In recent years,housing prices have attracted widespread attention,and the fluctuation of housing prices is due to a combination of many factors.In addition to the characteristics of the house itself,the price of a ho...In recent years,housing prices have attracted widespread attention,and the fluctuation of housing prices is due to a combination of many factors.In addition to the characteristics of the house itself,the price of a house is also affected by other factors,such as the community in which the house is located.This article used Beijing’s 2017 second-hand housing transaction data (based on second-hand housing transaction records on Lianjia.com),introduced a hierarchical linear model,and employed Stata software to analyze from different levels.It is intended to find the correlation between housing prices and different levels of characteristics,so to pin down the factors that affect prices of the second-hand housing.展开更多
In the hierarchical random effect linear model, the Bayes estimator of random parameter are not only dependent on specific prior distribution but also it is difficult to calculate in most cases. This paper derives the...In the hierarchical random effect linear model, the Bayes estimator of random parameter are not only dependent on specific prior distribution but also it is difficult to calculate in most cases. This paper derives the distributed-free optimal linear estimator of random parameters in the model by means of the credibility theory method. The estimators the authors derive can be applied in more extensive practical scenarios since they are only dependent on the first two moments of prior parameter rather than on specific prior distribution. Finally, the results are compared with some classical models and a numerical example is given to show the effectiveness of the estimators.展开更多
While much of international marketing research involves two or more levels, limited work in the international marketing literature uses hierarchical linear modeling to examine different level effects. This study condu...While much of international marketing research involves two or more levels, limited work in the international marketing literature uses hierarchical linear modeling to examine different level effects. This study conducts a thorough literature review on hierarchical linear modeling （HLM） in 28 international marketing papers that employed HLM from 2005-2014 and evaluates the use of HLM in these papers on the objects, operating levels, and other issues. We call for more applications of HLM in international marketing research, particularly for research on emerging markets with significant sub-national and institutional variations. The paper provides an illustrative empirical study that employs HLM to test the moderating role of industry-level government subsidies in the relationship between firm innovation and exporter performance in China.展开更多
Maintaining optimal quality of life(QoL)is a pivotal for“successful aging”.Understanding how the QoL of the elderly develops and what role psychological factors play in its development will help improve QoL from a p...Maintaining optimal quality of life(QoL)is a pivotal for“successful aging”.Understanding how the QoL of the elderly develops and what role psychological factors play in its development will help improve QoL from a psychological perspective.Embedded within the lifespan theory of control,this longitudinal study aimed to(1)map the temporal trajectory of QoL among Chinese older adults,(2)examine differential effects of tripartite negative emotions(stress,anxiety,depression),and(3)test themoderating role of control strategies(goal engagement,goal disengagement,self-protection)in emotion-QoL dynamics.A prospective cohort of 345 community-dwelling older adults(Mage=83.84±8.49 years;55.1%female)completed validated measures-SF-36 for QoL,DASS-21 for negative emotions,and an adapted Control Strategies Questionnaire(CAS)-at three waves spanning 12 months.Hierarchical linear modeling(HLM)with time-nested structure analyzed intraindividual changes and interindividual differences.QoL exhibited a significant linear decline over time(β=−4.75,p<0.001).Stress(β=−14.12,p<0.001)and anxiety(β=−11.24,p<0.001)robustly predicted QoL decline,whereas depression showed no significant effect.Control strategies had divergent associations:goal engagement(β=3.51,p<0.001)and self-protection(β=2.38,p=0.015)predicted higher baseline QoL,while goal disengagement accelerated decline(β=−7.00,p<0.001;interaction with time:β=−2.46,p<0.001).Contrary to hypotheses,control strategies did not moderate emotion-QoL associations(ΔR2=0.02,p=0.21).The results showed that stress and anxiety played an important role in the QoL of the elderly.At the same time,goal engagement and self-protection were beneficial to the QoL of the elderly,while goal disengagement was not conducive to QoL and its development among the elderly.Meanwhile,the negative effect of anxiety and stress on the QoL of the elderly was not affected by the control strategies.展开更多
Bayesian Hierarchical models has been widely used in modern statistical application.To deal with the data having complex structures,we propose a generalized hierarchical normal linear(GHNL)model which accommodates arb...Bayesian Hierarchical models has been widely used in modern statistical application.To deal with the data having complex structures,we propose a generalized hierarchical normal linear(GHNL)model which accommodates arbitrarily many levels,usual design matrices and'vanilla'covari-ance matrices.Objective hyperpriors can be employed for the GHNL model to express ignorance or match frequentist properties,yet the common objective Bayesian approaches are infeasible or fraught with danger in hierarchical modelling.To tackle this issue,[Berger,J,Sun,D.&Song,C.(2020b).An objective prior for hyperparameters in normal hierarchical models.Journal of Multi-variate Analysis,178,104606.https://doi.org/10.1016/jmva.2020.104606]proposed a particular objective prior and investigated its properties comprehensively.Posterior propriety is important for the choice of priors to guarantee the convergence of MCMC samplers.James Berger conjec-tured that the resulting posterior is proper for a hierarchical normal model with arbitrarily many levels,a rigorous proof of which was not given,however.In this paper,we complete this story and provide an user friendly guidance.One main contribution of this paper is to propose a new technique for deriving an elaborate upper bound on the integrated likelihood but also one uni-fied approach to checking the posterior propriety for linear models.An eficient Gibbs sampling method is also introduced and outperforms other sampling approaches considerably.展开更多
Most existing agronomic trait models of winter wheat vary across growing seasons, and it is an open question whether a unified statistical model can be developed to predict agronomic traits using a vegetation index(VI...Most existing agronomic trait models of winter wheat vary across growing seasons, and it is an open question whether a unified statistical model can be developed to predict agronomic traits using a vegetation index(VI) across multiple growing seasons. In this study, we constructed a hierarchical linear model(HLM) to automatically adapt the relationship between VIs and agronomic traits across growing seasons and tested the model’s performance by sensitivity analysis. Results demonstrated that(1) optical VIs give poor performance in predicting AGB and PNC across all growth stages, whereas VIs perform well for LAI, LGB, LNC, and SPAD.(2) The sensitivity indices of the phenological information in the AGB and PNC prediction models were 0.81–0.86 and 0.66–0.73, whereas LAI, LGB, LNC, and SPAD prediction models produced sensitivity indexes of 0.01–0.02, 0.01–0.02, 0.01–0.02, and 0.02–0.08, respectively.(3) The AGB and PNC prediction models considering ZS were more accurate than the prediction models based on VI. Whether or not phenological information is used, there was no difference in model accuracy for LGB,LNC, SPAD, and LAI. This study may provide a guideline for deciding whether phenological correction is required for estimation of agronomic traits across multiple growing seasons.展开更多
Income from non-agricultural industries operated by rural households is an important income source of farmers' income. According to the Regional Rural Residents' Net Income Per Capita in 2004 issued by the Sta...Income from non-agricultural industries operated by rural households is an important income source of farmers' income. According to the Regional Rural Residents' Net Income Per Capita in 2004 issued by the State Statistics Bureau and the relevant statistics of national comprehensive investigation(CGSS2005) in 2005, the impacts of farmers' income gap and farmers' individual features on their income and the impacts of income from non-agricultural industries operated by rural households on farmers' individual income differences are analyzed by applying Hierarchical Linear Models (HLM) as an analysis tool to establish the null model of HLM, excluding the second level model of the second level prediction variables and including the second level model of the second layer prediction variables. The analysis assumes that farmers' individual income varies hugely in different provinces; farmers' individual income has close relation with farmers' individual features; the improvement of income from non-agricultural industries operated by rural households has different impacts on farmers' income.展开更多
According to the Theory of Justice,the characteristics of vulnerable groups should be considered in realizing the mental health benefits of blue-green spaces,so as to promote substantive equity and welfare in cities.T...According to the Theory of Justice,the characteristics of vulnerable groups should be considered in realizing the mental health benefits of blue-green spaces,so as to promote substantive equity and welfare in cities.The unclear relationship between the blue-green space indicator system and the mental health of older adults at both the quantitative and qualitative levels has hindered the development of spatial justice and health equity in cities.Based on the theories of stress reduction and attention restoration,this paper uses the Hierarchical Linear Model to systematically explore the relationship between the qualitative(environmental characteristics and landscape patterns of parks and water bodies)and quantitative(visibility and accessibility)characteristics of blue-green spaces and the mental health of older adults.The research finds that in the spatial dimension,there is a significant difference in the relationship between the qualitative and quantitative indicators of blue-green space and the mental health of older adults,and the relationship between the availability,visibility,and accessibility of blue-green space and the mental health of older adults is weakened in turn.In the social dimension,resilient ecological spaces can regulate and buffer the negative impacts on the mental health of older adults that are brought about by unfavorable socio-economic factors like having no homeownership.The research can provide guidance for environmental design and the selection of planning indicators to improve the mental health of older adults,and give empirical evidence for reaching a more“equitable”layout of urban blue-green spaces,so as to promote the development of age friendly cities and green and healthy cities.展开更多
文摘In recent years,housing prices have attracted widespread attention,and the fluctuation of housing prices is due to a combination of many factors.In addition to the characteristics of the house itself,the price of a house is also affected by other factors,such as the community in which the house is located.This article used Beijing’s 2017 second-hand housing transaction data (based on second-hand housing transaction records on Lianjia.com),introduced a hierarchical linear model,and employed Stata software to analyze from different levels.It is intended to find the correlation between housing prices and different levels of characteristics,so to pin down the factors that affect prices of the second-hand housing.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.71361015,71340010,71371074the Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation under Grant No.20142BAB201013+2 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under Grant No.2013M540534China Postdoctoral Fund special Project under Grant No.2014T70615Jiangxi Postdoctoral Science Foundation under Grant No.2013KY53
文摘In the hierarchical random effect linear model, the Bayes estimator of random parameter are not only dependent on specific prior distribution but also it is difficult to calculate in most cases. This paper derives the distributed-free optimal linear estimator of random parameters in the model by means of the credibility theory method. The estimators the authors derive can be applied in more extensive practical scenarios since they are only dependent on the first two moments of prior parameter rather than on specific prior distribution. Finally, the results are compared with some classical models and a numerical example is given to show the effectiveness of the estimators.
基金The anthors are grateful for the financial support of the Research Funding for the Doctoral Programs of Higher Education, Ministry of Education, China （20120004120005）, the Beijing Youth Talent Project, and National Natural Science Foundation of China （71202149）.
文摘While much of international marketing research involves two or more levels, limited work in the international marketing literature uses hierarchical linear modeling to examine different level effects. This study conducts a thorough literature review on hierarchical linear modeling （HLM） in 28 international marketing papers that employed HLM from 2005-2014 and evaluates the use of HLM in these papers on the objects, operating levels, and other issues. We call for more applications of HLM in international marketing research, particularly for research on emerging markets with significant sub-national and institutional variations. The paper provides an illustrative empirical study that employs HLM to test the moderating role of industry-level government subsidies in the relationship between firm innovation and exporter performance in China.
文摘Maintaining optimal quality of life(QoL)is a pivotal for“successful aging”.Understanding how the QoL of the elderly develops and what role psychological factors play in its development will help improve QoL from a psychological perspective.Embedded within the lifespan theory of control,this longitudinal study aimed to(1)map the temporal trajectory of QoL among Chinese older adults,(2)examine differential effects of tripartite negative emotions(stress,anxiety,depression),and(3)test themoderating role of control strategies(goal engagement,goal disengagement,self-protection)in emotion-QoL dynamics.A prospective cohort of 345 community-dwelling older adults(Mage=83.84±8.49 years;55.1%female)completed validated measures-SF-36 for QoL,DASS-21 for negative emotions,and an adapted Control Strategies Questionnaire(CAS)-at three waves spanning 12 months.Hierarchical linear modeling(HLM)with time-nested structure analyzed intraindividual changes and interindividual differences.QoL exhibited a significant linear decline over time(β=−4.75,p<0.001).Stress(β=−14.12,p<0.001)and anxiety(β=−11.24,p<0.001)robustly predicted QoL decline,whereas depression showed no significant effect.Control strategies had divergent associations:goal engagement(β=3.51,p<0.001)and self-protection(β=2.38,p=0.015)predicted higher baseline QoL,while goal disengagement accelerated decline(β=−7.00,p<0.001;interaction with time:β=−2.46,p<0.001).Contrary to hypotheses,control strategies did not moderate emotion-QoL associations(ΔR2=0.02,p=0.21).The results showed that stress and anxiety played an important role in the QoL of the elderly.At the same time,goal engagement and self-protection were beneficial to the QoL of the elderly,while goal disengagement was not conducive to QoL and its development among the elderly.Meanwhile,the negative effect of anxiety and stress on the QoL of the elderly was not affected by the control strategies.
基金The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 11671146].
文摘Bayesian Hierarchical models has been widely used in modern statistical application.To deal with the data having complex structures,we propose a generalized hierarchical normal linear(GHNL)model which accommodates arbitrarily many levels,usual design matrices and'vanilla'covari-ance matrices.Objective hyperpriors can be employed for the GHNL model to express ignorance or match frequentist properties,yet the common objective Bayesian approaches are infeasible or fraught with danger in hierarchical modelling.To tackle this issue,[Berger,J,Sun,D.&Song,C.(2020b).An objective prior for hyperparameters in normal hierarchical models.Journal of Multi-variate Analysis,178,104606.https://doi.org/10.1016/jmva.2020.104606]proposed a particular objective prior and investigated its properties comprehensively.Posterior propriety is important for the choice of priors to guarantee the convergence of MCMC samplers.James Berger conjec-tured that the resulting posterior is proper for a hierarchical normal model with arbitrarily many levels,a rigorous proof of which was not given,however.In this paper,we complete this story and provide an user friendly guidance.One main contribution of this paper is to propose a new technique for deriving an elaborate upper bound on the integrated likelihood but also one uni-fied approach to checking the posterior propriety for linear models.An eficient Gibbs sampling method is also introduced and outperforms other sampling approaches considerably.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFE0125300)the Shandong Provincial Key R&D Plan (2021LZGC026)the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-03)。
文摘Most existing agronomic trait models of winter wheat vary across growing seasons, and it is an open question whether a unified statistical model can be developed to predict agronomic traits using a vegetation index(VI) across multiple growing seasons. In this study, we constructed a hierarchical linear model(HLM) to automatically adapt the relationship between VIs and agronomic traits across growing seasons and tested the model’s performance by sensitivity analysis. Results demonstrated that(1) optical VIs give poor performance in predicting AGB and PNC across all growth stages, whereas VIs perform well for LAI, LGB, LNC, and SPAD.(2) The sensitivity indices of the phenological information in the AGB and PNC prediction models were 0.81–0.86 and 0.66–0.73, whereas LAI, LGB, LNC, and SPAD prediction models produced sensitivity indexes of 0.01–0.02, 0.01–0.02, 0.01–0.02, and 0.02–0.08, respectively.(3) The AGB and PNC prediction models considering ZS were more accurate than the prediction models based on VI. Whether or not phenological information is used, there was no difference in model accuracy for LGB,LNC, SPAD, and LAI. This study may provide a guideline for deciding whether phenological correction is required for estimation of agronomic traits across multiple growing seasons.
文摘Income from non-agricultural industries operated by rural households is an important income source of farmers' income. According to the Regional Rural Residents' Net Income Per Capita in 2004 issued by the State Statistics Bureau and the relevant statistics of national comprehensive investigation(CGSS2005) in 2005, the impacts of farmers' income gap and farmers' individual features on their income and the impacts of income from non-agricultural industries operated by rural households on farmers' individual income differences are analyzed by applying Hierarchical Linear Models (HLM) as an analysis tool to establish the null model of HLM, excluding the second level model of the second level prediction variables and including the second level model of the second layer prediction variables. The analysis assumes that farmers' individual income varies hugely in different provinces; farmers' individual income has close relation with farmers' individual features; the improvement of income from non-agricultural industries operated by rural households has different impacts on farmers' income.
文摘According to the Theory of Justice,the characteristics of vulnerable groups should be considered in realizing the mental health benefits of blue-green spaces,so as to promote substantive equity and welfare in cities.The unclear relationship between the blue-green space indicator system and the mental health of older adults at both the quantitative and qualitative levels has hindered the development of spatial justice and health equity in cities.Based on the theories of stress reduction and attention restoration,this paper uses the Hierarchical Linear Model to systematically explore the relationship between the qualitative(environmental characteristics and landscape patterns of parks and water bodies)and quantitative(visibility and accessibility)characteristics of blue-green spaces and the mental health of older adults.The research finds that in the spatial dimension,there is a significant difference in the relationship between the qualitative and quantitative indicators of blue-green space and the mental health of older adults,and the relationship between the availability,visibility,and accessibility of blue-green space and the mental health of older adults is weakened in turn.In the social dimension,resilient ecological spaces can regulate and buffer the negative impacts on the mental health of older adults that are brought about by unfavorable socio-economic factors like having no homeownership.The research can provide guidance for environmental design and the selection of planning indicators to improve the mental health of older adults,and give empirical evidence for reaching a more“equitable”layout of urban blue-green spaces,so as to promote the development of age friendly cities and green and healthy cities.
