Recently emerging disadvantages in conventional disinfection have heightened the need for finding a new solution. Developments in the use of high pressure carbon dioxide for food preservation and sterilization have le...Recently emerging disadvantages in conventional disinfection have heightened the need for finding a new solution. Developments in the use of high pressure carbon dioxide for food preservation and sterilization have led to a renewed interest in its applicability in wastewater treatment and water disinfection. Pressurized CO2 is one of the most investigated methods of antibacterial treatment and has been used extensively for decades to inhibit pathogens in dried food and liquid products. This study reviews the literature concerning the utility of CO2 as a disinfecting agent, and the pathogen inactivation mechanism of CO2 treatment is evaluated based on all available research. In this paper, it will be argued that the successful application and high effectiveness of CO2 treatment in liquid foods open a potential opportunity for its use in wastewater treatment and water disinfection. The findings from models with different operating conditions（pressure, temperature, microorganism, water content, media …） suggest that most microorganisms are successfully inhibited under CO2 treatment. It will also be shown that the bacterial deaths under CO2 treatment can be explained by many different mechanisms.Moreover, the findings in this study can help to address the recently emerging problems in water disinfection, such as disinfection by-products（resulting from chlorination or ozone treatment）.展开更多
Objective To observe the effects and mechanism of Yiqi Wenyang Xuoxue Huatan Formula(YWHHF)on hypoxia-hypercapnia pulmonary hypertension rats.Methods Totally 55 SD rats were randomly divided normoxia control(N)group,h...Objective To observe the effects and mechanism of Yiqi Wenyang Xuoxue Huatan Formula(YWHHF)on hypoxia-hypercapnia pulmonary hypertension rats.Methods Totally 55 SD rats were randomly divided normoxia control(N)group,hypoxia-hypercapnia(HH)group,high-dose YWHHF(YH)group,middle-dose YWHHF(YM)group,low-dose YWHHF(YL)group,10 in each group.Rats in N group were raised outside the chamber,rats in the rest groups were raised in the oxygen chamber with low oxygen concentration and high CO2 concentration for 8 h daily,6 days a week for 4 weeks.Rats in YH,YM and YL groups were fed with YWHHF at a daily dose of 0.6,0.3 and 0.15 g/kg respectively by gastrogavage 0.5 h before entering chamber,equal volume of normal saline was administered to rats in the N group and HH group by gastrogavage.All treatment lasted for 4 successive weeks.The mean pulmonary artery pressure(mPAP),mean carotid artery pressure(mCAP)and right ventricular hypertrophy index(RVHI)were measured by right heart catheterization.The morphological changes of pulmonary arteries were observed under light microscope and electron microscope.The ratio of pulmonary vascular wall area and total area(WA/TA),the ratio of vascular lumen area and total area(LA/TA)were determined.Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)and Western blot were used to detect the expression of ERS related protein and mRNA(GRP78,CHOP,JNK,Caspase-12).The apoptotic index of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells was detected by TUNEL.Results Compared with the N group,mPAP,RVHI and WA/TA were increased in the HH group,LA/TA were decreased(P<0.01),expression of ERS related protein and mRNA(GRP78,JNK,Caspase-12,CHOP)were increased in the HH group(P<0.01),and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells apoptosis rate was decreased(P<0.01).Compared with the HH group,mPAP,RVHI and WA/TA in YH,YM and YL groups were decreased,LA/TA were increased(P<0.05,P<0.01),and expression of ERS related protein and mRNA were decreased in the YH,YM and YL groups(P<0.05,P<0.01).The apoptotic rates of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in the YH and YM group were significantly higher than those of in the HH group(P<0.05,P<0.01).Compared with the YL group,the above indexes of YH and YM groups were significantly improved(P<0.05,P<0.01).Conclusion YWHHF can inhibit JNK,Caspase-12 and CHOP to reduce the hypoxia-hypercapnia pulmonary hypertension in rats.Comprehensive consideration,the effect of medium dose(0.3 g/kg)is the most appropriate.展开更多
文摘Recently emerging disadvantages in conventional disinfection have heightened the need for finding a new solution. Developments in the use of high pressure carbon dioxide for food preservation and sterilization have led to a renewed interest in its applicability in wastewater treatment and water disinfection. Pressurized CO2 is one of the most investigated methods of antibacterial treatment and has been used extensively for decades to inhibit pathogens in dried food and liquid products. This study reviews the literature concerning the utility of CO2 as a disinfecting agent, and the pathogen inactivation mechanism of CO2 treatment is evaluated based on all available research. In this paper, it will be argued that the successful application and high effectiveness of CO2 treatment in liquid foods open a potential opportunity for its use in wastewater treatment and water disinfection. The findings from models with different operating conditions（pressure, temperature, microorganism, water content, media …） suggest that most microorganisms are successfully inhibited under CO2 treatment. It will also be shown that the bacterial deaths under CO2 treatment can be explained by many different mechanisms.Moreover, the findings in this study can help to address the recently emerging problems in water disinfection, such as disinfection by-products（resulting from chlorination or ozone treatment）.
文摘Objective To observe the effects and mechanism of Yiqi Wenyang Xuoxue Huatan Formula(YWHHF)on hypoxia-hypercapnia pulmonary hypertension rats.Methods Totally 55 SD rats were randomly divided normoxia control(N)group,hypoxia-hypercapnia(HH)group,high-dose YWHHF(YH)group,middle-dose YWHHF(YM)group,low-dose YWHHF(YL)group,10 in each group.Rats in N group were raised outside the chamber,rats in the rest groups were raised in the oxygen chamber with low oxygen concentration and high CO2 concentration for 8 h daily,6 days a week for 4 weeks.Rats in YH,YM and YL groups were fed with YWHHF at a daily dose of 0.6,0.3 and 0.15 g/kg respectively by gastrogavage 0.5 h before entering chamber,equal volume of normal saline was administered to rats in the N group and HH group by gastrogavage.All treatment lasted for 4 successive weeks.The mean pulmonary artery pressure(mPAP),mean carotid artery pressure(mCAP)and right ventricular hypertrophy index(RVHI)were measured by right heart catheterization.The morphological changes of pulmonary arteries were observed under light microscope and electron microscope.The ratio of pulmonary vascular wall area and total area(WA/TA),the ratio of vascular lumen area and total area(LA/TA)were determined.Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)and Western blot were used to detect the expression of ERS related protein and mRNA(GRP78,CHOP,JNK,Caspase-12).The apoptotic index of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells was detected by TUNEL.Results Compared with the N group,mPAP,RVHI and WA/TA were increased in the HH group,LA/TA were decreased(P<0.01),expression of ERS related protein and mRNA(GRP78,JNK,Caspase-12,CHOP)were increased in the HH group(P<0.01),and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells apoptosis rate was decreased(P<0.01).Compared with the HH group,mPAP,RVHI and WA/TA in YH,YM and YL groups were decreased,LA/TA were increased(P<0.05,P<0.01),and expression of ERS related protein and mRNA were decreased in the YH,YM and YL groups(P<0.05,P<0.01).The apoptotic rates of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in the YH and YM group were significantly higher than those of in the HH group(P<0.05,P<0.01).Compared with the YL group,the above indexes of YH and YM groups were significantly improved(P<0.05,P<0.01).Conclusion YWHHF can inhibit JNK,Caspase-12 and CHOP to reduce the hypoxia-hypercapnia pulmonary hypertension in rats.Comprehensive consideration,the effect of medium dose(0.3 g/kg)is the most appropriate.
