This article investigates the robust current tracking control problem of three-phase grid-connected inverters with LCL filter under external disturbance by a dynamic state feedback control method.First,this paper cons...This article investigates the robust current tracking control problem of three-phase grid-connected inverters with LCL filter under external disturbance by a dynamic state feedback control method.First,this paper constructs an internal model to learn the information of the states and input of the grid-connected inverter under steady state.Second,by utilizing the internal model principle,the paper turns the tracking control problem into the robust stabilization control problem based on some appropriate coordinate transformations.Then,The paper designs a dynamics state feedback control law to deal with this robust stabilization problem,and thus the solution of the robust current tracking control problem of three-phase grid-connected inverters can be obtained.This control method can ensure the asymptotic stability of the closedloop system.Finally,the paper illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed control approach through several groups of simulations,and compares it with the feedforward control method to verify the robustness of the proposed control method to uncertain parameters.展开更多
High-voltage electric pulse(HVEP)rock fragmentation has demonstrated substantial potential for sustainable fracturing of hard rocks owing to its energy efficiency.The transient nature and highly disruptive characteris...High-voltage electric pulse(HVEP)rock fragmentation has demonstrated substantial potential for sustainable fracturing of hard rocks owing to its energy efficiency.The transient nature and highly disruptive characteristics of its physical fracturing process render experimental investigation of the underlying rock-breaking mechanisms challenging.However,existing numerical studies lack comprehensive models that precisely link electrical breakdown phenomena with mechanical disintegration processes.This study combines COMSOL electrical breakdown simulations with four-dimension lattice spring model(4D-LSM)mechanical analysis to establish a coupled HVEP rock fragmentation model.The core concept of the model construction is to import the temperature field of the plasma channel obtained from the electrical breakdown into the mechanical solver to realize the precise connection between the two stages.The validated numerical model elucidates the full process of HVEP-induced fragmentation under varying electrical parameters.Furthermore,the effects of confining pressure and mineral grain size on fragmentation behavior have been investigated.Finally,parametric simulations across 25 electrical parameter combinations demonstrate the critical role of electrode spacing optimization in achieving energy-efficient rock fragmentation.These findings provide a predictive tool for designing efficient HVEP systems in deep resource extraction and mineral processing engineering.展开更多
Manganese-based Prussian blue analogues(MnFePBAs),renowned for their high redox potential and dual redox-active sites,often fail to fully realize their intrinsic performance in zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs).In this work,th...Manganese-based Prussian blue analogues(MnFePBAs),renowned for their high redox potential and dual redox-active sites,often fail to fully realize their intrinsic performance in zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs).In this work,the underlying causes of the instability of monoclinic K^(+) -containing MnFePBA(KMnFePBA)cathodes in aqueous electrolytes were investigated.To prevent irreversible phase transitions,a lowconcentration,flame-retardant organic electrolyte operable under open-air conditions was developed.Utilizing triethyl phosphate(TEP)as the electrolyte solvent,the KMnFePBA cathode exhibited two distinct redox peaks at approximately 1.83 and 1.70 V,coupled with a high reversible capacity of -130 m A h g^(-1).The TEP electrolyte offers not only flame-retardant and anti-drying properties but also benefits from the inclusion of trace amounts of water,which enhances the redox kinetics.The optimized electrolyte enables Zn||KMnFePBA batteries to operate reversibly without structural degradation,function effectively across a wide temperature range,and suppress Zn dendrite formation by modulating the zinc-ion solvation structure and interfacial environment.This study presents a practical electrolyte engineering strategy for stabilizing monoclinic MnFePBA cathodes while simultaneously extending the lifespan of Zn anodes in ZIBs.展开更多
β-Ga_(2)O_(3) MOS inverter should play a crucial role in β-Ga_(2)O_(3) electronic circuits. Enhancement-mode(E-mode) MOSFET was fabricated based on β-Ga_(2)O_(3) film grown by atomic layer deposition technology, an...β-Ga_(2)O_(3) MOS inverter should play a crucial role in β-Ga_(2)O_(3) electronic circuits. Enhancement-mode(E-mode) MOSFET was fabricated based on β-Ga_(2)O_(3) film grown by atomic layer deposition technology, and the β-Ga_(2)O_(3) inverter was further monolithically integrated on this basis. The β-Ga_(2)O_(3) n MOSFET exhibits excellent electrical characteristics with an on/off current ratio reaching 10^(5). The logic inverter shows outstanding voltage inversion characteristics under low-frequency from 1 to 400 Hz operation. As the frequency continues to increase to 10 K, the reverse characteristic becomes worse due to parasitic capacitance induced by processes, and the difference between the highest and lowest values of VOUT has an exponential decay relationship with the frequency. This paper provides the practice for the development of β-Ga_(2)O_(3)-based circuits.展开更多
Integration of renewable energy sources into power systems requires efficient multilevel inverters,capable of producing high-quality output voltage with low total harmonic distortion(THD).Conventional multilevel inver...Integration of renewable energy sources into power systems requires efficient multilevel inverters,capable of producing high-quality output voltage with low total harmonic distortion(THD).Conventional multilevel inverters often suffer from high component count,high switching stress,low voltage gain,and increased cost,limiting their practical application.This paper introduces a high-gain novel topology for multilevel inverters with reduced number of total components per level count,low voltage stress on power conductive devices,and minimizing a cost function,which depends on the number of components,standing voltage on switches and diodes,output voltage levels,and gain.The designed topology,which can be applied in photovoltaic(PV)systems,utilizes only one direct current(DC)input supply and a modular structure with the ability of capacitor’s voltage self-balancing.The high gain property and low THD of the proposed topology are two advantages that provide sine output waveform,with no need to a high DC input voltage source.Moreover,generalized topology,consisting of cascaded basic units,has been proposed.A comprehensive method has been proposed to determining the values of DC supplies in this configuration,aiming to minimize redundant switching modes and maximize the voltage levels count.The comparison with some other multilevel inverters confirms the desired performance of the basic version given inverter.A prototype has been also implemented and the experimental results have been obtained to verify the advantages of the proposed 25-level topology.展开更多
Conventional multilevel inverters often suffer from high harmonic distortion and increased design complexity due to the need for numerous power semiconductor components,particularly at elevated voltage levels.Addressi...Conventional multilevel inverters often suffer from high harmonic distortion and increased design complexity due to the need for numerous power semiconductor components,particularly at elevated voltage levels.Addressing these shortcomings,thiswork presents a robust 15-level PackedUCell(PUC)inverter topology designed for renewable energy and grid-connected applications.The proposed systemintegrates a sensor less proportional-resonant(PR)controller with an advanced carrier-based pulse width modulation scheme.This approach efficiently balances capacitor voltage,minimizes steady-state error,and strongly suppresses both zero and third-order harmonics resulting in reduced total harmonic distortion and enhanced voltage regulation.Additionally,a novel switching algorithm simplifies the design and implementation,further lowering voltage stress across switches.Extensive simulation results validate the performance under various resistive and resistive-inductive load conditions,demonstrating compliance with IEEE-519 THD standards and robust operation under dynamic changes.The proposed sensorless PR-controlled 15-PUC inverter thus offers a compelling,cost-effective solution for efficient power conversion in next-generation renewable energy systems.展开更多
In position-sensorless brushless direct current(DC)motors(BLDCMs)fed by a four-switch three-phase(FSTP)inverter,only two phases are fully controlled,while the remaining phase is tied to the midpoint of the split DC-li...In position-sensorless brushless direct current(DC)motors(BLDCMs)fed by a four-switch three-phase(FSTP)inverter,only two phases are fully controlled,while the remaining phase is tied to the midpoint of the split DC-link capacitors.The voltage pulses required by inductance-based initial position detection can cause unequal discharge of the series capacitors,shifting the neutral-point voltage away from half of DC-link voltage(U_(dc)/2).This neutral-point drift breaks the spatial symmetry of the inverter voltage vectors,so the 360°electrical period can no longer be evenly partitioned into six sectors during initial rotor position detection.To address this issue,this paper proposes a detection-pulse injection sequence that explicitly accounts for the asymmetric voltage vectors of the FSTP inverter.With the proposed sequence,the initial rotor position can be identified within a 30°electrical sector.The method requires no additional voltage or current sensors,and experimental results confirm its feasibility.展开更多
Preventive maintenance(PM)enhances the reliability of an ultra-high-voltage DC(UHVDC)line.However,it introduces new states and complicates the task of determining the reliability parameters of the component with PM.Th...Preventive maintenance(PM)enhances the reliability of an ultra-high-voltage DC(UHVDC)line.However,it introduces new states and complicates the task of determining the reliability parameters of the component with PM.The hierarchical connection(HC)of the inverter improves the flexibility of UHVDC,but the state spaces of the inverter and UHVDC-HC are determined by capacity distribution between the high terminal(HT)and low terminal(LT),which has not been studied yet.In this paper,the reliability of UHVDC-HC with the PM is studied.First,with the impact of PM described by a nonlinear coefficient,the state space of the components with PM is aggregated.It is the same size as without PM.The only difference is the transition rate.Second,considering power distribution between the HT/LT and its dependence on the state of the rectifier,new capacity levels of HT/LT,e.g.,75%/2,50%/3,are defined.Third,with capacity levels of the HT/LT differentiated,2 existing reliability indices are extended,and 2 are newly defined.Finally,a sensitivity model of the reliability of the UHVDC-HC to its parameters and the PM period is proposed.展开更多
As battery technology evolves and demand for efficient energy storage solutions,aqueous zinc ion batteries(AZIBs)have garnered significant attention due to their safety and environmental benefits.However,the stability...As battery technology evolves and demand for efficient energy storage solutions,aqueous zinc ion batteries(AZIBs)have garnered significant attention due to their safety and environmental benefits.However,the stability of cathode materials under high-voltage conditions remains a critical challenge in improving its energy density.This review systematically explores the failure mechanisms of high-voltage cathode materials in AZIBs,including hydrogen evolution reaction,phase transformation and dissolution phenomena.To address these challenges,we propose a range of advanced strategies aimed at improving the stability of cathode materials.These strategies include surface coating and doping techniques designed to fortify the surface properties and structure integrity of the cathode materials under high-voltage conditions.Additionally,we emphasize the importance of designing antioxidant electrolytes,with a focus on understanding and optimizing electrolyte decomposition mechanisms.The review also highlights the significance of modifying conductive agents and employing innovative separators to further enhance the stability of AZIBs.By integrating these cutting-edge approaches,this review anticipates substantial advancements in the stability of high-voltage cathode materials,paving the way for the broader application and development of AZIBs in energy storage.展开更多
Complementary inverter is the basic unit for logic circuits,but the inverters based on full oxide thin-film transistors(TFTs)are still very limited.The next challenge is to realize complementary inverters using homoge...Complementary inverter is the basic unit for logic circuits,but the inverters based on full oxide thin-film transistors(TFTs)are still very limited.The next challenge is to realize complementary inverters using homogeneous oxide semiconduc-tors.Herein,we propose the design of complementary inverter based on full ZnO TFTs.Li-N dual-doped ZnO(ZnO:(Li,N))acts as the p-type channel and Al-doped ZnO(ZnO:Al)serves as the n-type channel for fabrication of TFTs,and then the complemen-tary inverter is produced with p-and n-type ZnO TFTs.The homogeneous ZnO-based complementary inverter has typical volt-age transfer characteristics with the voltage gain of 13.34 at the supply voltage of 40 V.This work may open the door for the development of oxide complementary inverters for logic circuits.展开更多
With the development of high-frequency and highvoltagetraction machines(TM)incorporating hairpin windings(HW)and SiC inverters for electric vehicles(EV),both theinterturn voltage stress and temperature within HW are r...With the development of high-frequency and highvoltagetraction machines(TM)incorporating hairpin windings(HW)and SiC inverters for electric vehicles(EV),both theinterturn voltage stress and temperature within HW are rising,increasing the risk of partial discharge(PD),and presentingsignificant challenges to insulation safety.Therefore,this paperaddresses this issue and proposes potential solutions.Firstly,thepaper examines an 8-pole,48-slot,6-layer HW TM to highlightthe unique characteristics of this winding structure,and explainsthe uneven distribution of interturn voltage stress andtemperature.Subsequently,a high-frequency equivalent circuitmodel of the HW TM prototype is developed.The error ofsimulation and experiment is only 5.7%,which proves theaccuracy of the model.Then,an improved HW scheme isproposed to lower the maximum voltage stress by 29.3%.Furthermore,the temperature distribution of HW TM isanalyzed to facilitate a detailed examination of the impact oftemperature on insulation PD.Finally,the partial dischargeinception voltage(PDIV)of interturn insulation,consideringtemperature effects,is calculated and verified throughexperiment.The paper proposes a reliability-oriented designmethod and process for HW TM.It demonstrates that thereliability-oriented design can achieve PD-free performance inthe design stage of HW.展开更多
The absence of efficient ion transport pathways in composite solid-state electrolytes(CSEs)usually results in low ionic conductivity,which remains a great challenge for developing solid-state lithiummetal batteries(SL...The absence of efficient ion transport pathways in composite solid-state electrolytes(CSEs)usually results in low ionic conductivity,which remains a great challenge for developing solid-state lithiummetal batteries(SLMBs).Herein,we report achieving accelerated Li^(+)conduction in CSEs by a novel activation of the interfacial dipole layer.Polycationic ionic liquids and polyacrylonitrile with highly polar functional groups(-C≡N)are utilized to modulate the interfacial dipole layer in MOF-based CSEs,facilitating long-range pathways for the connectivity of Li^(+)conduction and enhancing rapid transport kinetics.The as-synthesized CSEs exhibit a high ionic conductivity of 0.59 mS cm^(-1)and a lithium transfer number of 0.85.The assembled SLMBs(Li/CSE/LiNi_(0.9)Co_(0.05)Mn_(0.05)O_(2))delivered a high-capacity retention of 88.7%with a minimal discharge voltage attenuation of 17.1 mV after 500 cycles(0.03 mV per cycle)at0.5 C.This work offers an effective approach to creating interpenetrating lithium-ion transport pathways with rapid ion transport kinetics for solid-state electrolytes,thereby advancing the development of solidstate lithium metal batteries.展开更多
To improve the fault diagnosis accuracy of a PV grid-connected inverter,a PV grid-connected inverter data diagnosis method based on MPA-VMD-PSO-BiLSTM is proposed.Firstly,unlike the traditional VMD algorithm which rel...To improve the fault diagnosis accuracy of a PV grid-connected inverter,a PV grid-connected inverter data diagnosis method based on MPA-VMD-PSO-BiLSTM is proposed.Firstly,unlike the traditional VMD algorithm which relies on manual experience to set parameters(e.g.,noise tolerance,penalty parameter,number of decompositions),this paper achieves adaptive optimization of parameters through MPA algorithmto avoid the problemof feature information loss caused by manual parameter tuning,and adopts the improved VMD algorithm for feature extraction of DC-side voltage data signals of PV-grid-connected inverters;and then,adopts the PSO algorithm for theThen,the PSO algorithm is used to optimize the optimal batch size,the number of nodes in the hidden layer and the learning rate of the BiLSTM network,which significantly improves the model’s ability to capture the long-term dependent features of the PV inverter’s timing signals,to construct the PV grid-connected inverter prediction model of PSO-BiLSTM,and predict the capacitance value of the PVgrid-connected inverter.Finally,diagnostic experiments are carried out based on the expected capacitance value and the capacitance failure criterion.The results showthat compared with the traditional VMD algorithm,the MPA-optimised VMD improves the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of the signal decomposition from 28.5 to 33.2 dB(16.5%improvement).After combining with the PSO-BiLSTM model,the mean absolute percentage error(MAPE)of the fault diagnosis is reduced to 1.31%,and the coefficient of determination(R2)is up to 0.99.It is concluded that the present method has excellent diagnostic performance of PV grid-connected inverter data signals and effectively improves the accuracy of PV grid-connected inverter diagnosis.展开更多
This article introduces a novel 20 V radiation-hardened high-voltage metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor(MOSFET)driver with an optimized input circuit and a drain-surrounding-source(DSS)structure.The inp...This article introduces a novel 20 V radiation-hardened high-voltage metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor(MOSFET)driver with an optimized input circuit and a drain-surrounding-source(DSS)structure.The input circuit of a conventional inverter consists of a thick-gate-oxide n-type MOSFET(NMOS).These conventional drivers can tolerate a total ionizing dose(TID)of up to 100 krad(Si).In contrast,the proposed comparator input circuit uses both a thick-gate-oxide p-type MOSFET(PMOS)and thin-gate-oxide NMOS to offer a high input voltage and higher TID tolerance.Because the thick-gate-oxide PMOS and thin-gate-oxide NMOS collectively provide better TID tolerance than the thick-gate-oxide NMOS,the circuit exhibits enhanced TID tolerance of>300 krad(Si).Simulations and experimental date indicate that the DSS structure reduces the probability of unwanted parasitic bipolar junction transistor activation,yielding a better single-event effect tolerance of over 81.8 MeVcm^(2)mg^(-1).The innovative strategy proposed in this study involves circuit and layout design optimization,and does not require any specialized process flow.Hence,the proposed circuit can be manufactured using common commercial 0.35μm BCD processes.展开更多
Expanding the cutoff voltage of layered oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)is crucial for overcoming their existing energy density limitations.However,cationic/anodic redox-triggered multiple phase transitio...Expanding the cutoff voltage of layered oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)is crucial for overcoming their existing energy density limitations.However,cationic/anodic redox-triggered multiple phase transitions and unfavorable interfacial side reactions accelerate capacity and voltage decay.Herein,we present a straightforward melting plus reactive wetting strategy using H_(3)BO_(3)for surface modification of O_(3)-type Na_(0.9)Cu_(0.12)Ni_(0.33)Mn_(0.4)Ti_(0.15)O_(2)(CNMT).The transformation of H_(3)BO_(3)from solid to liquid under mild heating facilitates the uniform dispersion and complete surface coverage of CNMT particles.By neutralizing the residual alkali and extracting Na^(+)from the CNMT lattice,H_(3)BO_(3)forms a multifunctional Na_(2)B_(2)O_(5)-dominated layer on the CNMT surface.This Na_(x)B_(y)O_(z)(NBO)layer plays a positive role in providing low-barrier Na^(+)transport channels,suppressing phase transitions,and minimizing the generation of O_(2)/CO_(2)gases and resistive byproducts.As a result,at a charge cutoff voltage of 4.5 V,the NBO-coated CNMT delivers a high discharge capacity of 149,1 mAh g^(-1)at 10 mA g^(-1)and exhibits excellent cycling stability at 100 mA g^(-1)over 200 cycles with a higher capacity retention than that of pristine CNMT(86,4%vs,62.1%).This study highlights the effectiveness of surface modification using lowmelting-point solid acids,with potential applications for other layered oxide cathode materials to achieve stable high-voltage cycling.This proposed strategy opens new avenues for the construction of highquality coatings for high-voltage layered oxide cathodes in SIBs.展开更多
Solid-state lithium batteries have become a research hotspot in the field of large-scale energy storage due to their excellent safety performance.The development of high-voltage positive electrode materials matched wi...Solid-state lithium batteries have become a research hotspot in the field of large-scale energy storage due to their excellent safety performance.The development of high-voltage positive electrode materials matched with lithium metal anode have advanced the energy density of solid-state lithium batteries close to or even exceeding that of lithium batteries based on a liquid electrolyte,which is expected to be commercialized in the future.However,in high voltage conditions(>4.3 V),the decomposition of electrolyte components,structural degradation,and interface side reactions significantly reduce battery performance and hinder its further development.This review summarizes the latest research progress of inorganic electrolytes,polymer electrolytes,and composite electrolytes in high-voltage solid-state lithium batteries.At the same time,the designs of high-voltage polymer gel electrolyte and high-voltage quasi solid-state electrolyte are introduced in detail.In addition,interface engineering is crucial for improving the overall performance of high-voltage solid-state batteries.Finally,we highlight the challenges faced by high-voltage solid-state lithium batteries and put forward our own views on future research directions.This review offers instructive insights into the advancement of high-voltage solid-state lithium batteries for large-scale energy storage applications.展开更多
Lithium-ion capacitors(LICs)combine the high power dens-ity of electrical double-layer capacitors with the high energy density of lithium-ion batteries.However,they face practical limitations due to the narrow operati...Lithium-ion capacitors(LICs)combine the high power dens-ity of electrical double-layer capacitors with the high energy density of lithium-ion batteries.However,they face practical limitations due to the narrow operating voltage window of their activated carbon(AC)cathodes.We report a scalable thermal treatment strategy to develop high-voltage-tolerant AC cathodes.Through controlled thermal treatment of commer-cial activated carbon(Raw-AC)under a H_(2)/Ar atmosphere at 400-800℃,the targeted reduction of degradation-prone functional groups can be achieved while preserving the critical pore structure and increasing graph-itic microcrystalline ordering.The AC treated at 400℃(HAC-400)had a significant increase in specific capacity(96.0 vs.75.1 mAh/g at 0.05 A/g)and better rate capability(61.1 vs.36.1 mAh/g at 5 A/g)in half-cell LICs,along with an 83.5%capacity retention over 7400 cycles within an extended voltage range of 2.0-4.2 V in full-cell LICs.Scalability was demonstrated by a 120 g batch production,enabling fabrication of pouch-type LICs with commercial hard carbon anodes that delivered a higher energy density of 28.3 Wh/kg at 1 C,and a peak power density of 12.1 kW/kg compared to devices using raw AC.This simple,industry-compatible approach may be used for producing ad-vanced cathode materials for practical high-performance LICs.展开更多
Uneven power distribution,transient voltage,and frequency deviations are observed in the photovoltaic storage hybrid inverter during the switching between grid-connected and island modes.In response to these issues,th...Uneven power distribution,transient voltage,and frequency deviations are observed in the photovoltaic storage hybrid inverter during the switching between grid-connected and island modes.In response to these issues,this paper proposes a grid-connected/island switching control strategy for photovoltaic storage hybrid inverters based on the modified chimpanzee optimization algorithm.The proposed strategy incorporates coupling compensation and power differentiation elements based on the traditional droop control.Then,it combines the angular frequency and voltage amplitude adjustments provided by the phase-locked loop-free pre-synchronization control strategy.Precise pre-synchronization is achieved by regulating the virtual current to zero and aligning the photovoltaic storage hybrid inverter with the grid voltage.Additionally,two novel operators,learning and emotional behaviors are introduced to enhance the optimization precision of the chimpanzee algorithm.These operators ensure high-precision and high-reliability optimization of the droop control parameters for photovoltaic storage hybrid inverters.A Simulink model was constructed for simulation analysis,which validated the optimized control strategy’s ability to evenly distribute power under load transients.This strategy effectively mitigated transient voltage and current surges during mode transitions.Consequently,seamless and efficient switching between gridconnected and island modes was achieved for the photovoltaic storage hybrid inverter.The enhanced energy utilization efficiency,in turn,offers robust technical support for grid stability.展开更多
Thermal batteries are a type of thermally activated reserve battery,where the cathode material significantly influences the operating voltage and specific capacity.In this work,Cu_(2)O–CuO nanowires are prepared by i...Thermal batteries are a type of thermally activated reserve battery,where the cathode material significantly influences the operating voltage and specific capacity.In this work,Cu_(2)O–CuO nanowires are prepared by in-situ thermal oxidation method onto Cu foam,which are further coated with a carbon layer derived from polydopamine(PDA).The morphology of the nanowires has been examined using scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).The material shows a kind of core–shell structure,with CuO as the shell and Cu_(2)O as the core.To further explore the interaction between the material and lithium-ion(Li^(+)),the Lit adsorption energies of CuO and Cu_(2)O were calculated,revealing a stronger affinity of Li^(+) for CuO.The unique core–shell nanowire structure of Cu_(2)O–CuO can provide a good Li^(+)adsorption with the outer layer CuO and excellent structural stability with the inner layer Cu_(2)O.When applied in thermal batteries,Cu_(2)O–CuO–C nanowires exhibit specific capacity and specific energy of 326 mAh g^(-1)and 697 Wh kg^(-1)at a cut-off voltage of 1.5 V both of which are higher than those of Cu_(2)O–CuO(238 mAh g^(-1)and 445 Wh kg^(-1)).The discharge process includes the insertion of lithium ions and subsequent reduction reactions,ultimately resulting in the formation of lithium oxide and copper.展开更多
This paper focuses on the high-voltage safety of drive motor systems in new energy vehicles and conducts standardized research on functional safety design in the concept phase. In view of the lack of high-voltage haza...This paper focuses on the high-voltage safety of drive motor systems in new energy vehicles and conducts standardized research on functional safety design in the concept phase. In view of the lack of high-voltage hazard analysis for drive motor systems in existing standards, based on theories such as GB/T 34590 and ISO 26262, the safety levels are deeply analyzed. The HAZOP method is innovatively used, and 16 types of guidewords are combined to comprehensively analyze the system functions, identifying vehicle hazards such as high-voltage electric shock caused by functional abnormalities, including high-voltage interlock function failure and abnormal active discharge. Subsequently, safety goals such as preventing high-voltage electric shock are set, functional safety requirements such as accurately obtaining collision signals and timely discharging high-voltage electricity are formulated, and requirements for external signal sources and other technologies are clearly defined, constructing a complete high-voltage safety protection system. The research results provide important technical support and standardized references for the high-voltage safety functional design of drive motor systems in new energy vehicles, and are of great significance for improving the high-voltage safety level of the new energy vehicle industry, expecting to play a key role in subsequent product development and standard improvement.展开更多
基金Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2024ZYGXZR047)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62373156)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2024A1515011736)。
文摘This article investigates the robust current tracking control problem of three-phase grid-connected inverters with LCL filter under external disturbance by a dynamic state feedback control method.First,this paper constructs an internal model to learn the information of the states and input of the grid-connected inverter under steady state.Second,by utilizing the internal model principle,the paper turns the tracking control problem into the robust stabilization control problem based on some appropriate coordinate transformations.Then,The paper designs a dynamics state feedback control law to deal with this robust stabilization problem,and thus the solution of the robust current tracking control problem of three-phase grid-connected inverters can be obtained.This control method can ensure the asymptotic stability of the closedloop system.Finally,the paper illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed control approach through several groups of simulations,and compares it with the feedforward control method to verify the robustness of the proposed control method to uncertain parameters.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52209144 and 12472405).
文摘High-voltage electric pulse(HVEP)rock fragmentation has demonstrated substantial potential for sustainable fracturing of hard rocks owing to its energy efficiency.The transient nature and highly disruptive characteristics of its physical fracturing process render experimental investigation of the underlying rock-breaking mechanisms challenging.However,existing numerical studies lack comprehensive models that precisely link electrical breakdown phenomena with mechanical disintegration processes.This study combines COMSOL electrical breakdown simulations with four-dimension lattice spring model(4D-LSM)mechanical analysis to establish a coupled HVEP rock fragmentation model.The core concept of the model construction is to import the temperature field of the plasma channel obtained from the electrical breakdown into the mechanical solver to realize the precise connection between the two stages.The validated numerical model elucidates the full process of HVEP-induced fragmentation under varying electrical parameters.Furthermore,the effects of confining pressure and mineral grain size on fragmentation behavior have been investigated.Finally,parametric simulations across 25 electrical parameter combinations demonstrate the critical role of electrode spacing optimization in achieving energy-efficient rock fragmentation.These findings provide a predictive tool for designing efficient HVEP systems in deep resource extraction and mineral processing engineering.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22409002,62371003)the Open Research Fund of Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory(2023SLABFN18)+1 种基金Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2308085QB46)Scientific Research Foundation of Education Department of Anhui Province of China(2023AH051109,2022AH010025)。
文摘Manganese-based Prussian blue analogues(MnFePBAs),renowned for their high redox potential and dual redox-active sites,often fail to fully realize their intrinsic performance in zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs).In this work,the underlying causes of the instability of monoclinic K^(+) -containing MnFePBA(KMnFePBA)cathodes in aqueous electrolytes were investigated.To prevent irreversible phase transitions,a lowconcentration,flame-retardant organic electrolyte operable under open-air conditions was developed.Utilizing triethyl phosphate(TEP)as the electrolyte solvent,the KMnFePBA cathode exhibited two distinct redox peaks at approximately 1.83 and 1.70 V,coupled with a high reversible capacity of -130 m A h g^(-1).The TEP electrolyte offers not only flame-retardant and anti-drying properties but also benefits from the inclusion of trace amounts of water,which enhances the redox kinetics.The optimized electrolyte enables Zn||KMnFePBA batteries to operate reversibly without structural degradation,function effectively across a wide temperature range,and suppress Zn dendrite formation by modulating the zinc-ion solvation structure and interfacial environment.This study presents a practical electrolyte engineering strategy for stabilizing monoclinic MnFePBA cathodes while simultaneously extending the lifespan of Zn anodes in ZIBs.
基金supported by Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province of China (No. 2023-JC-YB-574)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 62304178)。
文摘β-Ga_(2)O_(3) MOS inverter should play a crucial role in β-Ga_(2)O_(3) electronic circuits. Enhancement-mode(E-mode) MOSFET was fabricated based on β-Ga_(2)O_(3) film grown by atomic layer deposition technology, and the β-Ga_(2)O_(3) inverter was further monolithically integrated on this basis. The β-Ga_(2)O_(3) n MOSFET exhibits excellent electrical characteristics with an on/off current ratio reaching 10^(5). The logic inverter shows outstanding voltage inversion characteristics under low-frequency from 1 to 400 Hz operation. As the frequency continues to increase to 10 K, the reverse characteristic becomes worse due to parasitic capacitance induced by processes, and the difference between the highest and lowest values of VOUT has an exponential decay relationship with the frequency. This paper provides the practice for the development of β-Ga_(2)O_(3)-based circuits.
文摘Integration of renewable energy sources into power systems requires efficient multilevel inverters,capable of producing high-quality output voltage with low total harmonic distortion(THD).Conventional multilevel inverters often suffer from high component count,high switching stress,low voltage gain,and increased cost,limiting their practical application.This paper introduces a high-gain novel topology for multilevel inverters with reduced number of total components per level count,low voltage stress on power conductive devices,and minimizing a cost function,which depends on the number of components,standing voltage on switches and diodes,output voltage levels,and gain.The designed topology,which can be applied in photovoltaic(PV)systems,utilizes only one direct current(DC)input supply and a modular structure with the ability of capacitor’s voltage self-balancing.The high gain property and low THD of the proposed topology are two advantages that provide sine output waveform,with no need to a high DC input voltage source.Moreover,generalized topology,consisting of cascaded basic units,has been proposed.A comprehensive method has been proposed to determining the values of DC supplies in this configuration,aiming to minimize redundant switching modes and maximize the voltage levels count.The comparison with some other multilevel inverters confirms the desired performance of the basic version given inverter.A prototype has been also implemented and the experimental results have been obtained to verify the advantages of the proposed 25-level topology.
文摘Conventional multilevel inverters often suffer from high harmonic distortion and increased design complexity due to the need for numerous power semiconductor components,particularly at elevated voltage levels.Addressing these shortcomings,thiswork presents a robust 15-level PackedUCell(PUC)inverter topology designed for renewable energy and grid-connected applications.The proposed systemintegrates a sensor less proportional-resonant(PR)controller with an advanced carrier-based pulse width modulation scheme.This approach efficiently balances capacitor voltage,minimizes steady-state error,and strongly suppresses both zero and third-order harmonics resulting in reduced total harmonic distortion and enhanced voltage regulation.Additionally,a novel switching algorithm simplifies the design and implementation,further lowering voltage stress across switches.Extensive simulation results validate the performance under various resistive and resistive-inductive load conditions,demonstrating compliance with IEEE-519 THD standards and robust operation under dynamic changes.The proposed sensorless PR-controlled 15-PUC inverter thus offers a compelling,cost-effective solution for efficient power conversion in next-generation renewable energy systems.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 52477060in part by the Tianjin Natural Science Foundation Project under Grant 24JCZDJC00250in part by the Zhejiang Leading Innovation and Entrepreneurship Team Project under Grant 2024R01012.
文摘In position-sensorless brushless direct current(DC)motors(BLDCMs)fed by a four-switch three-phase(FSTP)inverter,only two phases are fully controlled,while the remaining phase is tied to the midpoint of the split DC-link capacitors.The voltage pulses required by inductance-based initial position detection can cause unequal discharge of the series capacitors,shifting the neutral-point voltage away from half of DC-link voltage(U_(dc)/2).This neutral-point drift breaks the spatial symmetry of the inverter voltage vectors,so the 360°electrical period can no longer be evenly partitioned into six sectors during initial rotor position detection.To address this issue,this paper proposes a detection-pulse injection sequence that explicitly accounts for the asymmetric voltage vectors of the FSTP inverter.With the proposed sequence,the initial rotor position can be identified within a 30°electrical sector.The method requires no additional voltage or current sensors,and experimental results confirm its feasibility.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51877061).
文摘Preventive maintenance(PM)enhances the reliability of an ultra-high-voltage DC(UHVDC)line.However,it introduces new states and complicates the task of determining the reliability parameters of the component with PM.The hierarchical connection(HC)of the inverter improves the flexibility of UHVDC,but the state spaces of the inverter and UHVDC-HC are determined by capacity distribution between the high terminal(HT)and low terminal(LT),which has not been studied yet.In this paper,the reliability of UHVDC-HC with the PM is studied.First,with the impact of PM described by a nonlinear coefficient,the state space of the components with PM is aggregated.It is the same size as without PM.The only difference is the transition rate.Second,considering power distribution between the HT/LT and its dependence on the state of the rectifier,new capacity levels of HT/LT,e.g.,75%/2,50%/3,are defined.Third,with capacity levels of the HT/LT differentiated,2 existing reliability indices are extended,and 2 are newly defined.Finally,a sensitivity model of the reliability of the UHVDC-HC to its parameters and the PM period is proposed.
基金supported by the Exchange Program of Highend Foreign Experts of Ministry of Science and Technology of People’s Republic of China(No.G2023041003L)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education(No.23JK0367)+1 种基金the Scientific Research Startup Program for Introduced Talents of Shaanxi University of Technology(Nos.SLGRCQD2208,SLGRCQD2306,SLGRCQD2133)Contaminated Soil Remediation and Resource Utilization Innovation Team at Shaanxi University of Technology。
文摘As battery technology evolves and demand for efficient energy storage solutions,aqueous zinc ion batteries(AZIBs)have garnered significant attention due to their safety and environmental benefits.However,the stability of cathode materials under high-voltage conditions remains a critical challenge in improving its energy density.This review systematically explores the failure mechanisms of high-voltage cathode materials in AZIBs,including hydrogen evolution reaction,phase transformation and dissolution phenomena.To address these challenges,we propose a range of advanced strategies aimed at improving the stability of cathode materials.These strategies include surface coating and doping techniques designed to fortify the surface properties and structure integrity of the cathode materials under high-voltage conditions.Additionally,we emphasize the importance of designing antioxidant electrolytes,with a focus on understanding and optimizing electrolyte decomposition mechanisms.The review also highlights the significance of modifying conductive agents and employing innovative separators to further enhance the stability of AZIBs.By integrating these cutting-edge approaches,this review anticipates substantial advancements in the stability of high-voltage cathode materials,paving the way for the broader application and development of AZIBs in energy storage.
基金supported by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LZ24E020001).
文摘Complementary inverter is the basic unit for logic circuits,but the inverters based on full oxide thin-film transistors(TFTs)are still very limited.The next challenge is to realize complementary inverters using homogeneous oxide semiconduc-tors.Herein,we propose the design of complementary inverter based on full ZnO TFTs.Li-N dual-doped ZnO(ZnO:(Li,N))acts as the p-type channel and Al-doped ZnO(ZnO:Al)serves as the n-type channel for fabrication of TFTs,and then the complemen-tary inverter is produced with p-and n-type ZnO TFTs.The homogeneous ZnO-based complementary inverter has typical volt-age transfer characteristics with the voltage gain of 13.34 at the supply voltage of 40 V.This work may open the door for the development of oxide complementary inverters for logic circuits.
基金supported by the Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 52407060 and 52422704supported by Liaoning Province science and technology plan doctoral project under Grant 2023-BSBA-255.
文摘With the development of high-frequency and highvoltagetraction machines(TM)incorporating hairpin windings(HW)and SiC inverters for electric vehicles(EV),both theinterturn voltage stress and temperature within HW are rising,increasing the risk of partial discharge(PD),and presentingsignificant challenges to insulation safety.Therefore,this paperaddresses this issue and proposes potential solutions.Firstly,thepaper examines an 8-pole,48-slot,6-layer HW TM to highlightthe unique characteristics of this winding structure,and explainsthe uneven distribution of interturn voltage stress andtemperature.Subsequently,a high-frequency equivalent circuitmodel of the HW TM prototype is developed.The error ofsimulation and experiment is only 5.7%,which proves theaccuracy of the model.Then,an improved HW scheme isproposed to lower the maximum voltage stress by 29.3%.Furthermore,the temperature distribution of HW TM isanalyzed to facilitate a detailed examination of the impact oftemperature on insulation PD.Finally,the partial dischargeinception voltage(PDIV)of interturn insulation,consideringtemperature effects,is calculated and verified throughexperiment.The paper proposes a reliability-oriented designmethod and process for HW TM.It demonstrates that thereliability-oriented design can achieve PD-free performance inthe design stage of HW.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22408239)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51904193)+3 种基金the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2024NSFSC0987)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.YJ202280)support from the Australian Research Council(ARC)through the ARC Linkage project(LP200200926)ARC Discover project(DP240102176)。
文摘The absence of efficient ion transport pathways in composite solid-state electrolytes(CSEs)usually results in low ionic conductivity,which remains a great challenge for developing solid-state lithiummetal batteries(SLMBs).Herein,we report achieving accelerated Li^(+)conduction in CSEs by a novel activation of the interfacial dipole layer.Polycationic ionic liquids and polyacrylonitrile with highly polar functional groups(-C≡N)are utilized to modulate the interfacial dipole layer in MOF-based CSEs,facilitating long-range pathways for the connectivity of Li^(+)conduction and enhancing rapid transport kinetics.The as-synthesized CSEs exhibit a high ionic conductivity of 0.59 mS cm^(-1)and a lithium transfer number of 0.85.The assembled SLMBs(Li/CSE/LiNi_(0.9)Co_(0.05)Mn_(0.05)O_(2))delivered a high-capacity retention of 88.7%with a minimal discharge voltage attenuation of 17.1 mV after 500 cycles(0.03 mV per cycle)at0.5 C.This work offers an effective approach to creating interpenetrating lithium-ion transport pathways with rapid ion transport kinetics for solid-state electrolytes,thereby advancing the development of solidstate lithium metal batteries.
基金supported by Science and Technology Projects of Jiangsu Province(No.BE2022003)Science and Technology Projects of Jiangsu Province(No.BE2022003-5).
文摘To improve the fault diagnosis accuracy of a PV grid-connected inverter,a PV grid-connected inverter data diagnosis method based on MPA-VMD-PSO-BiLSTM is proposed.Firstly,unlike the traditional VMD algorithm which relies on manual experience to set parameters(e.g.,noise tolerance,penalty parameter,number of decompositions),this paper achieves adaptive optimization of parameters through MPA algorithmto avoid the problemof feature information loss caused by manual parameter tuning,and adopts the improved VMD algorithm for feature extraction of DC-side voltage data signals of PV-grid-connected inverters;and then,adopts the PSO algorithm for theThen,the PSO algorithm is used to optimize the optimal batch size,the number of nodes in the hidden layer and the learning rate of the BiLSTM network,which significantly improves the model’s ability to capture the long-term dependent features of the PV inverter’s timing signals,to construct the PV grid-connected inverter prediction model of PSO-BiLSTM,and predict the capacitance value of the PVgrid-connected inverter.Finally,diagnostic experiments are carried out based on the expected capacitance value and the capacitance failure criterion.The results showthat compared with the traditional VMD algorithm,the MPA-optimised VMD improves the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of the signal decomposition from 28.5 to 33.2 dB(16.5%improvement).After combining with the PSO-BiLSTM model,the mean absolute percentage error(MAPE)of the fault diagnosis is reduced to 1.31%,and the coefficient of determination(R2)is up to 0.99.It is concluded that the present method has excellent diagnostic performance of PV grid-connected inverter data signals and effectively improves the accuracy of PV grid-connected inverter diagnosis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2241221).
文摘This article introduces a novel 20 V radiation-hardened high-voltage metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor(MOSFET)driver with an optimized input circuit and a drain-surrounding-source(DSS)structure.The input circuit of a conventional inverter consists of a thick-gate-oxide n-type MOSFET(NMOS).These conventional drivers can tolerate a total ionizing dose(TID)of up to 100 krad(Si).In contrast,the proposed comparator input circuit uses both a thick-gate-oxide p-type MOSFET(PMOS)and thin-gate-oxide NMOS to offer a high input voltage and higher TID tolerance.Because the thick-gate-oxide PMOS and thin-gate-oxide NMOS collectively provide better TID tolerance than the thick-gate-oxide NMOS,the circuit exhibits enhanced TID tolerance of>300 krad(Si).Simulations and experimental date indicate that the DSS structure reduces the probability of unwanted parasitic bipolar junction transistor activation,yielding a better single-event effect tolerance of over 81.8 MeVcm^(2)mg^(-1).The innovative strategy proposed in this study involves circuit and layout design optimization,and does not require any specialized process flow.Hence,the proposed circuit can be manufactured using common commercial 0.35μm BCD processes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22169002 and 22469003)the Chongzuo Key Research and Development Program of China(20241205 and 20231204)the Counterpart Aid Project for Discipline Construction from Guangxi University(2023M02)。
文摘Expanding the cutoff voltage of layered oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)is crucial for overcoming their existing energy density limitations.However,cationic/anodic redox-triggered multiple phase transitions and unfavorable interfacial side reactions accelerate capacity and voltage decay.Herein,we present a straightforward melting plus reactive wetting strategy using H_(3)BO_(3)for surface modification of O_(3)-type Na_(0.9)Cu_(0.12)Ni_(0.33)Mn_(0.4)Ti_(0.15)O_(2)(CNMT).The transformation of H_(3)BO_(3)from solid to liquid under mild heating facilitates the uniform dispersion and complete surface coverage of CNMT particles.By neutralizing the residual alkali and extracting Na^(+)from the CNMT lattice,H_(3)BO_(3)forms a multifunctional Na_(2)B_(2)O_(5)-dominated layer on the CNMT surface.This Na_(x)B_(y)O_(z)(NBO)layer plays a positive role in providing low-barrier Na^(+)transport channels,suppressing phase transitions,and minimizing the generation of O_(2)/CO_(2)gases and resistive byproducts.As a result,at a charge cutoff voltage of 4.5 V,the NBO-coated CNMT delivers a high discharge capacity of 149,1 mAh g^(-1)at 10 mA g^(-1)and exhibits excellent cycling stability at 100 mA g^(-1)over 200 cycles with a higher capacity retention than that of pristine CNMT(86,4%vs,62.1%).This study highlights the effectiveness of surface modification using lowmelting-point solid acids,with potential applications for other layered oxide cathode materials to achieve stable high-voltage cycling.This proposed strategy opens new avenues for the construction of highquality coatings for high-voltage layered oxide cathodes in SIBs.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2024YFA1211100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52301278,22479080,52202254,92372001,22393900,and 92372203)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20230937,BK20220966)the Science and Technology Plans of Tianjin(23JCYBJC00170,24JCJQJC00220,and 24ZXZSSS00390)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(02063253167,30922010708)。
文摘Solid-state lithium batteries have become a research hotspot in the field of large-scale energy storage due to their excellent safety performance.The development of high-voltage positive electrode materials matched with lithium metal anode have advanced the energy density of solid-state lithium batteries close to or even exceeding that of lithium batteries based on a liquid electrolyte,which is expected to be commercialized in the future.However,in high voltage conditions(>4.3 V),the decomposition of electrolyte components,structural degradation,and interface side reactions significantly reduce battery performance and hinder its further development.This review summarizes the latest research progress of inorganic electrolytes,polymer electrolytes,and composite electrolytes in high-voltage solid-state lithium batteries.At the same time,the designs of high-voltage polymer gel electrolyte and high-voltage quasi solid-state electrolyte are introduced in detail.In addition,interface engineering is crucial for improving the overall performance of high-voltage solid-state batteries.Finally,we highlight the challenges faced by high-voltage solid-state lithium batteries and put forward our own views on future research directions.This review offers instructive insights into the advancement of high-voltage solid-state lithium batteries for large-scale energy storage applications.
文摘Lithium-ion capacitors(LICs)combine the high power dens-ity of electrical double-layer capacitors with the high energy density of lithium-ion batteries.However,they face practical limitations due to the narrow operating voltage window of their activated carbon(AC)cathodes.We report a scalable thermal treatment strategy to develop high-voltage-tolerant AC cathodes.Through controlled thermal treatment of commer-cial activated carbon(Raw-AC)under a H_(2)/Ar atmosphere at 400-800℃,the targeted reduction of degradation-prone functional groups can be achieved while preserving the critical pore structure and increasing graph-itic microcrystalline ordering.The AC treated at 400℃(HAC-400)had a significant increase in specific capacity(96.0 vs.75.1 mAh/g at 0.05 A/g)and better rate capability(61.1 vs.36.1 mAh/g at 5 A/g)in half-cell LICs,along with an 83.5%capacity retention over 7400 cycles within an extended voltage range of 2.0-4.2 V in full-cell LICs.Scalability was demonstrated by a 120 g batch production,enabling fabrication of pouch-type LICs with commercial hard carbon anodes that delivered a higher energy density of 28.3 Wh/kg at 1 C,and a peak power density of 12.1 kW/kg compared to devices using raw AC.This simple,industry-compatible approach may be used for producing ad-vanced cathode materials for practical high-performance LICs.
基金received funding from the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(SJCX23_1633)2023 University Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(202311463009Z)+1 种基金Changzhou Science and Technology Support Project(CE20235045)Open Project of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Power Transmission&Distribution Equipment Technology(2021JSSPD12).
文摘Uneven power distribution,transient voltage,and frequency deviations are observed in the photovoltaic storage hybrid inverter during the switching between grid-connected and island modes.In response to these issues,this paper proposes a grid-connected/island switching control strategy for photovoltaic storage hybrid inverters based on the modified chimpanzee optimization algorithm.The proposed strategy incorporates coupling compensation and power differentiation elements based on the traditional droop control.Then,it combines the angular frequency and voltage amplitude adjustments provided by the phase-locked loop-free pre-synchronization control strategy.Precise pre-synchronization is achieved by regulating the virtual current to zero and aligning the photovoltaic storage hybrid inverter with the grid voltage.Additionally,two novel operators,learning and emotional behaviors are introduced to enhance the optimization precision of the chimpanzee algorithm.These operators ensure high-precision and high-reliability optimization of the droop control parameters for photovoltaic storage hybrid inverters.A Simulink model was constructed for simulation analysis,which validated the optimized control strategy’s ability to evenly distribute power under load transients.This strategy effectively mitigated transient voltage and current surges during mode transitions.Consequently,seamless and efficient switching between gridconnected and island modes was achieved for the photovoltaic storage hybrid inverter.The enhanced energy utilization efficiency,in turn,offers robust technical support for grid stability.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52374298)National Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(Nos.CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0662)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Nos.L243019).
文摘Thermal batteries are a type of thermally activated reserve battery,where the cathode material significantly influences the operating voltage and specific capacity.In this work,Cu_(2)O–CuO nanowires are prepared by in-situ thermal oxidation method onto Cu foam,which are further coated with a carbon layer derived from polydopamine(PDA).The morphology of the nanowires has been examined using scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).The material shows a kind of core–shell structure,with CuO as the shell and Cu_(2)O as the core.To further explore the interaction between the material and lithium-ion(Li^(+)),the Lit adsorption energies of CuO and Cu_(2)O were calculated,revealing a stronger affinity of Li^(+) for CuO.The unique core–shell nanowire structure of Cu_(2)O–CuO can provide a good Li^(+)adsorption with the outer layer CuO and excellent structural stability with the inner layer Cu_(2)O.When applied in thermal batteries,Cu_(2)O–CuO–C nanowires exhibit specific capacity and specific energy of 326 mAh g^(-1)and 697 Wh kg^(-1)at a cut-off voltage of 1.5 V both of which are higher than those of Cu_(2)O–CuO(238 mAh g^(-1)and 445 Wh kg^(-1)).The discharge process includes the insertion of lithium ions and subsequent reduction reactions,ultimately resulting in the formation of lithium oxide and copper.
文摘This paper focuses on the high-voltage safety of drive motor systems in new energy vehicles and conducts standardized research on functional safety design in the concept phase. In view of the lack of high-voltage hazard analysis for drive motor systems in existing standards, based on theories such as GB/T 34590 and ISO 26262, the safety levels are deeply analyzed. The HAZOP method is innovatively used, and 16 types of guidewords are combined to comprehensively analyze the system functions, identifying vehicle hazards such as high-voltage electric shock caused by functional abnormalities, including high-voltage interlock function failure and abnormal active discharge. Subsequently, safety goals such as preventing high-voltage electric shock are set, functional safety requirements such as accurately obtaining collision signals and timely discharging high-voltage electricity are formulated, and requirements for external signal sources and other technologies are clearly defined, constructing a complete high-voltage safety protection system. The research results provide important technical support and standardized references for the high-voltage safety functional design of drive motor systems in new energy vehicles, and are of great significance for improving the high-voltage safety level of the new energy vehicle industry, expecting to play a key role in subsequent product development and standard improvement.
