Judit Bar-Ilan passed away 11 days after her 61 birthday, after a long suffering and a very courageous fight for life. Bom in Budapest, she immigrated with her parents to Israel at the age of 15. As such she was fluen...Judit Bar-Ilan passed away 11 days after her 61 birthday, after a long suffering and a very courageous fight for life. Bom in Budapest, she immigrated with her parents to Israel at the age of 15. As such she was fluent in Hungarian, Hebrew and English.展开更多
The history and geographical origin of citron （Citrus medica L.） is still unknown but most of authors agree that it originated in Southeast Asia. There are different opinions about the exact period and the steps by ...The history and geographical origin of citron （Citrus medica L.） is still unknown but most of authors agree that it originated in Southeast Asia. There are different opinions about the exact period and the steps by which it was brought from its country of origin to the Mediterranean basin where it is cultivated in Corsica, Crete and in southern Italy （Calabria region）. In particulary, Citrus medica ＇Diamante＇ grows, almost exclusively, in a restricted area of the Tyrrhenian cost of the region Calabria, called ＂Riviera dei Cedri＂, a relevant local economic district. This citron has been and is, still being used by Jews for worship during the Feast of Tabernacles, a very important religious ritual, where it plays a prominent part; in fact, for this holiday of Sukkot, the use of the authentic citron that grows in Calabria region is recommended, because it is not grafted. In this paper, the fascinating history of C. medica and its spread from the centers of origin to the Mediterranean is reported with the aim to investigate the religious and cultural significance of the C. medica ＇Diamante＇, an exclusive and historical heritage of the Calabria region.展开更多
In this study,all the words in the latest edition of the Hebrew Even Shoshan Dictionary(2003)were scanned and ancient words that were not used continuously throughout the Hebrew strata—used in Modern Hebrew in their ...In this study,all the words in the latest edition of the Hebrew Even Shoshan Dictionary(2003)were scanned and ancient words that were not used continuously throughout the Hebrew strata—used in Modern Hebrew in their old or new meaning—were collected.After finding the appropriate words,we examined their incidence in the Gur dictionary(1946)to ensure that the new meanings had not existed then.We have determined the scope of usage by general knowledge and Google Search.The 99 ancient words with new meanings were identified,39 of which are foreign,according to this distribution:31 biblical words,44 words of the Sages,and 24 medieval words.In parallel with the 70 years of Israel’s independence,many ancient words were reintroduced with new modern meanings,to answer the need to create terms for the institutions of the sovereign state and for the masses of Jewish immigrants who spoke foreign languages.Most of the words are from the Mishnah period,the last period in which Hebrew was a living language and adopted foreign words from the developed and advanced cultures of its day.The article presents the innovations of words in different fields,explains it,and answers another questions.展开更多
This paper presents an additional mathematical tool that can be used to analyze the Jewish calendar. The table of sixty-one headings was prepared in France, seven hundred and fifty years ago as a tool for finding the ...This paper presents an additional mathematical tool that can be used to analyze the Jewish calendar. The table of sixty-one headings was prepared in France, seven hundred and fifty years ago as a tool for finding the year codes for the 19-year of a particular cycle of Jewish years. This unique table demonstrated that there are only 61 possible arrangements of the year codes in these 19-year cycles. The table can be used to calculate the intervals between the appearances of a pair or any series of particular year codes. These intervals create a closed path.展开更多
The paper examines the social aspect of Israeli （Hebrew} songs, relating to what can be assessed as a ＂positive message to society＂ in the texts, a phenomenon associated in particular with one of the predecessors o...The paper examines the social aspect of Israeli （Hebrew} songs, relating to what can be assessed as a ＂positive message to society＂ in the texts, a phenomenon associated in particular with one of the predecessors of the Hebrew song--the Russian song of the 1930s to the 1950s. Artifacts are analyzed using the tools and methods of several academic disciplines： sociology of music, cultural anthropology, and sociolinguistics. The history of positive statements about society or the environment in the lyrics, starting from the Romantic period, is part of this survey. As essential features of songs with a socially positive message, a range of properties are considered, for example, the image of the environment and some other structural and stylistic elements of texts. This background precedes the analysis of two songs chosen to represent the topic of the study itself. The Hebrew song of the seventies is regarded as part of the cultural heritage of the country, whose culture has traces of many cultures, whose representatives have built this young state, which in itself has a deep historical, cultural, and intercultural scope展开更多
Both Confucian and Hebrew classics remain an everlasting heritage for their nations and the world.Wisdom from both classics stresses the importance of interpersonal relationships in constructing the social order.This ...Both Confucian and Hebrew classics remain an everlasting heritage for their nations and the world.Wisdom from both classics stresses the importance of interpersonal relationships in constructing the social order.This paper,through a comparative study,analyzes similar teachings and rituals concerning two prominent interpersonal relationships-marital bond and parent-child relation.It is found that in these two interpersonal relationships,both wisdom highlight the significance of these bonds,define clear boundaries and roles,and provide ethical warnings in these relations.This study contributes to the cross-cultural investigation of ancient Chinese and Hebrew wisdom in that human nature is embedded with similar hope for order,quality,and glory,so mutual understanding and acceptance is essential in promoting a globalized dialogue and critical view of cultures.Suggestions are provided for further research.展开更多
Molad is simply an interval between two successive new moon timeline<span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">s</span></span></span><span><span&...Molad is simply an interval between two successive new moon timeline<span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> with respect to the line joining the Sun and the Earth <i>i.e.</i>, with respect to the Sun as seen from the Earth, which in scientific term</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">is </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">referred as lunation or “synodic lunar month”. Though synodic lunar month may vary by up to ±0.7 days locally, the length of mean synodic lunar month is constant over a long period of time and is a crucial value in determining the luni-solar calendar’s new months similar to Hebrew calendar’s “Rashei Hodesh”. Based on the Metonic cycle the luni-solar Hebrew calendar adds 07 intercalary months in 19 solar years. This hypothesis proposes a new cycle instead of the Metonic cycle towards eliminating the deviation of the calendar incurred in the long course of time. The research analyzed that application of the conventional Metonic cycle to luni-solar calendar is erroneous, which theoretically leads Hebrew calendar to absorb extra 11</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">days (approx.) by 2053 years after inception. The study pointed out that through the application of 2116</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">2053 lunar-solar years cycle instead of 235</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">228 lunar-solar months based Metonic cycle, formulation of a far better high precession luni-solar calendar is possible and also both lunar and solar sides of the luni-solar calendar became fully balanced and harmonized.</span></span></span>展开更多
The paper describes and analyzes the full presence of red in the Old Testament-in Hebrew and translations.The approach is interdisciplinary,which includes:the treatment of color as a cultural unit,according to the ide...The paper describes and analyzes the full presence of red in the Old Testament-in Hebrew and translations.The approach is interdisciplinary,which includes:the treatment of color as a cultural unit,according to the idea of Umberto Eco;lexical and contextual semantics;examining Basic Color Terms(BCT-adjective,noun,verb),Prototype Terms(PT blood and fire),Rival Terms of Prototypes(RT),e.g.ruby;Ters for Basic Features of the Prototypes(TBFP burn);translation as a criterion and semiotic value;semiotic osmosis(semio-osmosis)as a process that aims equivalence between Hebrew PT and TBFP;semio-osmosis and accommodation;cultural and linguistic context;the interplay of old information(topic/theme)-new information(focus/rheme);rhizome of Hebrew root Aleph-Dalet-Mem deriving untranslatable set of words;well-structured and always translatable terms for PTs.Some links between the Old and New Testaments based on red color are explicit.展开更多
The paper describes and analyzes the full presence of green in the Old Testament—in Hebrew and translations. The approach is interdisciplinary, which includes: the treatment of colour as a cultural unit, according to...The paper describes and analyzes the full presence of green in the Old Testament—in Hebrew and translations. The approach is interdisciplinary, which includes: the treatment of colour as a cultural unit, according to the idea of Umberto Eco; lexical and contextual semantics; examining Basic Colour Terms(BCT—adjective, noun, verb), Prototype Terms(PT—all plants), Rivals Terms of Prototypes(RT), e.g raven, shadow, ebony, etc.; Terms for the Basic Features of the Prototypes(TBFP—fresh, humid, juicy, lush, damp, humid, moist, wet, flowering, blossoming); translation as a criterion and semiotic value; semio-osmosis as a process that aims equivalence of translations, regardless of the different world views of Hebrew and other languages; semio-osmosis and accommodation; cultural and linguistic context; the interplay of old information(topic/theme)—new information(focus/rheme); context meanings and symbolism of grass; translation of PT and TBFP, e.g. fresh tree; grass & herbs; grass & freshness, vegetables, leafy as green; and biblical specialization of PT and TBFP, e.g. fresh tree(Hebrew).展开更多
The article focuses on the Hebrew prototypes terms(PTs)of white in the Old Testament-light,milk,and snow.The aim is to explore the worldview of Hebrew to reveal the original messages of the Bible.The translation is an...The article focuses on the Hebrew prototypes terms(PTs)of white in the Old Testament-light,milk,and snow.The aim is to explore the worldview of Hebrew to reveal the original messages of the Bible.The translation is an essential tool that shows which translation elements(the word and its root derivatives)are symmetrical,asymmetric,and dissymmetric to Hebrew due to the different worldviews of languages.The method is interdisciplinary and includes several theories and approaches.Original is Almalech's methodology for tracking all verbal options to signify color:Basic color term(BCT),prototype term(PT),rival terms to prototype(RT),and terms for the basic feature of the prototype(TBFP).Semiotic osmosis is also an original element of Almalech's methodology and has a place in the study of colors in the Bible.The phenomenon is observed when Hebrew PT is translated with the BCT,Hebrew TBFP is translated with BCT in the Indo-European language,e.g.,darkness is translated with black,fresh is translated with green.In the case of light,semiotic osmosis is when a quality of light is perceived as synonymous with light,e.g.,brilliance is synonymous with light in Hebrew,English,Bulgarian,and other languages.The importance of light in religious systems,regional culture,and natural features are taken into account.Almalech's semiotic approach to color,ie.,treating them as a sign communication system,involves the insisting that a distinction must be made between verbal and visual color because of their different potential to have primary and secondary(figurative and cultural)meanings.The substance of the language sign(sound is a mechanical wave)is physically different from the visual sign(electromagnetic wave).Almalech considered prototypes to be the cognitive interface between verbal and visual colors.Therefore,semiotically understood,color is a cultural unit that contains verbal and visual colors,complemented by social,religious,and folkloric use of primary and secondary color meanings.展开更多
The paper describes and analyzes the full presence of blue in the Old Testament-in Hebrew and translations.The interdisciplinary approach in-cludes the treatment of color as a cultural unit according to of Eco's i...The paper describes and analyzes the full presence of blue in the Old Testament-in Hebrew and translations.The interdisciplinary approach in-cludes the treatment of color as a cultural unit according to of Eco's idea,lexical and contextual semantics,distinguishing visual and verbal color languages.The interface between verbal and visual color language is the prototype.Prototypes are universal natural visual objects-sky,sea,fire,blood,the sun at noon,all plants,light,milk,snow,darkness,and coal and have evolved into cultural units(Eco 1996[1985])in all cultures and languages.Basic Color Terms(BCT-blue),Prototype Terms(PT-sky and sea),Rivals Terms of prototypes(RT-sapphire,blue skins),Terms for Basic Features of the Prototypes(TBFP-breadth,infinite,boundless)are examined.Translation is a criterion for semiotic value,cultural and linguistic context.Norm of Test of Free Word-Associations is a source of non-color(secondary)meanings of verbal colors.Test results allow us to flesh out the hidden links‘prototype color-most typical feature of the proto-type-secondary meanings of color'in text and visual culture.The secondary cultural meanings of BCTs and RTs are specified in color compounds.The color blue tehelet is used in most cases in synergy(not in opposition)with the other three colors in a tetrad:purple argaman-scarlet tolaat shani-linen shesh.Analysis on the synergic relations is performed.The same applies to duads blue-linen,blue-purple,blue skins-scarlet,blue skins-red skins.Color compounds are elements of the Priestly Code,therefore a hypothesis on compounds at se-miotic axes is developed.The PT sky is involved in religious heritage.Themes as Hebrew substitute shamaim for the Tetragrammaton,the Hierarchy of heavens complete the areas of cultural unit blue in the Old Testament.展开更多
文摘Judit Bar-Ilan passed away 11 days after her 61 birthday, after a long suffering and a very courageous fight for life. Bom in Budapest, she immigrated with her parents to Israel at the age of 15. As such she was fluent in Hungarian, Hebrew and English.
文摘The history and geographical origin of citron （Citrus medica L.） is still unknown but most of authors agree that it originated in Southeast Asia. There are different opinions about the exact period and the steps by which it was brought from its country of origin to the Mediterranean basin where it is cultivated in Corsica, Crete and in southern Italy （Calabria region）. In particulary, Citrus medica ＇Diamante＇ grows, almost exclusively, in a restricted area of the Tyrrhenian cost of the region Calabria, called ＂Riviera dei Cedri＂, a relevant local economic district. This citron has been and is, still being used by Jews for worship during the Feast of Tabernacles, a very important religious ritual, where it plays a prominent part; in fact, for this holiday of Sukkot, the use of the authentic citron that grows in Calabria region is recommended, because it is not grafted. In this paper, the fascinating history of C. medica and its spread from the centers of origin to the Mediterranean is reported with the aim to investigate the religious and cultural significance of the C. medica ＇Diamante＇, an exclusive and historical heritage of the Calabria region.
文摘In this study,all the words in the latest edition of the Hebrew Even Shoshan Dictionary(2003)were scanned and ancient words that were not used continuously throughout the Hebrew strata—used in Modern Hebrew in their old or new meaning—were collected.After finding the appropriate words,we examined their incidence in the Gur dictionary(1946)to ensure that the new meanings had not existed then.We have determined the scope of usage by general knowledge and Google Search.The 99 ancient words with new meanings were identified,39 of which are foreign,according to this distribution:31 biblical words,44 words of the Sages,and 24 medieval words.In parallel with the 70 years of Israel’s independence,many ancient words were reintroduced with new modern meanings,to answer the need to create terms for the institutions of the sovereign state and for the masses of Jewish immigrants who spoke foreign languages.Most of the words are from the Mishnah period,the last period in which Hebrew was a living language and adopted foreign words from the developed and advanced cultures of its day.The article presents the innovations of words in different fields,explains it,and answers another questions.
文摘This paper presents an additional mathematical tool that can be used to analyze the Jewish calendar. The table of sixty-one headings was prepared in France, seven hundred and fifty years ago as a tool for finding the year codes for the 19-year of a particular cycle of Jewish years. This unique table demonstrated that there are only 61 possible arrangements of the year codes in these 19-year cycles. The table can be used to calculate the intervals between the appearances of a pair or any series of particular year codes. These intervals create a closed path.
文摘The paper examines the social aspect of Israeli （Hebrew} songs, relating to what can be assessed as a ＂positive message to society＂ in the texts, a phenomenon associated in particular with one of the predecessors of the Hebrew song--the Russian song of the 1930s to the 1950s. Artifacts are analyzed using the tools and methods of several academic disciplines： sociology of music, cultural anthropology, and sociolinguistics. The history of positive statements about society or the environment in the lyrics, starting from the Romantic period, is part of this survey. As essential features of songs with a socially positive message, a range of properties are considered, for example, the image of the environment and some other structural and stylistic elements of texts. This background precedes the analysis of two songs chosen to represent the topic of the study itself. The Hebrew song of the seventies is regarded as part of the cultural heritage of the country, whose culture has traces of many cultures, whose representatives have built this young state, which in itself has a deep historical, cultural, and intercultural scope
基金Funds from Shaanxi Social Science(2018M27)Department of Higher Education,Ministry of Education,China(202002325024).
文摘Both Confucian and Hebrew classics remain an everlasting heritage for their nations and the world.Wisdom from both classics stresses the importance of interpersonal relationships in constructing the social order.This paper,through a comparative study,analyzes similar teachings and rituals concerning two prominent interpersonal relationships-marital bond and parent-child relation.It is found that in these two interpersonal relationships,both wisdom highlight the significance of these bonds,define clear boundaries and roles,and provide ethical warnings in these relations.This study contributes to the cross-cultural investigation of ancient Chinese and Hebrew wisdom in that human nature is embedded with similar hope for order,quality,and glory,so mutual understanding and acceptance is essential in promoting a globalized dialogue and critical view of cultures.Suggestions are provided for further research.
文摘Molad is simply an interval between two successive new moon timeline<span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> with respect to the line joining the Sun and the Earth <i>i.e.</i>, with respect to the Sun as seen from the Earth, which in scientific term</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">is </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">referred as lunation or “synodic lunar month”. Though synodic lunar month may vary by up to ±0.7 days locally, the length of mean synodic lunar month is constant over a long period of time and is a crucial value in determining the luni-solar calendar’s new months similar to Hebrew calendar’s “Rashei Hodesh”. Based on the Metonic cycle the luni-solar Hebrew calendar adds 07 intercalary months in 19 solar years. This hypothesis proposes a new cycle instead of the Metonic cycle towards eliminating the deviation of the calendar incurred in the long course of time. The research analyzed that application of the conventional Metonic cycle to luni-solar calendar is erroneous, which theoretically leads Hebrew calendar to absorb extra 11</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">days (approx.) by 2053 years after inception. The study pointed out that through the application of 2116</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">2053 lunar-solar years cycle instead of 235</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">228 lunar-solar months based Metonic cycle, formulation of a far better high precession luni-solar calendar is possible and also both lunar and solar sides of the luni-solar calendar became fully balanced and harmonized.</span></span></span>
文摘The paper describes and analyzes the full presence of red in the Old Testament-in Hebrew and translations.The approach is interdisciplinary,which includes:the treatment of color as a cultural unit,according to the idea of Umberto Eco;lexical and contextual semantics;examining Basic Color Terms(BCT-adjective,noun,verb),Prototype Terms(PT blood and fire),Rival Terms of Prototypes(RT),e.g.ruby;Ters for Basic Features of the Prototypes(TBFP burn);translation as a criterion and semiotic value;semiotic osmosis(semio-osmosis)as a process that aims equivalence between Hebrew PT and TBFP;semio-osmosis and accommodation;cultural and linguistic context;the interplay of old information(topic/theme)-new information(focus/rheme);rhizome of Hebrew root Aleph-Dalet-Mem deriving untranslatable set of words;well-structured and always translatable terms for PTs.Some links between the Old and New Testaments based on red color are explicit.
文摘The paper describes and analyzes the full presence of green in the Old Testament—in Hebrew and translations. The approach is interdisciplinary, which includes: the treatment of colour as a cultural unit, according to the idea of Umberto Eco; lexical and contextual semantics; examining Basic Colour Terms(BCT—adjective, noun, verb), Prototype Terms(PT—all plants), Rivals Terms of Prototypes(RT), e.g raven, shadow, ebony, etc.; Terms for the Basic Features of the Prototypes(TBFP—fresh, humid, juicy, lush, damp, humid, moist, wet, flowering, blossoming); translation as a criterion and semiotic value; semio-osmosis as a process that aims equivalence of translations, regardless of the different world views of Hebrew and other languages; semio-osmosis and accommodation; cultural and linguistic context; the interplay of old information(topic/theme)—new information(focus/rheme); context meanings and symbolism of grass; translation of PT and TBFP, e.g. fresh tree; grass & herbs; grass & freshness, vegetables, leafy as green; and biblical specialization of PT and TBFP, e.g. fresh tree(Hebrew).
文摘The article focuses on the Hebrew prototypes terms(PTs)of white in the Old Testament-light,milk,and snow.The aim is to explore the worldview of Hebrew to reveal the original messages of the Bible.The translation is an essential tool that shows which translation elements(the word and its root derivatives)are symmetrical,asymmetric,and dissymmetric to Hebrew due to the different worldviews of languages.The method is interdisciplinary and includes several theories and approaches.Original is Almalech's methodology for tracking all verbal options to signify color:Basic color term(BCT),prototype term(PT),rival terms to prototype(RT),and terms for the basic feature of the prototype(TBFP).Semiotic osmosis is also an original element of Almalech's methodology and has a place in the study of colors in the Bible.The phenomenon is observed when Hebrew PT is translated with the BCT,Hebrew TBFP is translated with BCT in the Indo-European language,e.g.,darkness is translated with black,fresh is translated with green.In the case of light,semiotic osmosis is when a quality of light is perceived as synonymous with light,e.g.,brilliance is synonymous with light in Hebrew,English,Bulgarian,and other languages.The importance of light in religious systems,regional culture,and natural features are taken into account.Almalech's semiotic approach to color,ie.,treating them as a sign communication system,involves the insisting that a distinction must be made between verbal and visual color because of their different potential to have primary and secondary(figurative and cultural)meanings.The substance of the language sign(sound is a mechanical wave)is physically different from the visual sign(electromagnetic wave).Almalech considered prototypes to be the cognitive interface between verbal and visual colors.Therefore,semiotically understood,color is a cultural unit that contains verbal and visual colors,complemented by social,religious,and folkloric use of primary and secondary color meanings.
文摘The paper describes and analyzes the full presence of blue in the Old Testament-in Hebrew and translations.The interdisciplinary approach in-cludes the treatment of color as a cultural unit according to of Eco's idea,lexical and contextual semantics,distinguishing visual and verbal color languages.The interface between verbal and visual color language is the prototype.Prototypes are universal natural visual objects-sky,sea,fire,blood,the sun at noon,all plants,light,milk,snow,darkness,and coal and have evolved into cultural units(Eco 1996[1985])in all cultures and languages.Basic Color Terms(BCT-blue),Prototype Terms(PT-sky and sea),Rivals Terms of prototypes(RT-sapphire,blue skins),Terms for Basic Features of the Prototypes(TBFP-breadth,infinite,boundless)are examined.Translation is a criterion for semiotic value,cultural and linguistic context.Norm of Test of Free Word-Associations is a source of non-color(secondary)meanings of verbal colors.Test results allow us to flesh out the hidden links‘prototype color-most typical feature of the proto-type-secondary meanings of color'in text and visual culture.The secondary cultural meanings of BCTs and RTs are specified in color compounds.The color blue tehelet is used in most cases in synergy(not in opposition)with the other three colors in a tetrad:purple argaman-scarlet tolaat shani-linen shesh.Analysis on the synergic relations is performed.The same applies to duads blue-linen,blue-purple,blue skins-scarlet,blue skins-red skins.Color compounds are elements of the Priestly Code,therefore a hypothesis on compounds at se-miotic axes is developed.The PT sky is involved in religious heritage.Themes as Hebrew substitute shamaim for the Tetragrammaton,the Hierarchy of heavens complete the areas of cultural unit blue in the Old Testament.
