Development of highly-efficient photovoltaic (PV) modules and expanding its application fields are significant for the further development of PV technologies and realization of innovative green energy infrastructure b...Development of highly-efficient photovoltaic (PV) modules and expanding its application fields are significant for the further development of PV technologies and realization of innovative green energy infrastructure based on PV. Especially, development of solar-powered vehicles as a new application is highly desired and very important for this end. This paper presents the impact of PV cell/module conversion efficiency on reduction in CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> emission and increase in driving range of the electric based vehicles. Our studies show that the utilization of a highly-efficient (higher than 30%) PV module enables the solar-powered vehicle to drive 30 km/day without charging in the case of light weig</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">h</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">t cars with elec</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">t</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ric mileage of 17</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">km/kWh under solar irrad</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">i</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">a</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">t</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ion of 3.7</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">kWh/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">/day, which means that the majority of the family cars in Japan can run only by the sunlight without supplying fossil fuels. Thus, it is essential to develop high-efficiency as well as low-cost solar cells and modules for automotive applications. The analytical results developed by the authors for conversion efficiency potential of various solar cells for choosing candidates of the PV modules for automotive applications are shown. Then we overview the conversion efficiency potential and recent progress of various Si tandem solar cells, such as III-V/Si, II-VI/Si, chalcopyrite/Si, and perovskite/Si tandem solar cells. The III-V/Si tandem solar cells are expected to have a high potential for various applications because of its high conversion efficiency of larger than 36% for dual-junction and 42% for triple-junction solar cells under 1-sun AM1.5 G illumination, lightweight and low-cost potentials. The analysis show</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> that III-V based multi-junction and Si based tandem solar cells are considered to be promising candidates for the automotive application. Finally, we report recent results for our 28.2% efficiency and Sharp’s 33% mechanically stacked InGaP/GaAs/Si triple-junction solar cell. In addition, new approaches which </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">are</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> suitable for automotive applications by using III-V triple-junction, and static low concentrator PV modules are also presented.展开更多
Photovoltaic (PV) modules, as essential components of solar power generation systems, significantly influence unitpower generation costs.The service life of these modules directly affects these costs. Over time, the p...Photovoltaic (PV) modules, as essential components of solar power generation systems, significantly influence unitpower generation costs.The service life of these modules directly affects these costs. Over time, the performanceof PV modules gradually declines due to internal degradation and external environmental factors.This cumulativedegradation impacts the overall reliability of photovoltaic power generation. This study addresses the complexdegradation process of PV modules by developing a two-stage Wiener process model. This approach accountsfor the distinct phases of degradation resulting from module aging and environmental influences. A powerdegradation model based on the two-stage Wiener process is constructed to describe individual differences inmodule degradation processes. To estimate the model parameters, a combination of the Expectation-Maximization(EM) algorithm and the Bayesian method is employed. Furthermore, the Schwarz Information Criterion (SIC) isutilized to identify critical change points in PV module degradation trajectories. To validate the universality andeffectiveness of the proposed method, a comparative analysis is conducted against other established life predictiontechniques for PV modules.展开更多
The biggest challenge is to develop a low cost and readily available catalyst to replace expensive commercial Pt/C for efficient electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).In this research,closo-[B_(12)H_(12)]^(2−...The biggest challenge is to develop a low cost and readily available catalyst to replace expensive commercial Pt/C for efficient electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).In this research,closo-[B_(12)H_(12)]^(2−)and 1,10-phenanthroline-iron complexes were introduced into the porous metal-organic framework by impregnation method,and further annealing treatment achieved the successful anchoring of single-atom-Fe in B-doped CN Matrix(FeN4CB).The ORR activity of FeN4CB is comparable to the widely used commercial 20 wt%Pt/C.Where the half-wave potential(E_(1/2))in alkaline medium up to 0.84 V,and even in the face of challenging ORR in acidic medium,the E_(1/2)of ORR driven by FeN4CB is still as high as 0.81 V.When FeN4CB was used as air cathode,the open circuit voltage of Zn-air battery reaches 1.435 V,and the power density and specific capacity are as high as 177 mW cm^(−2)and 800 mAh g_(Zn)^(−1)(theoretical value:820 mAh g_(Zn)^(−1)),respectively.The dazzling point of FeN4CB also appears in the high ORR stability,whether in alkaline or acidic media,E_(1/2)and limiting current density are still close to the initial value after 5000 times cycles.After continuously running the charge-discharge test for 220 h,the charge voltage and discharge voltage of the rechargeable zinc-air battery with FeN4CB as the air cathode maintained the initial state.Density functional theory calculations reveals that introducing B atom to Fe–N4–C can adjust the electronic structure to easily break O=O bond and significantly reduce the energy barrier of the rate-determining step resulting in an improved ORR activity.展开更多
Graphene,owing to its exceptional electronic,optical,thermal,and mechanical properties,has emerged as a highly promising material.Currently,the synthesis of large-area graphene films on metal substrates via chemical v...Graphene,owing to its exceptional electronic,optical,thermal,and mechanical properties,has emerged as a highly promising material.Currently,the synthesis of large-area graphene films on metal substrates via chemical vapor deposition remains the predominant approach for producing high-quality graphene.To realize the potential applications of graphene,it is essential to transfer graphene films to target substrates in a manner that is non-destructive,clean,and efficient,as this significantly affects the performance of graphene devices.This review examines the current methods for graphene transfer from three perspectives:non-destructive transfer,clean transfer,and high-efficiency transfer.It analyzes and compares the advancements and limitations of various transfer techniques.Finally,the review identifies the key challenges faced by current graphene transfer methods and anticipates future developmental prospects.展开更多
Through literature analysis and case study, the introduction history, variety selection (high bush, half high bush, low bush) and regional cultivation techniques of blueberry in China were summarized, and the practica...Through literature analysis and case study, the introduction history, variety selection (high bush, half high bush, low bush) and regional cultivation techniques of blueberry in China were summarized, and the practical effects of precision cultivation (water and fertilizer integration, wild planting) and under-forest economic model (forest-blueberry-fungus system, ecological tourism) were evaluated. It provided a technical reference for expanding the planting scale of blueberry and improving the fruit quality.展开更多
The addition of cold flow improvers(CFIs)is considered as the optimum strategy to improve the cold flow properties(CFPs)of diesel fuels,but this strategy is always limited by the required large dosage.To obtain low-do...The addition of cold flow improvers(CFIs)is considered as the optimum strategy to improve the cold flow properties(CFPs)of diesel fuels,but this strategy is always limited by the required large dosage.To obtain low-dosage and high-efficiency CFIs for diesel,1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride(THPA)was introduced as a third and polar monomer to enhance the depressive effects of alkyl methacrylatetrans anethole copolymers(C_(14)MC-TA).The terpolymers of alkyl methacrylate-trans anethole-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride(C_(14)MC-TA-THPA)were synthesized and compared with the binary copolymers of C_(14)MC-TA and alkyl methacrylate-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride(C_(14)MC-THPA).Results showed that C_(14)MC-THPA achieved the best depressive effects on the cold filter plugging point(CFPP)and solid point(SP)by 11℃and 16℃at a dosage of 1250 mg/L and monomer ratio of 6:1,while 1500mg/L C_(14)MC-TA(1:1)reached the optimal depressive effects on the CFPP and SP by 12℃and 18℃.THPA introduction significantly improved the depressive effects of C_(14)MC-TA.Lower dosages of C_(14)MCTA-THPA in diesel exerted better improvement effects on the CFPP and SP than that of C_(14)MC-TA and C_(14)MC-THPA.When the monomer ratio and dosage were 6:0.6:0.4 and 1000 mg/L,the improvement effect of C_(14)MC-TA-THPA on diesel reached the optimum level,and the CFPP and SP were reduced by 13℃and 19℃,respectively.A 3D nonlinear surface diagram fitted by a mathematical model was also used for the first time to better understand the relationships of monomer ratios,dosages,and depressive effects of CFIs in diesel.Surface analysis results showed that C_(14)MC-TA-THPA achieved the optimum depressive effects at a monomer ratio of 6:0.66:0.34 and dosage of 1000 mg/L,and the CFPP and SP decreased by 14℃ and 19℃,respectively.The predicted results were consistent with the actual ones.Additionally,the improvement mechanism of these copolymers in diesel was also explored.展开更多
The fabrication of efficient and stable flexible perovskite solar modules(F-PSMs)using poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine](PTAA)remains a significant challenge due to its hydrophobic properties and the mis...The fabrication of efficient and stable flexible perovskite solar modules(F-PSMs)using poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine](PTAA)remains a significant challenge due to its hydrophobic properties and the mismatch in interface energy-level alignment.Here,we introduced[2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carba zol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid(MeO-2PACz)to modify the PTAA layer,which effectively suppressed surface potential fluctuations and aligned energy levels at the interface of PTAA/perovskite.Additionally,MeO-2PACz enhanced the hydrophilicity of PTAA,facilitating the fabrication of dense,uniform,and pinhole-free perovskite films on large-area flexible substrates.As a result,we achieved an F-PSM with a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 16.6% and an aperture area of 64 cm^(2),which is the highest reported value among F-PSMs with an active area exceeding 35 cm^(2)based on PTAA.Moreover,the encapsulated module demonstrated outstanding long-term operational stability,retaining 90.2% of its initial efficiency after 1000 bending cycles(5 mm radius),87.2% after 1000 h of continuous illumination,and 80.3% under combined thermal and humid conditions(85℃ and 85% relative humidity),representing one of the most stable F-PSMs reported to date.展开更多
Let D(n)be the finite dimensional non-pointed and non-semisimple Hopf algebra,which is a quotient of a prime Hopf algebras of GK-dimension one for an odd number n>1.In this paper,we investigate the structure of Yet...Let D(n)be the finite dimensional non-pointed and non-semisimple Hopf algebra,which is a quotient of a prime Hopf algebras of GK-dimension one for an odd number n>1.In this paper,we investigate the structure of Yetter-Drinfeld simple modules over D(n)and give iso-classes of them.展开更多
Most carbon-based catalysts utilized in Fenton-like systems face challenges such as structural instability,susceptibility to deactivation,and a tendency to disperse during operation.Wood-derived catalysts have garnere...Most carbon-based catalysts utilized in Fenton-like systems face challenges such as structural instability,susceptibility to deactivation,and a tendency to disperse during operation.Wood-derived catalysts have garnered considerable attention due to their well-defined structures,extensive pipeline networks,superior mechanical strength,and adaptability for device customization.However,there remains a paucity of research that systematically summarizes Fenton-like systems based on wood-derived catalysts.In this review,we first summarize the structural designs of wood-derived catalysts based on nano-metal sites and single-atom sites,while also outlining their advantages and limitations applied in Fenton-like systems.Furthermore,we evaluate catalytic modules of wood-derived catalysts for scale-up and continuous Fenton-like systems.Additionally,wood-inspired catalytic materials utilizing commercial textures and their applications in Fenton-like processes are also discussed.This paper aims to comprehensively explore the fundamental mechanisms(e.g.,characteristics of catalytic sites,catalytic performance,and mechanisms)of wood-based catalysts in Fenton-like chemistry,as well as their equipment designs and application scenarios,as well as providing the insights into future developments.展开更多
This study proposes a novel visual maintenance method for photovoltaic(PV)modules based on a two-stage Wiener degradation model,addressing the limitations of traditional PV maintenance strategies that often result in ...This study proposes a novel visual maintenance method for photovoltaic(PV)modules based on a two-stage Wiener degradation model,addressing the limitations of traditional PV maintenance strategies that often result in insufficient or excessive maintenance.The approach begins by constructing a two-stage Wiener process performance degradation model and a remaining life prediction model under perfect maintenance conditions using historical degradation data of PV modules.This enables accurate determination of the optimal timing for postfailure corrective maintenance.To optimize the maintenance strategy,the study establishes a comprehensive cost model aimed at minimizing the long-term average cost rate.The model considers multiple cost factors,including inspection costs,preventive maintenance costs,restorative maintenance costs,and penalty costs associated with delayed fault detection.Through this optimization framework,the method determines both the optimal maintenance threshold and the ideal timing for predictive maintenance actions.Comparative analysis demonstrates that the twostage Wiener model provides superior fitting performance compared to conventional linear and nonlinear degradation models.When evaluated against traditional maintenance approaches,including Wiener process-based corrective maintenance strategies and static periodic maintenance strategies,the proposed method demonstrates significant advantages in reducing overall operational costs while extending the effective service life of PV components.The method achieves these improvements through effective coordination between reliability optimization and economic benefit maximization,leading to enhanced power generation performance.These results indicate that the proposed approach offers a more balanced and efficient solution for PV system maintenance.展开更多
Additive engineering has been widely employed to address defects-related issues in perovskite solar cells,including Pb^(2+)vacancy defects,halide migration,and FA^(+)lattice mismatch.However,due to the diversity and c...Additive engineering has been widely employed to address defects-related issues in perovskite solar cells,including Pb^(2+)vacancy defects,halide migration,and FA^(+)lattice mismatch.However,due to the diversity and complexity of defect types in perovskites,traditional monofunctional additives are typically limited to passivate specific types of defects and are unable to achieve effective passivation of multiple defects simultaneously.To overcome this limitation,this work proposes a multidentate synergistic coordination strategy using a multifunctional additive,ethyl 4-aminopyrazole-5-carboxylate(EAPC),to achieve coordinated passivation of multiple defects in perovskites.Combined theoretical calculations and experimental investigations reveal that the carbonyl group(C=O)of EAPC forms strong coordination bonds with uncoordinated Pb^(2+),while its amino group(–NH_(2))couples with halide ions,and the pyrazole-ring N sites establish a hydrogen-bonding network with FA^(+)cations,thereby achieving triple-site synergistic passivation of Pb^(2+)-X^(-)-FA^(+)defects.This synergistic effect accelerates the nucleation kinetics of perovskite while retarding its growth rate,thereby reducing the defect density and enhancing the crystallinity of the resulting perovskite films.Based on this strategy,the inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)achieved a champion power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 24.40%,maintaining over 90.2%of their initial efficiency after 1000 h of aging in a N_(2)-glovebox environment and retaining 85.1%of the original PCE under ambient conditions.This work pioneers a novel paradigm for synergistic defect passivation in perovskite optoelectronic devices.展开更多
Currently,perovskite solar cells have achieved commendable progresses in power conversion efficiency(PCE)and operational stability.However,some conventional laboratory-scale fabrication methods become challenging when...Currently,perovskite solar cells have achieved commendable progresses in power conversion efficiency(PCE)and operational stability.However,some conventional laboratory-scale fabrication methods become challenging when scaling up material syntheses or device production.Particularly,the prolonged high-temperature annealing process for the crystallization of perovskites requires a substantial amount of energy consumption and impact the modules’throughput.Here,we report a modified near-infrared annealing(NIRA)process,which involves the excess PbI_(2)engineered crystallization,efficiently reduces the preparation time for perovskite active layer to within 20 s compared to dozens of min in conventional hot plate annealing(HPA)process.The study showed that the incorporated PbI_(2)promoted the consistent nucleation of the perovskite film,leading to the subsequent rapid and homogeneous crystallization at the NIRA stage.Thus,highly crystalized perovskite film was realized with even better crystallization performance than conventional HPA-based film.Ultimately,efficient perovskite solar modules of 36 and 100 cm^(2)were readily fabricated with the optimal PCEs of 22.03%and 20.18%,respectively.This study demonstrates,for the first time,the successful achievement of homogeneous and high-quality crystallization in large-area perovskite films through rapid NIRA processing.This approach not only significantly reduces energy consumption during production,but also substantially shortens the manufacturing cycle,paving a new path toward the commercial-scale application of perovskite solar modules.展开更多
Modules enable students to engage with content at their own pace,fostering autonomy and deeper understanding.The modular approach ensures clarity in presenting objectives,instructions,and concepts,while having illustr...Modules enable students to engage with content at their own pace,fostering autonomy and deeper understanding.The modular approach ensures clarity in presenting objectives,instructions,and concepts,while having illustrations,activities,and assessments could enhance comprehension and retention.This paper was a developmental study on STS module for college students using the ADDIE Model(Analysis,Design,Development,Implementation,and Evaluation).Sampled 673 first-year students from Northwest Samar State University participated in the study,with 299 participating in a test try-out and 374 in the students’performance evaluation.Three expert evaluators with backgrounds in science,English,and psychology,each with over four years of experience,assessed the modules to ensure alignment with the study’s constructivist learning goals and instructional integrity.The findings revealed that both students and experts had rated the instructional module positively,indicating its effectiveness in facilitating learning and completing lessons.Key aspects such as the style of illustrations and written expressions,the usefulness of learning activities,and the guidance provided by illustrations and captions were especially well-received.The module was praised for its clear objectives,understandable instructions,and engaging tasks like trivia and puzzles.Expert evaluations highlighted relevance,simplicity,and balanced emphasis on topics in the module content.Furthermore,students in test group demonstrated significant improvement in performance,with post-test scores notably higher than pre-test scores,confirming the module’s effectiveness in enhancing learning outcomes.Consequently,this paper provides an opportunity to integrate science learning with initiatives aimed at promoting environmental preservation and driving social change.展开更多
[Background]High harmonic cavities are widely used in electron storage rings to lengthen thebunch,lower the bunch peak current,thereby reducing the IBS effect,enhancing the Touschek lifetime,as well asproviding Landau...[Background]High harmonic cavities are widely used in electron storage rings to lengthen thebunch,lower the bunch peak current,thereby reducing the IBS effect,enhancing the Touschek lifetime,as well asproviding Landau damping,which is particularly important for storage rings operating with ultra-low emittance or atlow beam energy.[Purpose]To further increase the bunch length without additional hardware costs,the phasemodulation in a dual-RF system is considered.[Methods]In this paper,turn-by-turn simulations incorporating randomsynchrotron radiation excitation are conducted,and a brief analysis is presented to explain the bunch lengtheningmechanism.[Results]Simulation results reveal that the peak current can be further reduced,thereby mitigating IBSeffects and enhancing the Touschek lifetime.Although the energy spread increases,which tends to reduce thebrightness of higher-harmonic radiation from the undulator,the brightness of the fundamental harmonic can,in fact,beimproved.展开更多
Current research focuses on the performance degradation of photovoltaic(PV)modules,examining both crystalline silicon(p-Si and m-Si)and thin-film technologies,including a-Si/μc-Si,HIT,CdTe and CIGS.These modules were...Current research focuses on the performance degradation of photovoltaic(PV)modules,examining both crystalline silicon(p-Si and m-Si)and thin-film technologies,including a-Si/μc-Si,HIT,CdTe and CIGS.These modules were operated outdoors in two distinct climatic zones in the United States(US)over a period of three years.The degradation analysis includes the study of various quantities,such as the decrease in peak power,the reduction in current and voltage,and the variation in the fill factor.The annual degradation rate(DR)of PV modules is obtained by a linear fit of the effective maximum power evolution over time.The results indicate that m-Si and p-Si modules experienced a slight decrease in performance,with DRs of−0.83%and−1.07%,respectively.Subsequently,the HIT module exhibited a DR of−1.75%,while CdTe and CIGS modules demonstrated DRs of−2.03%and−2.45%,respectively.The a-Si/μc-Si module showed the highest DR at−3.26%.Using the Single Diode Model(SDM),we monitored the temporal evolution of physical parameters as well as changes in the shape of the I-V and P-V curves over time.We found that the key points of the I-V curve degrade over time,as do the I-V and P-V characteristics between two days approximately 30 months apart.展开更多
Poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT)is one of the most promising hole-transporting materials in the pursuit of efficient and stable perovskite solar cells due to its outstanding stability and low cost.However,the intrinsic lo...Poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT)is one of the most promising hole-transporting materials in the pursuit of efficient and stable perovskite solar cells due to its outstanding stability and low cost.However,the intrinsic low carrier density of P3 HT and poor contact between the P3HT/perovskite interface always lead to a low performance of the solar cell,while conventional chemical doping always makes the films unstable and limits the scalability.In this work,for the first time,we simultaneously enhanced the hole transporting properties of P3HT film and the interface of perovskite by doping it with a judiciously designed oxidized small molecule organic semiconductor.The organic salt not only can promote the lamellar crystallinity of P3HT to obtain better charge transport properties,but also reduce the defects of perovskite.As a result,we achieved champion efficiencies of 23.0%for small-area solar cells and 18.8%for larger-area modules(48.0 cm^(2)).This efficiency is the highest value for P3HT-based perovskite modules.Moreover,the solar cells show excellent operational stability,retaining over 95%of their initial efficiencies after1200 h of continuous operation.展开更多
While reinforcement learning-based underwater acoustic adaptive modulation shows promise for enabling environment-adaptive communication as supported by extensive simulation-based research,its practical performance re...While reinforcement learning-based underwater acoustic adaptive modulation shows promise for enabling environment-adaptive communication as supported by extensive simulation-based research,its practical performance remains underexplored in field investigations.To evaluate the practical applicability of this emerging technique in adverse shallow sea channels,a field experiment was conducted using three communication modes:orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM),M-ary frequency-shift keying(MFSK),and direct sequence spread spectrum(DSSS)for reinforcement learning-driven adaptive modulation.Specifically,a Q-learning method is used to select the optimal modulation mode according to the channel quality quantified by signal-to-noise ratio,multipath spread length,and Doppler frequency offset.Experimental results demonstrate that the reinforcement learning-based adaptive modulation scheme outperformed fixed threshold detection in terms of total throughput and average bit error rate,surpassing conventional adaptive modulation strategies.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the effects of different light intensities and various mydriatic and miotic drugs on pupil accommodation in guinea pigs.METHODS:Forty-two-week-old guinea pigs were randomly divided into four groups ...AIM:To investigate the effects of different light intensities and various mydriatic and miotic drugs on pupil accommodation in guinea pigs.METHODS:Forty-two-week-old guinea pigs were randomly divided into four groups to assess pupillary responses under varying light intensities(100,250,500 lx)and pharmacological interventions(1%atropine,1%cyclopentolate,1%tropicamide,or 2%pilocarpine).Baseline pupil size and eccentricity were recorded using a non-contact Python-based imaging system integrating edge detection and pixel-to-distance conversion.Direct illumination effects were measured at sequential time points,followed by drug administration and longitudinal tracking of pupillary changes.The protocol was repeated at 12wk of age for developmental comparisons.Postexperiment,enucleated eyes were analyzed to evaluate in vitro vs in vivo differences.RESULTS:Significant age-dependent differences in pupil dynamics were observed.Both 2-and 12-week-old guinea pigs exhibited marked pupil constriction under direct illumination(P<0.001),with decreased eccentricity post-constriction(P<0.001).Indirect illumination caused inconsistent pupil size changes(2-week:P=0.68;12-week:P=0.49).Pharmacologically,atropine,cyclopentolate,and tropicamide induced pupil dilation(P<0.001),whereas pilocarpine caused constriction(P<0.001).All drug groups showed reduced eccentricity(P<0.001).In vivo/in vitro comparisons revealed significant structural differences.CONCLUSION:This study investigates pupillary responses in developing guinea pigs,revealing a direct pupillary light reflex(PLR)with light intensity-dependent responses,while indirect PLR was undetectable.The differential effects of muscarinic modulators on pupillary responses underscore the critical role of cholinergic signaling in ocular accommodation,with age-related variations in sensitivity.Additionally,a novel non-contact measurement methodology achieved a precision of 0.01 mm for pupillary quantification,enhancing accuracy in ocular studies.展开更多
Lysophosphatidic acid(LPA)is a pleiotropic lipid agonist essential for functions of the central nervous system(CNS).It is abundant in the developing and adult brain while its concentration in biological fluids,includi...Lysophosphatidic acid(LPA)is a pleiotropic lipid agonist essential for functions of the central nervous system(CNS).It is abundant in the developing and adult brain while its concentration in biological fluids,including cerebrospinal fluid,varies significantly(Figure 1Α;Yung et al.,2014).LPA actually corresponds to a variety of lipid species that include different stereoisomers with either saturated or unsaturated fatty acids bearing likely differentiated biological activities(Figure 1Α;Yung et al.,2014;Hernández-Araiza et al.,2018).展开更多
The functional properties of glasses are governed by their formation history and the complex relaxation processes they undergo.However,under extreme conditions,glass behaviors are still elusive.In this study,we employ...The functional properties of glasses are governed by their formation history and the complex relaxation processes they undergo.However,under extreme conditions,glass behaviors are still elusive.In this study,we employ simulations with varied protocols to evaluate the effectiveness of different descriptors in predicting mechanical properties across both low-and high-pressure regimes.Our findings demonstrate that conventional structural and configurational descriptors fail to correlate with the mechanical response following pressure release,whereas the activation energy descriptor exhibits robust linearity with shear modulus after correcting for pressure effects.Notably,the soft mode parameter emerges as an ideal and computationally efficient alternative for capturing this mechanical behavior.These findings provide critical insights into the influence of pressure on glassy properties,integrating the distinct features of compressed glasses into a unified theoretical framework.展开更多
文摘Development of highly-efficient photovoltaic (PV) modules and expanding its application fields are significant for the further development of PV technologies and realization of innovative green energy infrastructure based on PV. Especially, development of solar-powered vehicles as a new application is highly desired and very important for this end. This paper presents the impact of PV cell/module conversion efficiency on reduction in CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> emission and increase in driving range of the electric based vehicles. Our studies show that the utilization of a highly-efficient (higher than 30%) PV module enables the solar-powered vehicle to drive 30 km/day without charging in the case of light weig</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">h</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">t cars with elec</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">t</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ric mileage of 17</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">km/kWh under solar irrad</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">i</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">a</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">t</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ion of 3.7</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">kWh/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">/day, which means that the majority of the family cars in Japan can run only by the sunlight without supplying fossil fuels. Thus, it is essential to develop high-efficiency as well as low-cost solar cells and modules for automotive applications. The analytical results developed by the authors for conversion efficiency potential of various solar cells for choosing candidates of the PV modules for automotive applications are shown. Then we overview the conversion efficiency potential and recent progress of various Si tandem solar cells, such as III-V/Si, II-VI/Si, chalcopyrite/Si, and perovskite/Si tandem solar cells. The III-V/Si tandem solar cells are expected to have a high potential for various applications because of its high conversion efficiency of larger than 36% for dual-junction and 42% for triple-junction solar cells under 1-sun AM1.5 G illumination, lightweight and low-cost potentials. The analysis show</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> that III-V based multi-junction and Si based tandem solar cells are considered to be promising candidates for the automotive application. Finally, we report recent results for our 28.2% efficiency and Sharp’s 33% mechanically stacked InGaP/GaAs/Si triple-junction solar cell. In addition, new approaches which </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">are</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> suitable for automotive applications by using III-V triple-junction, and static low concentrator PV modules are also presented.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51767017)the Basic Research Innovation Group Project of Gansu Province(18JR3RA133)the Industrial Support and Guidance Project of Universities in Gansu Province(2022CYZC-22).
文摘Photovoltaic (PV) modules, as essential components of solar power generation systems, significantly influence unitpower generation costs.The service life of these modules directly affects these costs. Over time, the performanceof PV modules gradually declines due to internal degradation and external environmental factors.This cumulativedegradation impacts the overall reliability of photovoltaic power generation. This study addresses the complexdegradation process of PV modules by developing a two-stage Wiener process model. This approach accountsfor the distinct phases of degradation resulting from module aging and environmental influences. A powerdegradation model based on the two-stage Wiener process is constructed to describe individual differences inmodule degradation processes. To estimate the model parameters, a combination of the Expectation-Maximization(EM) algorithm and the Bayesian method is employed. Furthermore, the Schwarz Information Criterion (SIC) isutilized to identify critical change points in PV module degradation trajectories. To validate the universality andeffectiveness of the proposed method, a comparative analysis is conducted against other established life predictiontechniques for PV modules.
基金financially supported by the NSFC-Yunnan Joint Foundation(U2002213)the Double Tops Joint Fund of the Yunnan Science and Technology Bureau and Yunnan University(2019FY003025)the‘Double-First Class’University Construction Project(C176220100042 and CZ21623201)。
文摘The biggest challenge is to develop a low cost and readily available catalyst to replace expensive commercial Pt/C for efficient electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).In this research,closo-[B_(12)H_(12)]^(2−)and 1,10-phenanthroline-iron complexes were introduced into the porous metal-organic framework by impregnation method,and further annealing treatment achieved the successful anchoring of single-atom-Fe in B-doped CN Matrix(FeN4CB).The ORR activity of FeN4CB is comparable to the widely used commercial 20 wt%Pt/C.Where the half-wave potential(E_(1/2))in alkaline medium up to 0.84 V,and even in the face of challenging ORR in acidic medium,the E_(1/2)of ORR driven by FeN4CB is still as high as 0.81 V.When FeN4CB was used as air cathode,the open circuit voltage of Zn-air battery reaches 1.435 V,and the power density and specific capacity are as high as 177 mW cm^(−2)and 800 mAh g_(Zn)^(−1)(theoretical value:820 mAh g_(Zn)^(−1)),respectively.The dazzling point of FeN4CB also appears in the high ORR stability,whether in alkaline or acidic media,E_(1/2)and limiting current density are still close to the initial value after 5000 times cycles.After continuously running the charge-discharge test for 220 h,the charge voltage and discharge voltage of the rechargeable zinc-air battery with FeN4CB as the air cathode maintained the initial state.Density functional theory calculations reveals that introducing B atom to Fe–N4–C can adjust the electronic structure to easily break O=O bond and significantly reduce the energy barrier of the rate-determining step resulting in an improved ORR activity.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2020YFB2009002).
文摘Graphene,owing to its exceptional electronic,optical,thermal,and mechanical properties,has emerged as a highly promising material.Currently,the synthesis of large-area graphene films on metal substrates via chemical vapor deposition remains the predominant approach for producing high-quality graphene.To realize the potential applications of graphene,it is essential to transfer graphene films to target substrates in a manner that is non-destructive,clean,and efficient,as this significantly affects the performance of graphene devices.This review examines the current methods for graphene transfer from three perspectives:non-destructive transfer,clean transfer,and high-efficiency transfer.It analyzes and compares the advancements and limitations of various transfer techniques.Finally,the review identifies the key challenges faced by current graphene transfer methods and anticipates future developmental prospects.
文摘Through literature analysis and case study, the introduction history, variety selection (high bush, half high bush, low bush) and regional cultivation techniques of blueberry in China were summarized, and the practical effects of precision cultivation (water and fertilizer integration, wild planting) and under-forest economic model (forest-blueberry-fungus system, ecological tourism) were evaluated. It provided a technical reference for expanding the planting scale of blueberry and improving the fruit quality.
基金supported from the Natural Science Foundation Project of Shanghai(Nos.23ZR1425300 and 22ZR1426100)Experimental Technical Team Construction Project of Shanghai Education Commission(No.10110N230080)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22075183)Research and Innovation Project of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(No.2023ZKZD54).
文摘The addition of cold flow improvers(CFIs)is considered as the optimum strategy to improve the cold flow properties(CFPs)of diesel fuels,but this strategy is always limited by the required large dosage.To obtain low-dosage and high-efficiency CFIs for diesel,1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride(THPA)was introduced as a third and polar monomer to enhance the depressive effects of alkyl methacrylatetrans anethole copolymers(C_(14)MC-TA).The terpolymers of alkyl methacrylate-trans anethole-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride(C_(14)MC-TA-THPA)were synthesized and compared with the binary copolymers of C_(14)MC-TA and alkyl methacrylate-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride(C_(14)MC-THPA).Results showed that C_(14)MC-THPA achieved the best depressive effects on the cold filter plugging point(CFPP)and solid point(SP)by 11℃and 16℃at a dosage of 1250 mg/L and monomer ratio of 6:1,while 1500mg/L C_(14)MC-TA(1:1)reached the optimal depressive effects on the CFPP and SP by 12℃and 18℃.THPA introduction significantly improved the depressive effects of C_(14)MC-TA.Lower dosages of C_(14)MCTA-THPA in diesel exerted better improvement effects on the CFPP and SP than that of C_(14)MC-TA and C_(14)MC-THPA.When the monomer ratio and dosage were 6:0.6:0.4 and 1000 mg/L,the improvement effect of C_(14)MC-TA-THPA on diesel reached the optimum level,and the CFPP and SP were reduced by 13℃and 19℃,respectively.A 3D nonlinear surface diagram fitted by a mathematical model was also used for the first time to better understand the relationships of monomer ratios,dosages,and depressive effects of CFIs in diesel.Surface analysis results showed that C_(14)MC-TA-THPA achieved the optimum depressive effects at a monomer ratio of 6:0.66:0.34 and dosage of 1000 mg/L,and the CFPP and SP decreased by 14℃ and 19℃,respectively.The predicted results were consistent with the actual ones.Additionally,the improvement mechanism of these copolymers in diesel was also explored.
基金financially supported by the Key Fund of Tianjin Natural Science Foundation,China Project of Tianjin Natural Science Foundation(24JCZDJC00510)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(22475147)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China。
文摘The fabrication of efficient and stable flexible perovskite solar modules(F-PSMs)using poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine](PTAA)remains a significant challenge due to its hydrophobic properties and the mismatch in interface energy-level alignment.Here,we introduced[2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carba zol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid(MeO-2PACz)to modify the PTAA layer,which effectively suppressed surface potential fluctuations and aligned energy levels at the interface of PTAA/perovskite.Additionally,MeO-2PACz enhanced the hydrophilicity of PTAA,facilitating the fabrication of dense,uniform,and pinhole-free perovskite films on large-area flexible substrates.As a result,we achieved an F-PSM with a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 16.6% and an aperture area of 64 cm^(2),which is the highest reported value among F-PSMs with an active area exceeding 35 cm^(2)based on PTAA.Moreover,the encapsulated module demonstrated outstanding long-term operational stability,retaining 90.2% of its initial efficiency after 1000 bending cycles(5 mm radius),87.2% after 1000 h of continuous illumination,and 80.3% under combined thermal and humid conditions(85℃ and 85% relative humidity),representing one of the most stable F-PSMs reported to date.
基金Supported by the Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(Grant No.202303021212147)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12471038)。
文摘Let D(n)be the finite dimensional non-pointed and non-semisimple Hopf algebra,which is a quotient of a prime Hopf algebras of GK-dimension one for an odd number n>1.In this paper,we investigate the structure of Yetter-Drinfeld simple modules over D(n)and give iso-classes of them.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52170086,22308194,U22A20423)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2021ME013)+4 种基金Shandong Provincial Excellent Youth(No.ZR2022YQ47)the doctor research start Foundation of Shaanxi University of Technology(No.SLGRCQD004)Science and Technology Innovation Team Project of Shaanxi Province(No.2025RS-CXTD-040)the General Special Scientific Research Program of the Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education(No.24JK0366)supported by funding from Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Monocrystalline Silicon Semiconductor Materials and Technology。
文摘Most carbon-based catalysts utilized in Fenton-like systems face challenges such as structural instability,susceptibility to deactivation,and a tendency to disperse during operation.Wood-derived catalysts have garnered considerable attention due to their well-defined structures,extensive pipeline networks,superior mechanical strength,and adaptability for device customization.However,there remains a paucity of research that systematically summarizes Fenton-like systems based on wood-derived catalysts.In this review,we first summarize the structural designs of wood-derived catalysts based on nano-metal sites and single-atom sites,while also outlining their advantages and limitations applied in Fenton-like systems.Furthermore,we evaluate catalytic modules of wood-derived catalysts for scale-up and continuous Fenton-like systems.Additionally,wood-inspired catalytic materials utilizing commercial textures and their applications in Fenton-like processes are also discussed.This paper aims to comprehensively explore the fundamental mechanisms(e.g.,characteristics of catalytic sites,catalytic performance,and mechanisms)of wood-based catalysts in Fenton-like chemistry,as well as their equipment designs and application scenarios,as well as providing the insights into future developments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51767017)the Basic Research Innovation Group Project of Gansu Province(18JR3RA133)the Industrial Support and Guidance Project of Universities in Gansu Province(2022CYZC-22).
文摘This study proposes a novel visual maintenance method for photovoltaic(PV)modules based on a two-stage Wiener degradation model,addressing the limitations of traditional PV maintenance strategies that often result in insufficient or excessive maintenance.The approach begins by constructing a two-stage Wiener process performance degradation model and a remaining life prediction model under perfect maintenance conditions using historical degradation data of PV modules.This enables accurate determination of the optimal timing for postfailure corrective maintenance.To optimize the maintenance strategy,the study establishes a comprehensive cost model aimed at minimizing the long-term average cost rate.The model considers multiple cost factors,including inspection costs,preventive maintenance costs,restorative maintenance costs,and penalty costs associated with delayed fault detection.Through this optimization framework,the method determines both the optimal maintenance threshold and the ideal timing for predictive maintenance actions.Comparative analysis demonstrates that the twostage Wiener model provides superior fitting performance compared to conventional linear and nonlinear degradation models.When evaluated against traditional maintenance approaches,including Wiener process-based corrective maintenance strategies and static periodic maintenance strategies,the proposed method demonstrates significant advantages in reducing overall operational costs while extending the effective service life of PV components.The method achieves these improvements through effective coordination between reliability optimization and economic benefit maximization,leading to enhanced power generation performance.These results indicate that the proposed approach offers a more balanced and efficient solution for PV system maintenance.
基金financially supported by the Changzhou Shichuang Energy Co.Ltd of China(Grant no.K81B2038)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant no.50902116)。
文摘Additive engineering has been widely employed to address defects-related issues in perovskite solar cells,including Pb^(2+)vacancy defects,halide migration,and FA^(+)lattice mismatch.However,due to the diversity and complexity of defect types in perovskites,traditional monofunctional additives are typically limited to passivate specific types of defects and are unable to achieve effective passivation of multiple defects simultaneously.To overcome this limitation,this work proposes a multidentate synergistic coordination strategy using a multifunctional additive,ethyl 4-aminopyrazole-5-carboxylate(EAPC),to achieve coordinated passivation of multiple defects in perovskites.Combined theoretical calculations and experimental investigations reveal that the carbonyl group(C=O)of EAPC forms strong coordination bonds with uncoordinated Pb^(2+),while its amino group(–NH_(2))couples with halide ions,and the pyrazole-ring N sites establish a hydrogen-bonding network with FA^(+)cations,thereby achieving triple-site synergistic passivation of Pb^(2+)-X^(-)-FA^(+)defects.This synergistic effect accelerates the nucleation kinetics of perovskite while retarding its growth rate,thereby reducing the defect density and enhancing the crystallinity of the resulting perovskite films.Based on this strategy,the inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)achieved a champion power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 24.40%,maintaining over 90.2%of their initial efficiency after 1000 h of aging in a N_(2)-glovebox environment and retaining 85.1%of the original PCE under ambient conditions.This work pioneers a novel paradigm for synergistic defect passivation in perovskite optoelectronic devices.
基金supported by China Huaneng Group Key R&D Program(HNKJ22-H104)the Science and Technology Programs of Fujian Province(2022H0005)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(20720240067)Technology Projects of Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province(RD2020020101 and RD2022040601).
文摘Currently,perovskite solar cells have achieved commendable progresses in power conversion efficiency(PCE)and operational stability.However,some conventional laboratory-scale fabrication methods become challenging when scaling up material syntheses or device production.Particularly,the prolonged high-temperature annealing process for the crystallization of perovskites requires a substantial amount of energy consumption and impact the modules’throughput.Here,we report a modified near-infrared annealing(NIRA)process,which involves the excess PbI_(2)engineered crystallization,efficiently reduces the preparation time for perovskite active layer to within 20 s compared to dozens of min in conventional hot plate annealing(HPA)process.The study showed that the incorporated PbI_(2)promoted the consistent nucleation of the perovskite film,leading to the subsequent rapid and homogeneous crystallization at the NIRA stage.Thus,highly crystalized perovskite film was realized with even better crystallization performance than conventional HPA-based film.Ultimately,efficient perovskite solar modules of 36 and 100 cm^(2)were readily fabricated with the optimal PCEs of 22.03%and 20.18%,respectively.This study demonstrates,for the first time,the successful achievement of homogeneous and high-quality crystallization in large-area perovskite films through rapid NIRA processing.This approach not only significantly reduces energy consumption during production,but also substantially shortens the manufacturing cycle,paving a new path toward the commercial-scale application of perovskite solar modules.
文摘Modules enable students to engage with content at their own pace,fostering autonomy and deeper understanding.The modular approach ensures clarity in presenting objectives,instructions,and concepts,while having illustrations,activities,and assessments could enhance comprehension and retention.This paper was a developmental study on STS module for college students using the ADDIE Model(Analysis,Design,Development,Implementation,and Evaluation).Sampled 673 first-year students from Northwest Samar State University participated in the study,with 299 participating in a test try-out and 374 in the students’performance evaluation.Three expert evaluators with backgrounds in science,English,and psychology,each with over four years of experience,assessed the modules to ensure alignment with the study’s constructivist learning goals and instructional integrity.The findings revealed that both students and experts had rated the instructional module positively,indicating its effectiveness in facilitating learning and completing lessons.Key aspects such as the style of illustrations and written expressions,the usefulness of learning activities,and the guidance provided by illustrations and captions were especially well-received.The module was praised for its clear objectives,understandable instructions,and engaging tasks like trivia and puzzles.Expert evaluations highlighted relevance,simplicity,and balanced emphasis on topics in the module content.Furthermore,students in test group demonstrated significant improvement in performance,with post-test scores notably higher than pre-test scores,confirming the module’s effectiveness in enhancing learning outcomes.Consequently,this paper provides an opportunity to integrate science learning with initiatives aimed at promoting environmental preservation and driving social change.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(12405168)The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(2024CDJXY004)。
文摘[Background]High harmonic cavities are widely used in electron storage rings to lengthen thebunch,lower the bunch peak current,thereby reducing the IBS effect,enhancing the Touschek lifetime,as well asproviding Landau damping,which is particularly important for storage rings operating with ultra-low emittance or atlow beam energy.[Purpose]To further increase the bunch length without additional hardware costs,the phasemodulation in a dual-RF system is considered.[Methods]In this paper,turn-by-turn simulations incorporating randomsynchrotron radiation excitation are conducted,and a brief analysis is presented to explain the bunch lengtheningmechanism.[Results]Simulation results reveal that the peak current can be further reduced,thereby mitigating IBSeffects and enhancing the Touschek lifetime.Although the energy spread increases,which tends to reduce thebrightness of higher-harmonic radiation from the undulator,the brightness of the fundamental harmonic can,in fact,beimproved.
文摘Current research focuses on the performance degradation of photovoltaic(PV)modules,examining both crystalline silicon(p-Si and m-Si)and thin-film technologies,including a-Si/μc-Si,HIT,CdTe and CIGS.These modules were operated outdoors in two distinct climatic zones in the United States(US)over a period of three years.The degradation analysis includes the study of various quantities,such as the decrease in peak power,the reduction in current and voltage,and the variation in the fill factor.The annual degradation rate(DR)of PV modules is obtained by a linear fit of the effective maximum power evolution over time.The results indicate that m-Si and p-Si modules experienced a slight decrease in performance,with DRs of−0.83%and−1.07%,respectively.Subsequently,the HIT module exhibited a DR of−1.75%,while CdTe and CIGS modules demonstrated DRs of−2.03%and−2.45%,respectively.The a-Si/μc-Si module showed the highest DR at−3.26%.Using the Single Diode Model(SDM),we monitored the temporal evolution of physical parameters as well as changes in the shape of the I-V and P-V curves over time.We found that the key points of the I-V curve degrade over time,as do the I-V and P-V characteristics between two days approximately 30 months apart.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52472248 and 22075221)the Key Research and Development Project of Shanxi Province(202202060301003 and 202202060301015)the Innovation Program of Wuhan-Shuguang Project(2023010201020367)。
文摘Poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT)is one of the most promising hole-transporting materials in the pursuit of efficient and stable perovskite solar cells due to its outstanding stability and low cost.However,the intrinsic low carrier density of P3 HT and poor contact between the P3HT/perovskite interface always lead to a low performance of the solar cell,while conventional chemical doping always makes the films unstable and limits the scalability.In this work,for the first time,we simultaneously enhanced the hole transporting properties of P3HT film and the interface of perovskite by doping it with a judiciously designed oxidized small molecule organic semiconductor.The organic salt not only can promote the lamellar crystallinity of P3HT to obtain better charge transport properties,but also reduce the defects of perovskite.As a result,we achieved champion efficiencies of 23.0%for small-area solar cells and 18.8%for larger-area modules(48.0 cm^(2)).This efficiency is the highest value for P3HT-based perovskite modules.Moreover,the solar cells show excellent operational stability,retaining over 95%of their initial efficiencies after1200 h of continuous operation.
基金funding from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFE0110000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11274259,No.11574258)the Science and Technology Commission Foundation of Shanghai(21DZ1205500)in support of the present research.
文摘While reinforcement learning-based underwater acoustic adaptive modulation shows promise for enabling environment-adaptive communication as supported by extensive simulation-based research,its practical performance remains underexplored in field investigations.To evaluate the practical applicability of this emerging technique in adverse shallow sea channels,a field experiment was conducted using three communication modes:orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM),M-ary frequency-shift keying(MFSK),and direct sequence spread spectrum(DSSS)for reinforcement learning-driven adaptive modulation.Specifically,a Q-learning method is used to select the optimal modulation mode according to the channel quality quantified by signal-to-noise ratio,multipath spread length,and Doppler frequency offset.Experimental results demonstrate that the reinforcement learning-based adaptive modulation scheme outperformed fixed threshold detection in terms of total throughput and average bit error rate,surpassing conventional adaptive modulation strategies.
文摘AIM:To investigate the effects of different light intensities and various mydriatic and miotic drugs on pupil accommodation in guinea pigs.METHODS:Forty-two-week-old guinea pigs were randomly divided into four groups to assess pupillary responses under varying light intensities(100,250,500 lx)and pharmacological interventions(1%atropine,1%cyclopentolate,1%tropicamide,or 2%pilocarpine).Baseline pupil size and eccentricity were recorded using a non-contact Python-based imaging system integrating edge detection and pixel-to-distance conversion.Direct illumination effects were measured at sequential time points,followed by drug administration and longitudinal tracking of pupillary changes.The protocol was repeated at 12wk of age for developmental comparisons.Postexperiment,enucleated eyes were analyzed to evaluate in vitro vs in vivo differences.RESULTS:Significant age-dependent differences in pupil dynamics were observed.Both 2-and 12-week-old guinea pigs exhibited marked pupil constriction under direct illumination(P<0.001),with decreased eccentricity post-constriction(P<0.001).Indirect illumination caused inconsistent pupil size changes(2-week:P=0.68;12-week:P=0.49).Pharmacologically,atropine,cyclopentolate,and tropicamide induced pupil dilation(P<0.001),whereas pilocarpine caused constriction(P<0.001).All drug groups showed reduced eccentricity(P<0.001).In vivo/in vitro comparisons revealed significant structural differences.CONCLUSION:This study investigates pupillary responses in developing guinea pigs,revealing a direct pupillary light reflex(PLR)with light intensity-dependent responses,while indirect PLR was undetectable.The differential effects of muscarinic modulators on pupillary responses underscore the critical role of cholinergic signaling in ocular accommodation,with age-related variations in sensitivity.Additionally,a novel non-contact measurement methodology achieved a precision of 0.01 mm for pupillary quantification,enhancing accuracy in ocular studies.
基金supported by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation,HFRI,“2nd Call for HFRI Research Projects to support Faculty Members&Researchers”Project 02667 to GL.
文摘Lysophosphatidic acid(LPA)is a pleiotropic lipid agonist essential for functions of the central nervous system(CNS).It is abundant in the developing and adult brain while its concentration in biological fluids,including cerebrospinal fluid,varies significantly(Figure 1Α;Yung et al.,2014).LPA actually corresponds to a variety of lipid species that include different stereoisomers with either saturated or unsaturated fatty acids bearing likely differentiated biological activities(Figure 1Α;Yung et al.,2014;Hernández-Araiza et al.,2018).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.T2325004 and 52161160330)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No.12504233)+2 种基金Advanced MaterialsNational Science and Technology Major Project (Grant No.2024ZD0606900)the Talent Hub for “AI+New Materials” Basic Researchthe Key Research and Development Program of Ningbo (Grant No.2025Z088)。
文摘The functional properties of glasses are governed by their formation history and the complex relaxation processes they undergo.However,under extreme conditions,glass behaviors are still elusive.In this study,we employ simulations with varied protocols to evaluate the effectiveness of different descriptors in predicting mechanical properties across both low-and high-pressure regimes.Our findings demonstrate that conventional structural and configurational descriptors fail to correlate with the mechanical response following pressure release,whereas the activation energy descriptor exhibits robust linearity with shear modulus after correcting for pressure effects.Notably,the soft mode parameter emerges as an ideal and computationally efficient alternative for capturing this mechanical behavior.These findings provide critical insights into the influence of pressure on glassy properties,integrating the distinct features of compressed glasses into a unified theoretical framework.
