where visitor’s motivations,preferences,and behaviours were determined.In 2017 a total of 871,344 visitors were recorded in SMNP what causes one of the most popular national parks in Poland.The SMNP is a suitable destination for short breaks leisure visits in wilderness.In order to sustain MSTT methodology in the long-run the set of guidelines together with the workload estimates were presented.In the future,the MSTT can be further developed,including monitoring of climbing,cycling,cross-country skiing,car traffic and illegal tourism assessment.The MSTT can be considered as a useful tool for tourism management in mid-mountain national parks throughout the entire calendar year.展开更多
BACKGROUND:The purpose of this study was to document the correlation between medical and wilderness training with levels of preparedness for acute mountain sickness(AMS),illness,and injury among backcountry hikers.MET...BACKGROUND:The purpose of this study was to document the correlation between medical and wilderness training with levels of preparedness for acute mountain sickness(AMS),illness,and injury among backcountry hikers.METHODS:We conducted a cross-sectional,convenience survey in Rocky Mountain National Park in July and August 2015.The study group consisted of 380 hikers who completed a written survey that collected information about demographics,wilderness experience,altitude experience,hiking equipment,communications devices,and trip planning.RESULTS:Factors such as wilderness training(wilderness first aid[WFA],wilderness first responder[WFR],or wilderness emergency medical technician[WEMT]),wilderness experience,and altitude experience all affected hikers’emergency preparedness.Respondents with medical training were more prepared to avoid or respond to AMS(62.3%vs.34.3%[P<0.001]).They were also more prepared to avoid or manage injury/illness than hikers without medical training(37.7%vs.20.7%[P=0.003]).Participants with wilderness training were more likely to be prepared to avoid or respond to AMS(52.3%vs.36.8%[P=0.025])but not significantly more likely to be prepared to manage illness/injury(31.8%vs.22.0%[P<0.11]).Adjusting for experience,wilderness training,age,and gender,we found that medical training was associated with increased preparedness for AMS(OR2.72;95%CI 1.51–4.91)and injury/illness(OR 2.71;95%CI 1.5–4.89).CONCLUSION:Medically trained hikers were more likely to be prepared to avoid or manage AMS,medical emergencies,and injuries than their non-medically trained counterparts.Wilderness training increased hikers’preparedness for AMS but did not significantly alter preparedness for illness/injury.展开更多
文摘On Wednesday, China announced adjustments for the prices of non-residential power and thermal coal in order to ease power shortages and reduce financial pressure on power companies. The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) announced that it will raise the retail price
文摘Boosting incomes is one of the government＇s priorities in the current five-year plan MIGRANT worker Su ruifang has lived in Beijing for more than 10 years. She started out as a cleaner, but has since
文摘This study delves into the multifaceted impact of price hikes on the standard of living in Bangladesh, with a specific focus on distinct socioeconomic segments. Amidst Bangladesh’s economic growth, the challenges of rising inflation and increased living costs have become pressing concerns. Employing a mixed-methods approach combines quantitative data from a structured survey with qualitative insights from in-depth interviews and focused group discussions to analyze the repercussions of price hikes. Stratified random sampling ensures representation across affluent, middle-class, and economically disadvantaged groups. Utilizing data [1] from 2020 to November 2023 on the yearly change in retail prices of essential commodities, analysis reveals significant demographic shifts, occupational changes, and altered asset ownership patterns among households. The vulnerable population, including daily wage laborers and low-income individuals, is disproportionately affected by adjustments in consumption, income generation, and living arrangements. Statistical analyses, including One-Way ANOVA and Paired Sample t-tests, illuminate significant mean differences in strategies employed during price hikes. Despite challenges, the prioritization of education remains evident, emphasizing its resilience in the face of economic hardships. The result shows that price hikes, especially in essential items, lead to substantial adjustments in living costs, with items like onions, garlic, and ginger experiencing significant increases of 275%, 108%, and 483%, respectively.
文摘Following the U.S.announcement of a new round of tariff hikes on Chinese goods on April 2 local time,Ella Wang,a seller of festive decorations in Yiwu,a hub of small commodities in Zhejiang Province,east China,has noticed fewer orders from the United States,but exports to Europe,Africa and the Middle East continue without price rises.
文摘Lin Wei is a hiking enthusiast.At six o'clock on the last Saturday morning,the temperature at the foot of the mountain was only 2℃,so she put on her thickest fleece jacket.However,after only half an hour of climbing,the heat left her drenched in sweat,making her feel very cold.By midday,the temperature was approaching 20℃,and her heavy jacket had to be tied around her waist,becoming a burden during her hike.This outdoor adventure allowed her to appreciate the beautiful scenery,but also subjected her to repeated changes in temperature.
文摘The Central Government will take whatever measures necessary to stifle inflation THE PRICE OF PRODUCE:Fresh vegetables are for sale at a supermarket in Ji’nan, Shandong Province.
文摘Mood-driven purchases of both goods and services are on the rise,emerging as the new engine driving consumption.MINIATURE decorative green banana trees called“No Anxiety”(a word play on the Chinese words“don’t be a green banana”),blind boxes,mountain hiking companions,and AI chat pals-many products and services that were dismissed as useless or worthless years ago are now gaining popularity among young consumers.Behind this trend is the increase in consumer spending,driven more by emotions than practical needs.
文摘China saw its third fuel price hike this year when the National Development and Reform Commission, China’s top price regulator, hiked gasoline and diesel retail prices up by 9 percent, effective on June 30. It is the second rally in a month after the country initiated a new fuel pricing scheme in May.
文摘Most Chinese teenagers have no memory of the harsh times when coupons were used to buy meat,clothes, cooking oil and grain. They hear the stories from their parents and have little connection with a lifestyle in which almost every essential commodity is in short supply. With prices rising sharply,and early signs of an inflationary economy arous-
文摘Every year during the Spring Festival,a wave of price hikes in various sectors,particularly in service industries like restaurants,hotels,car hailing and car washes,sweeps across China’s big cities and this year was no exception.For example,Didi.
文摘IT took Han Zhong and his teammates over two hours to walk more than 9.5 kilometers along the Qingshangang,a watercourse that feeds a local steel manufacturing giant in Wuhan,central China’s Hubei Province,on a sweltering summer day.They weren’t hiking enthusiasts nor seasoned athletes.They were exploring the city’s wetland landscape.
文摘NEW DWELLERS OF MOUNTAINS Neweekly 15 September A growing number of people are turning towards the mountains,venturing into valleys and forests to explore a life as“new mountain dwellers”–a fresh way of mountain living.Immersed in the poetic scenery,they rest,hike,boat,read,attend valley concerts,or admire paintings in poetry halls.Everything blends with and respects nature.
文摘主题语境:旅游探险,篇幅:330词,建议用时:6分钟,For thrill-seekers and nature lovers,Kyrgyzstan just got a whole lot more exciting!The Kyrgyz Nomad Trail(KNT)is an incredible 2,000⁃kilometer hiking route that stretches across northern and eastern Kyrgyzstan,making it Central Asias longest trail network.Launched in June 2024,this adventure trail weaves through breathtaking landscapes,passing through regions like Jalal-Abad,Naryn and Issyk-Kul.
文摘In recent years,outdoor apparel that combines functionality with fashion has become a focal point in the market.As research on fluorinated compounds deepens,calls for eliminating PFAS(per-and poly fluorinated alkyl substances)are growing louder.Traditional outdoor equipment such as waterproof jackets and hiking boots have long relied on PFAS for water and oil resistance,yet this comes at the potential cost of threatening ecosystems and consumer health.An innovationdriven sustainable transformation is now emerging—a growing number of pioneering brands are developing eco-friendly,PFAS-free alternatives,redefining the standards of high performance.
文摘1 Exploring Transylvania,with its promises of ancient buildings,wall‑guarded churches and fantastic castles,is a genuine treat for nature lovers,but since October 2022,a new social project,Via Transilvanica,aims to invite active travelers to explore the essence of Romanian culture.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52275480)the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Program of Qiankehe Zhongdi Guiding ([2023]02)+1 种基金the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Program of Qiankehe Platform Talent Project (GCC[2023]001)the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Project of Qiankehe Platform Project (KXJZ[2024]002).
文摘Metaheuristic algorithms are pivotal in cloud task scheduling. However, the complexity and uncertainty of the scheduling problem severely limit algorithms. To bypass this circumvent, numerous algorithms have been proposed. The Hiking Optimization Algorithm (HOA) have been used in multiple fields. However, HOA suffers from local optimization, slow convergence, and low efficiency of late iteration search when solving cloud task scheduling problems. Thus, this paper proposes an improved HOA called CMOHOA. It collaborates with multi-strategy to improve HOA. Specifically, Chebyshev chaos is introduced to increase population diversity. Then, a hybrid speed update strategy is designed to enhance convergence speed. Meanwhile, an adversarial learning strategy is introduced to enhance the search capability in the late iteration. Different scenarios of scheduling problems are used to test the CMOHOA’s performance. First, CMOHOA was used to solve basic cloud computing task scheduling problems, and the results showed that it reduced the average total cost by 10% or more. Secondly, CMOHOA has been applied to edge fog cloud scheduling problems, and the results show that it reduces the average total scheduling cost by 2% or more. Finally, CMOHOA reduced the average total cost by 7% or more in scheduling problems for information transmission.
文摘Tourist trails as a linear form of tourist infrastructure fulfill various functions(i.e. recreational, ecological, economic, social, ensuring safety). They are especially important in national parks, where in selected areas tourist penetration is allowed only along specially designed, official routes. A well-planned layout of tourist trails with appropriate facilities can help to limit the negative consequences of tourist pressure on protected natural areas. The aim of the article is a comparison of offers for active tourists in two mountain national parks(the Krkono?e National Park in the Czech Republic and the Peneda-Gerês National Park in Portugal), taking into consideration the marked hiking trails – the most frequently used type of tourist trails. As a result the level of area coverage by the networks of hiking trails was assessed, as well as their adequateness towards the needs of tourists. The descriptive analysis was based on author's personal observations. In the examination of hiking trails as part of a system, some elements of the graph theory were used, especially coefficients for topologic analysis of spatial structure. This method enables simplification of a network, comparison of various areas and making some assumptions concerning tourist infrastructure, which is a crucial factor while analyzing trails from a tourists' point of view. In both analyzed national parks the relief is quite similar, as well as their locations near national borders, what justifies the choice of the areas scrutinized in the paper. What differ them are patterns of tourism development and the current ways of undertaking active tourism. Not similarities but the two latter factors resulted in a distinct character of the two compared networks of trails and facilities connected with them. The system of hiking trails and tourist infrastructure seem better developed in the Krkono?e National Park, what can be explained by historical and social conditions, especially the adopted model of hiking. In the article some disadvantages of tourist infrastructure in both protected areas were presented, as well as some suggestions in terms of its development, resulting from the analysis of networks of hiking trails.
基金part of the project Green Infrastructure of Slovakia(Grant No.2/0066/15)from the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences
文摘This study presents a methodology for assessment of the condition of hiking trails(HTs)and their impact zones in the central part of the Low Tatra mountain range,based on comparison of two complex data sets gathered in 33 years apart.The first field investigation was performed in 1980 and 1981,and the second in 2013 and 2014.The main goal was to perform a landscape typology in order to assess the susceptibility of landscape complexes to occurrence of anthropogenic and natural destruction processes and to assess the condition and prospects of HTs and their impacts on the adjacent alpine environment.Landscape complexes were characterised by selected abiotic,biotic and technical parameters of HTs and their impact zones.Due to the high variability of these parameters over the length of the HTs,we had to decide on how to map them.This was done using a square grid with 100 m-sized cells.For each cell with HT,the parameters were assigned the typical value within that cell.In total,26.3 km of HT were studied,stretching over 266 grid cells.On comparison of the two data sets,it was seen that,64%(171 grid cells)display a generally positive condition,with 54%(143 grid cells)even exhibiting significant improvement or continuously positive state of their condition.36%(95 grid cells)were in bad condition,including 3%(9 grid cells)whose state had deteriorated,and 2%(6 grid cells)whose state had significantly deteriorated,in the time between the two assessments.
文摘National parks are highly valuable natural areas and have the potential to attract a large number of visitors.The number of visitors at national parks is systematically increasing,often exceeding Tourism Carrying Capacity(TCC)of trails.This situation requires adjusting the number of park visitors to adapt to sustainable management systems of visitor flow,thus preventing or counteracting overtourism.The aim of the study is to propose a comprehensive method for tourists monitoring in mid-mountain national park presented on the example of the Sto?owe Mountains National Park(SMNP)in Poland,called as Monitoring System of tourist traffic(MSTT).The study describes six stages procedure of tourists Monitoring System creation and application as an optimal measurement technique.The MSTT enabled a multidimensional analysis of tourist traffic in SMNP.With the help of 39 pyroelectric sensors and surveys data spatio-temporal characteristic of visitor flow was obtained.The data generated in MSTT included hourly,daily,weekly,monthly,and annual reports,taking into account the direction of traffic measuring both directions:entries(IN),exits(OUT)and passages(IN+OUT).The results from pyroelectric sensors were supplemented with field surveys,where visitor’s motivations,preferences,and behaviours were determined.In 2017 a total of 871,344 visitors were recorded in SMNP what causes one of the most popular national parks in Poland.The SMNP is a suitable destination for short breaks leisure visits in wilderness.In order to sustain MSTT methodology in the long-run the set of guidelines together with the workload estimates were presented.In the future,the MSTT can be further developed,including monitoring of climbing,cycling,cross-country skiing,car traffic and illegal tourism assessment.The MSTT can be considered as a useful tool for tourism management in mid-mountain national parks throughout the entire calendar year.
文摘BACKGROUND:The purpose of this study was to document the correlation between medical and wilderness training with levels of preparedness for acute mountain sickness(AMS),illness,and injury among backcountry hikers.METHODS:We conducted a cross-sectional,convenience survey in Rocky Mountain National Park in July and August 2015.The study group consisted of 380 hikers who completed a written survey that collected information about demographics,wilderness experience,altitude experience,hiking equipment,communications devices,and trip planning.RESULTS:Factors such as wilderness training(wilderness first aid[WFA],wilderness first responder[WFR],or wilderness emergency medical technician[WEMT]),wilderness experience,and altitude experience all affected hikers’emergency preparedness.Respondents with medical training were more prepared to avoid or respond to AMS(62.3%vs.34.3%[P<0.001]).They were also more prepared to avoid or manage injury/illness than hikers without medical training(37.7%vs.20.7%[P=0.003]).Participants with wilderness training were more likely to be prepared to avoid or respond to AMS(52.3%vs.36.8%[P=0.025])but not significantly more likely to be prepared to manage illness/injury(31.8%vs.22.0%[P<0.11]).Adjusting for experience,wilderness training,age,and gender,we found that medical training was associated with increased preparedness for AMS(OR2.72;95%CI 1.51–4.91)and injury/illness(OR 2.71;95%CI 1.5–4.89).CONCLUSION:Medically trained hikers were more likely to be prepared to avoid or manage AMS,medical emergencies,and injuries than their non-medically trained counterparts.Wilderness training increased hikers’preparedness for AMS but did not significantly alter preparedness for illness/injury.
