This study focuses on numerically investigating thermal behavior within a differentially heated cavity filled with nanofluid with and without obstacles.Numerical comparison with previous studies proves the consistency...This study focuses on numerically investigating thermal behavior within a differentially heated cavity filled with nanofluid with and without obstacles.Numerical comparison with previous studies proves the consistency and efficacy of the lattice Boltzmann method associated with a single relaxation time and its possibility of studying the nanofluid and heat transfer with high accuracy.Key parameters,including nanoparticle type and concentration,Rayleigh number,fluid basis,and obstacle position and dimension,were examined to identify optimal conditions for enhancing heat transfer quality.Principal findings indicated that increasing the Rayleigh number boosts buoyancy forces and alters vortex structure,improving the heat transfer efficiency across all nanofluid configu-rations.Moreover,nanoparticles with higher thermal conductivity,particularly Cu nanoparticles,exhibit slight improvements in heat transfer quality compared to Al2O3 nanoparticles,while higher nanoparticle concentrations generally lead to enhanced heat transfer effectiveness.Water-Cu nanofluids also demonstrate superior heat transfer performance over ethylene glycol-Cu nanofluids.Furthermore,the presence of obstacles at cavity extremities hampers overall heat transfer,whereas those positioned centrally augment heat exchange rates.This research offers valuable insights into optimizing convective heat transfer in nanofluid-filled cavities crucial for various engineering applications.展开更多
We report on commissioning experiments at the high-energy,high-temperature(HHT)target area at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH,Darmstadt,Germany,combining for the first time intense pulses o...We report on commissioning experiments at the high-energy,high-temperature(HHT)target area at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH,Darmstadt,Germany,combining for the first time intense pulses of heavy ions from the SIS18 synchrotron with high-energy laser pulses from the PHELIX laser facility.We demonstrate the use of X-ray diagnostic techniques based on intense laserdriven X-ray sources,which will allow probing of large samples volumetrically heated by the intense heavy-ion beams.A new target chamber as well as optical diagnostics for ion-beam characterization and fast pyrometric temperature measurements complement the experimental capabilities.This platform is designed for experiments at the future Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research in Europe GmbH(FAIR),where unprecedented ion-beam intensities will enable the generation of millimeter-sized samples under high-energy-density conditions.展开更多
Accurate water level measurement in nuclear reactors,particularly in PWRs(pressurized water reactors)and BWRs(boiling water reactors),is essential for ensuring the safety and efficiency of reactor operations.K-type HJ...Accurate water level measurement in nuclear reactors,particularly in PWRs(pressurized water reactors)and BWRs(boiling water reactors),is essential for ensuring the safety and efficiency of reactor operations.K-type HJTCs(heated junction thermocouples)are widely used for this purpose due to their ability to withstand extreme temperatures and radiation conditions.This article explores the role of HJTCs in reactor water level measurement and compares the performance of 2-wire and 3-wire connections.While the 2-wire connection is simple and cost-effective,it can introduce measurement inaccuracies due to wire resistance.In contrast,the 3-wire connection compensates for lead resistance,offering more precise and reliable measurements,particularly in long-distance applications.This paper discusses the operational considerations of these wiring configurations in the context of nuclear reactors and highlights the importance of choosing the appropriate connection type to optimize safety and measurement accuracy in PWR and BWR reactors.展开更多
The actively heated fiber-optic(AHFO)technology has emerged as a frontier and hotspot in soil water content measurement,offering advantages such as easy installation,large-scale distributed measurement capability,and ...The actively heated fiber-optic(AHFO)technology has emerged as a frontier and hotspot in soil water content measurement,offering advantages such as easy installation,large-scale distributed measurement capability,and resistance to electromagnetic interference.However,current AHFO water content sensors fail to simultaneously achieve high precision,applicability for deep soil,and automated real-time monitoring,thereby limiting their development and application.Therefore,this study introduces a novel actively heated fiber Bragg grating(AH-FBG)cable.Laboratory tests were conducted to assess the heating uniformity of the AH-FBG cable and to establish the temperature characteristic value(T_(t))-soil water content(θ)calibration formula for water content measurement.Subsequently,AH-FBG cables were deployed for in situ soil water content monitoring in a test pit on the Loess Plateau.Through two-year monitoring data verified the accuracy of the AH-FBG cable and elucidated the spatiotemporal distribution of in situ loess water content.Laboratory results demonstrated superior heating uniformity of AHFBG cable,with a T_(t) standard deviation of approximately 0.3℃.In the field,the AH-FBG cable exhibited excellent performance in soil water content measurement,achieving a high accuracy of 0.023 cm^(3)/cm^(3).Further analysis revealed that the θ fluctuation predominantly occurred within a 10 m depth from the soil surface,with an overall upward trend over the two-year monitoring period;the response of shallow θ to precipitation was significant but exhibited increasing hysteresis with depth;frequent precipitation significantly enhanced water infiltration depth.This study provides technical guidance for highprecision,quasi-distributed,automated and real-time water content measurement of deep soil.展开更多
This study investigates laminar convection in three regimes(forced convection,mixed convection,and natural convection)of a bi-nanofluid(Cu-Al_(2)O_(3)-water)/mono-nanofluid(Al_(2)O_(3)-water)inside a square enclosure ...This study investigates laminar convection in three regimes(forced convection,mixed convection,and natural convection)of a bi-nanofluid(Cu-Al_(2)O_(3)-water)/mono-nanofluid(Al_(2)O_(3)-water)inside a square enclosure of sliding vertical walls which are kept at cold temperature and moving up,down,or in opposite directions.The enclosure bottom is heated partially by a central heat source of various sizes while the horizontal walls are considered adiabatic.The thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity are dependent on temperature and nanoparticle size.The conservation equations are implemented in the solver ANSYS R2(2020).The numerical predictions are successfully validated by comparison with data from the literature.Numerical simulations are carried out for various volume fractions of solid mono/hybrid-nanoparticles(0≤ϕ≤5%),Richardson numbers(0.001≤Ri≤10),and hot source lengths((1/5)H≤ε≤(4/5)H).Isothermal lines,streamlines,and average Nusselt numbers are analyzed.The thermal performance of nanofluids is compared to that of the base heat transfer fluid(water).Outcomes illustrate the flow characteristics significantly affected by the convection regime,hot source size,sidewall motion,and concentration of solid nanoparticles.In the case of sidewalls moving downward,using hybrid nanofluid(Cu-Al_(2)O_(3)-water)shows the highest heat transfer rate in the enclosure at Ri=1,ε=(4/5)H and volume fraction ofφ=5%where a significant increment(25.14%)of Nusselt number is obtained.展开更多
Maximizing the efficiency of thermal engineering equipment involves minimizing entropy generation,which arises from irreversible processes.This study examines thermal transport and entropy generation in viscous flow o...Maximizing the efficiency of thermal engineering equipment involves minimizing entropy generation,which arises from irreversible processes.This study examines thermal transport and entropy generation in viscous flow over a radially stretching disk,incorporating the effects of magnetohydrodynamics(MHD),viscous dissipation,Joule heating,and radiation.Similarity transformations are used to obtain dimensionless nonlinear ordinary differential equations(ODEs)from the governing coupled partial differential equations(PDEs).The converted equations are then solved by using the BVP4C solver in MATLAB.To validate the findings,the results are compared with previously published studies under fixed parameter conditions,demonstrating strong agreement.Various key parameters are analyzed graphically to assess their impact on velocity and temperature distributions.Additionally,Bejan number and entropy generation variations are presented for different physical parameters.The injection parameter(S<0)increases the heat transfer rate,while the suction parameter(S>0)reduces it,exhibiting similar effects on fluid velocity.The magnetic parameter(M)effectively decreases entropy generation within the range of approximately 0≤η≤0.6.Beyond this interval,its influence diminishes as entropy generation values converge,with similar trends observed for the Bejan number.Furthermore,increased thermal radiation intensity is identified as a critical factor in enhancing entropy generation and the Bejan number.展开更多
Fluid flow through porous spaces with variable porosity has wide-range applications,notably in biomedical and thermal engineering,where it plays a vital role in comprehending blood flow dynamics within cardiovascular ...Fluid flow through porous spaces with variable porosity has wide-range applications,notably in biomedical and thermal engineering,where it plays a vital role in comprehending blood flow dynamics within cardiovascular systems,heat transfer and thermal management systems improve efficiency using porous materials with variable porosity.Keeping these important applications in view,in current study blood-based hybrid nanofluid flow has considered on a convectively heated sheet.The sheet exhibits the properties of a porous medium with variable porosity and extends in both the x and y directions.Blood has used as base fluid in which the nanoparticles of Cu and Cu O have been mixed.Thermal radiation,space-dependent,and thermal-dependent heat sources have been incorporated into the energy equation,while magnetic effects have been integrated into the momentum equations.Dimensionless variables have employed to transform the modeled equations into dimensionless form and facilitating their solution using bvp4c approach.It has concluded in this study that,both the primary and secondary velocities augmented with upsurge in variable porous factor and declined with escalation in stretching ratio,Casson,magnetic,and slip factors along x-and y-axes.Thermal distribution has grown up with upsurge in Casson factor,magnetic factor,thermal Biot number,and thermal/space-dependent heat sources while has retarded with growth in variable porous and stretching ratio factors.The findings of this investigation have been compared with the existing literature,revealing a strong agreement among present and established results that ensured the validation of the model and method used in this work.展开更多
We present in situ measurements of spectrally resolved X-ray scattering and X-ray diffraction from monocrystalline diamond samples heatedwith an intense pulse of heavy ions.In this way,we determine the samples’heatin...We present in situ measurements of spectrally resolved X-ray scattering and X-ray diffraction from monocrystalline diamond samples heatedwith an intense pulse of heavy ions.In this way,we determine the samples’heating dynamics and their microscopic and macroscopic structuralintegrity over a timespan of several microseconds.Connecting the ratio of elastic to inelastic scattering with state-of-the-art density functionaltheory molecular dynamics simulations allows the inference of average temperatures around 1300 K,in agreement with predictions fromstopping power calculations.The simultaneous diffraction measurements show no hints of any volumetric graphitization of the material,butdo indicate the onset of fracture in the diamond sample.Our experiments pave the way for future studies at the Facility for Antiproton andIon Research,where a substantially increased intensity of the heavy ion beam will be available.展开更多
To efficiently remove perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA),we developed a composite of magnetic Fe_(3)O_(4)nanocrystals and MIL-101(an iron-based metal organic framework).Because of its high surface area,porous structure,and ...To efficiently remove perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA),we developed a composite of magnetic Fe_(3)O_(4)nanocrystals and MIL-101(an iron-based metal organic framework).Because of its high surface area,porous structure,and complexation between PFOA as confirmed by experimental results and density functional theory simulation,the magnetic composite showed a Langmuir adsorption capacity of 415 mg/g in the presence of various groundwater components,and thus adsorbed PFOA at environment-relevant concentration within 20 min.The catalyst loaded with PFOA can then be magnetically separated from the synthetic groundwater.This adsorption step concentrated PFOA near MIL-101 and resulted in a fast decomposition rate in the decomposition step,where MIL-101 served as an efficient Fenton agent due to its abundant Fe^(3+)/Fe^(2+)sites.Meanwhile,the alternative magnetic field was introduced to change the production pathway of reactive oxygen species and superoxide radical anions were produced,which was critical for PFOA degradation.In addition,the inductive heating effect heat the magnetic particles to445 K through an in-situ approach,which thus further accelerated Fenton reactions rate.In addition,and achieved a complete degradation of PFOA within 30 min.This newly developed Fenton catalyst demonstrates advantages over conventionally heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts,and thus is promising for practical applications.展开更多
Anomalous ion heat transport is analyzed in the T-10 tokamak plasma heated with electron cyclotron resonance heating(ECRH) in second-harmonic extra-ordinary mode. Predictive modeling with empirical scaling for Ohmical...Anomalous ion heat transport is analyzed in the T-10 tokamak plasma heated with electron cyclotron resonance heating(ECRH) in second-harmonic extra-ordinary mode. Predictive modeling with empirical scaling for Ohmical heat conductivity shows that in ECRH plasmas the calculated ion temperature could be overestimated, so an increase of anomalous ion heat transport is required. To study this effect two scans are presented: over the EC resonance position and over the ECRH power. The EC resonance position varies from the high-field side to the low-field side by variation of the toroidal magnetic field. The scan over the heating power is presented with on-axis and mixed ECRH regimes. Discharges with high anomalous ion heat transport are obtained in all considered regimes. In these discharges the power balance ion heat conductivity exceeds the neoclassical level by up to 10 times. The high ion heat transport regimes are distinguished by three parameters: the ratio Te/Ti, the normalized electron density gradient R/■, and the ion–ion collisionality νii~*. The combination of high Te/Ti, high νii~*, and R/■=6-10 results in values of normalized anomalous ion heat fluxes up to 10 times higher than in the low transport scenario.展开更多
In this paper,experimental and numerical studies of heat transfer in a test local of side H=0.8 m heated from below are presented and compared.All the walls,the rest of the floor and the ceiling are made from plywood ...In this paper,experimental and numerical studies of heat transfer in a test local of side H=0.8 m heated from below are presented and compared.All the walls,the rest of the floor and the ceiling are made from plywood and polystyrene in sandwich form(3 mmplywood-3 cm polystyrene-3 mmplywood)just on one of the vertical walls contained a glazed door(2 H/3×0.15 m).This local is heated during two heating cycles by a square plate of iron the width L=0.6 H,which represents the heat source,its temperature T_(h) is controlled.The plate is heated for two cycles by an adjustable set-point heat source placed just down the center of it.For each cycle,the heat source is switched“on”for 6 h and switched“off”for 6 h.The outdoor air temperature is kept constant at a low temperature T_(c)<T_(h).All measurements are carried out with k-type thermocouples and with flux meters.Results will be qualitatively presented for two cycles of heating in terms of temperatures and heat flux densitiesϕfor various positions of the test local.The temperature evolution of the center and the profile of the temperature along the vertical centerline are compared by two dimensions simulation using the lattice Boltzmann method.The comparison shows a good agreement with a difference that does not exceed±1℃.展开更多
This paper proposes a mathematical modeling approach to examine the two-dimensional flow stagnates at x=0 over a heated stretchable sheet in a porous medium influenced by nonlinear thermal radiation,variable viscosity...This paper proposes a mathematical modeling approach to examine the two-dimensional flow stagnates at x=0 over a heated stretchable sheet in a porous medium influenced by nonlinear thermal radiation,variable viscosity,and MHD.This study’s main purpose is to examine how thermal radiation and varying viscosity affect fluid flow motion.Additionally,we consider the convective boundary conditions and incorporate the gyrotactic microorganisms equation,which describes microorganism behavior in response to fluid flow.The partial differential equations(PDEs)that represent the conservation equations for mass,momentum,energy,and microorganisms are then converted into a system of coupled ordinary differential equations(ODEs)through the inclusion of nonsimilarity variables.Using MATLAB’s built-in solver bvp4c,the resulting ODEs are numerically solved.The model’s complexity is assessed by plotting two-dimensional graphics of the solution profiles at various physical parameter values.The physical parameters considered in this study include skin friction coefficient,local Nusselt number,local Sherwood number,and density of motile microorganisms.These parameters measure,respectively,the roughness of the sheet,the transformation rate of heat,the rate at which mass is transferred to it,and the rate at which microorganisms are transferred to it.Our study shows that,depending on the magnetic parameter M,the presence of a porous medium causes a significant increase in fluid velocity,ranging from about 25%to 45%.Furthermore,with an increase in the Prandtl number Pr,we have seen a notable improvement of about 6%in fluid thermal conductivity.Additionally,our latest findings are in good agreement with published research for particular values.This study provides valuable insights into the behavior of fluid flow under various physical conditions and can be useful in designing and optimizing industrial processes.展开更多
Distributed temperature sensing(DTS)using heated cables has been recently developed for distributed monitoring of in-situ soil moisture content.In this method,the thermal and electrical properties of heated cables hav...Distributed temperature sensing(DTS)using heated cables has been recently developed for distributed monitoring of in-situ soil moisture content.In this method,the thermal and electrical properties of heated cables have a significant influence on the measurement accuracy of soil moisture content.In this paper,the performances of two heated cables,i.e.the carbon-fiber heated cable(CFHC)and the metalnet heated cable(MNHC),are studied in the laboratory.Their structures,uniformity in the axial direction,measurement accuracy and suitability are evaluated.The test results indicate that the MNHC has a better uniformity in the axial direction than CFHC.Both CFHC and MNHC have high measurement accuracy.The CFHC is more suitable for short-distance measurement(500 m),while the MNHC can be used for longdistance measurement(>500 m).展开更多
Moisture content is a fundamental physical index that quantifies soil property and is closely associatedwith the hydrological, ecological and engineering behaviors of soil. To measure in-situ soil moisturecontents, a ...Moisture content is a fundamental physical index that quantifies soil property and is closely associatedwith the hydrological, ecological and engineering behaviors of soil. To measure in-situ soil moisturecontents, a distributed measurement system for in-situ soil moisture content （SM-DTS） is introduced.The system is based on carbon-fiber heated cable （CFHC） technology that has been developed to enhancethe measuring accuracy of in-situ soil moisture content. Using CFHC technique, a temperature characteristicvalue （Tt） can be defined from temperatureetime curves. A relationship among Tt, soil thermalimpedance coefficient and soil moisture content is then established in laboratory. The feasibility of theSM-DTS technology to provide distributed measurements of in-situ soil moisture content is verifiedthrough field tests. The research reported herein indicates that the proposed SM-DTS is capable ofmeasuring in-situ soil moisture content over long distances and large areas.展开更多
A rapid and continuous method for production of LiFePO4/C nanoparticles in super heated water is described, wherein soluble starch was used as carbon precursor. The effects of pH, flow rate, temperature, and pressure ...A rapid and continuous method for production of LiFePO4/C nanoparticles in super heated water is described, wherein soluble starch was used as carbon precursor. The effects of pH, flow rate, temperature, and pressure on the formation of LiFePO4/C particles were investigated. Results showed that the pH value was the key factot on the formation of phase pure LiFePO4, which only formed at pH = 7; the LiFePO4/C-occurred as particles with about 70-200 nm size and LiFePO4 was covered by a thin carbon layer; higher flow rate, higher pressure, and lower temperature led to smaller particles of LiFePO4/C.展开更多
The new technology of continuous casting by heated mold was used to produce directional solidification ZA alloy lines to eliminate the inter defects of these lines and increase their mechanical properties. The results...The new technology of continuous casting by heated mold was used to produce directional solidification ZA alloy lines to eliminate the inter defects of these lines and increase their mechanical properties. The results are as follows: (1) The microstruc-ture of the ZA alloy lines is the parallel directional dendritic columnar crystal. Every dendritic crystal of eutectic alloy ZA5 was composed of many layer eutectic β and η phases. The micro structure of hypereutectic ZA alloys is primary dendritic crystal and interdendritic eutectic structure. The primary phase of ZA8 and ZA12 is β, among them, but the primary phase of ZA22 and ZA27 is a. (2) Through the test to the as-cast ZA alloy lines made in continuous casting by heated mold, it is found that the tensile strength and hardness increase greatly, but the elongation decreases. With the increase of aluminum amount from ZA 5 to ZA 12, ZA22 and ZA27, the tensile strength increases gradually. ZA27 has the best comprehensive mechanical properties in these four kinds of ZA alloys. (3) Heat treatment can decrease the dendritic segregation and improve the elongation of ZA alloy, but make their strength decrease slightly.展开更多
Soil water content measurement is critical in practical engineering.The actively heated fiber Bragg grating optic sensor(FBGS)has great potential of multi-point measurement for soil water content measurement in field....Soil water content measurement is critical in practical engineering.The actively heated fiber Bragg grating optic sensor(FBGS)has great potential of multi-point measurement for soil water content measurement in field.In this study,the effect of heating time on the measurement accuracy is discussed,and modifications are made for actively heated fiber optic(AHFO)sensors.The results demonstrate that if an integration data analysis method is used,the accuracy and reliability of soil water content measurement with AHFO sensors will be improved.Both a short fiber length and a short-term heating pattern are effective and can help to reduce soil disturbance.With the proposed integration method,a short heating time is guaranteed for measuring the soil water content.Such improvements will reduce the thermal disturbance to soil sample and improve the reliability of measurement.展开更多
Thermal conductivity(k)of iron is measured up to about 134 GPa.The measurements are carried out using the single sided laser heated diamond anvil cell,where the power absorbed by a Fe metal foil at hotspot is calculat...Thermal conductivity(k)of iron is measured up to about 134 GPa.The measurements are carried out using the single sided laser heated diamond anvil cell,where the power absorbed by a Fe metal foil at hotspot is calculated using a novel thermodynamical method.Thermal conductivity of fee(γ)-Fe increases up to a pressure of about46 GPa.We find thermal conductivity values in the range of 70-80 Wm-1K-1(with an uncertainty of 40%),almost constant with pressure,in the hcp(e)phase of Fe.We attribute the pressure independent k above 46 GPa to the strong electronic correlation effects driven by the electronic topological transition(ETT).We predict a value of thermal conductivity ofε-Fe of about 40±16 Wm-1K-1 at the outer core of Earth.展开更多
In this study, the electrochemiluminescent （ECL） behavior of Nickel（II） tetrasulfophthalocyanine （NiTSPc）/H2O2 on a heated indium tin oxide （ITO） electrode was investigated. The effect of pH value, electrochem...In this study, the electrochemiluminescent （ECL） behavior of Nickel（II） tetrasulfophthalocyanine （NiTSPc）/H2O2 on a heated indium tin oxide （ITO） electrode was investigated. The effect of pH value, electrochemical scan mode, concentration of NiTSPc and electrode surface temperature on the ECL intensities had been studied in detail. Based on the fact that the ECL of NiTSPc can be greatly enhanced by hydrogen peroxide at the ITO electrode, a new ECL biosensor for hydrogen peroxide has been developed. The possible mechanism for the ECL of NiTSPc has also been proposed.展开更多
High-resolution transmission spectra of radiatively-heated low-z C10H16O6 plasma have been measured on‘Xingguang II’laser facility by using flat field grating spectrometer.Absorption lines of oxygen and carbon ions ...High-resolution transmission spectra of radiatively-heated low-z C10H16O6 plasma have been measured on‘Xingguang II’laser facility by using flat field grating spectrometer.Absorption lines of oxygen and carbon ions in the region of 1.6 to 5.0 nm have been observed clearly and identified.Using the unresolved transition array model,we also calculated the transmission spectra of C10H16O6 plasma.The measured transmission spectrum has been compared with the calculated ones.展开更多
文摘This study focuses on numerically investigating thermal behavior within a differentially heated cavity filled with nanofluid with and without obstacles.Numerical comparison with previous studies proves the consistency and efficacy of the lattice Boltzmann method associated with a single relaxation time and its possibility of studying the nanofluid and heat transfer with high accuracy.Key parameters,including nanoparticle type and concentration,Rayleigh number,fluid basis,and obstacle position and dimension,were examined to identify optimal conditions for enhancing heat transfer quality.Principal findings indicated that increasing the Rayleigh number boosts buoyancy forces and alters vortex structure,improving the heat transfer efficiency across all nanofluid configu-rations.Moreover,nanoparticles with higher thermal conductivity,particularly Cu nanoparticles,exhibit slight improvements in heat transfer quality compared to Al2O3 nanoparticles,while higher nanoparticle concentrations generally lead to enhanced heat transfer effectiveness.Water-Cu nanofluids also demonstrate superior heat transfer performance over ethylene glycol-Cu nanofluids.Furthermore,the presence of obstacles at cavity extremities hampers overall heat transfer,whereas those positioned centrally augment heat exchange rates.This research offers valuable insights into optimizing convective heat transfer in nanofluid-filled cavities crucial for various engineering applications.
基金supported by GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, as part of the R & D Project No. SI-URDK2224 with the University of Rostocksupport by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under Grant No. 05P21RFFA2supported by the Helmholtz Association under Grant No. ERC-RA-0041。
文摘We report on commissioning experiments at the high-energy,high-temperature(HHT)target area at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH,Darmstadt,Germany,combining for the first time intense pulses of heavy ions from the SIS18 synchrotron with high-energy laser pulses from the PHELIX laser facility.We demonstrate the use of X-ray diagnostic techniques based on intense laserdriven X-ray sources,which will allow probing of large samples volumetrically heated by the intense heavy-ion beams.A new target chamber as well as optical diagnostics for ion-beam characterization and fast pyrometric temperature measurements complement the experimental capabilities.This platform is designed for experiments at the future Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research in Europe GmbH(FAIR),where unprecedented ion-beam intensities will enable the generation of millimeter-sized samples under high-energy-density conditions.
文摘Accurate water level measurement in nuclear reactors,particularly in PWRs(pressurized water reactors)and BWRs(boiling water reactors),is essential for ensuring the safety and efficiency of reactor operations.K-type HJTCs(heated junction thermocouples)are widely used for this purpose due to their ability to withstand extreme temperatures and radiation conditions.This article explores the role of HJTCs in reactor water level measurement and compares the performance of 2-wire and 3-wire connections.While the 2-wire connection is simple and cost-effective,it can introduce measurement inaccuracies due to wire resistance.In contrast,the 3-wire connection compensates for lead resistance,offering more precise and reliable measurements,particularly in long-distance applications.This paper discusses the operational considerations of these wiring configurations in the context of nuclear reactors and highlights the importance of choosing the appropriate connection type to optimize safety and measurement accuracy in PWR and BWR reactors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42307189 and 42030701)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023M740974).
文摘The actively heated fiber-optic(AHFO)technology has emerged as a frontier and hotspot in soil water content measurement,offering advantages such as easy installation,large-scale distributed measurement capability,and resistance to electromagnetic interference.However,current AHFO water content sensors fail to simultaneously achieve high precision,applicability for deep soil,and automated real-time monitoring,thereby limiting their development and application.Therefore,this study introduces a novel actively heated fiber Bragg grating(AH-FBG)cable.Laboratory tests were conducted to assess the heating uniformity of the AH-FBG cable and to establish the temperature characteristic value(T_(t))-soil water content(θ)calibration formula for water content measurement.Subsequently,AH-FBG cables were deployed for in situ soil water content monitoring in a test pit on the Loess Plateau.Through two-year monitoring data verified the accuracy of the AH-FBG cable and elucidated the spatiotemporal distribution of in situ loess water content.Laboratory results demonstrated superior heating uniformity of AHFBG cable,with a T_(t) standard deviation of approximately 0.3℃.In the field,the AH-FBG cable exhibited excellent performance in soil water content measurement,achieving a high accuracy of 0.023 cm^(3)/cm^(3).Further analysis revealed that the θ fluctuation predominantly occurred within a 10 m depth from the soil surface,with an overall upward trend over the two-year monitoring period;the response of shallow θ to precipitation was significant but exhibited increasing hysteresis with depth;frequent precipitation significantly enhanced water infiltration depth.This study provides technical guidance for highprecision,quasi-distributed,automated and real-time water content measurement of deep soil.
文摘This study investigates laminar convection in three regimes(forced convection,mixed convection,and natural convection)of a bi-nanofluid(Cu-Al_(2)O_(3)-water)/mono-nanofluid(Al_(2)O_(3)-water)inside a square enclosure of sliding vertical walls which are kept at cold temperature and moving up,down,or in opposite directions.The enclosure bottom is heated partially by a central heat source of various sizes while the horizontal walls are considered adiabatic.The thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity are dependent on temperature and nanoparticle size.The conservation equations are implemented in the solver ANSYS R2(2020).The numerical predictions are successfully validated by comparison with data from the literature.Numerical simulations are carried out for various volume fractions of solid mono/hybrid-nanoparticles(0≤ϕ≤5%),Richardson numbers(0.001≤Ri≤10),and hot source lengths((1/5)H≤ε≤(4/5)H).Isothermal lines,streamlines,and average Nusselt numbers are analyzed.The thermal performance of nanofluids is compared to that of the base heat transfer fluid(water).Outcomes illustrate the flow characteristics significantly affected by the convection regime,hot source size,sidewall motion,and concentration of solid nanoparticles.In the case of sidewalls moving downward,using hybrid nanofluid(Cu-Al_(2)O_(3)-water)shows the highest heat transfer rate in the enclosure at Ri=1,ε=(4/5)H and volume fraction ofφ=5%where a significant increment(25.14%)of Nusselt number is obtained.
文摘Maximizing the efficiency of thermal engineering equipment involves minimizing entropy generation,which arises from irreversible processes.This study examines thermal transport and entropy generation in viscous flow over a radially stretching disk,incorporating the effects of magnetohydrodynamics(MHD),viscous dissipation,Joule heating,and radiation.Similarity transformations are used to obtain dimensionless nonlinear ordinary differential equations(ODEs)from the governing coupled partial differential equations(PDEs).The converted equations are then solved by using the BVP4C solver in MATLAB.To validate the findings,the results are compared with previously published studies under fixed parameter conditions,demonstrating strong agreement.Various key parameters are analyzed graphically to assess their impact on velocity and temperature distributions.Additionally,Bejan number and entropy generation variations are presented for different physical parameters.The injection parameter(S<0)increases the heat transfer rate,while the suction parameter(S>0)reduces it,exhibiting similar effects on fluid velocity.The magnetic parameter(M)effectively decreases entropy generation within the range of approximately 0≤η≤0.6.Beyond this interval,its influence diminishes as entropy generation values converge,with similar trends observed for the Bejan number.Furthermore,increased thermal radiation intensity is identified as a critical factor in enhancing entropy generation and the Bejan number.
基金supported via funding from Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University(Grant No.PSAU/2024/R/1446)。
文摘Fluid flow through porous spaces with variable porosity has wide-range applications,notably in biomedical and thermal engineering,where it plays a vital role in comprehending blood flow dynamics within cardiovascular systems,heat transfer and thermal management systems improve efficiency using porous materials with variable porosity.Keeping these important applications in view,in current study blood-based hybrid nanofluid flow has considered on a convectively heated sheet.The sheet exhibits the properties of a porous medium with variable porosity and extends in both the x and y directions.Blood has used as base fluid in which the nanoparticles of Cu and Cu O have been mixed.Thermal radiation,space-dependent,and thermal-dependent heat sources have been incorporated into the energy equation,while magnetic effects have been integrated into the momentum equations.Dimensionless variables have employed to transform the modeled equations into dimensionless form and facilitating their solution using bvp4c approach.It has concluded in this study that,both the primary and secondary velocities augmented with upsurge in variable porous factor and declined with escalation in stretching ratio,Casson,magnetic,and slip factors along x-and y-axes.Thermal distribution has grown up with upsurge in Casson factor,magnetic factor,thermal Biot number,and thermal/space-dependent heat sources while has retarded with growth in variable porous and stretching ratio factors.The findings of this investigation have been compared with the existing literature,revealing a strong agreement among present and established results that ensured the validation of the model and method used in this work.
基金support by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research(BMBF)under Grant No.05P21RFFA2supported by the Helmholtz Association under Grant No.ERC-RA-0041.
文摘We present in situ measurements of spectrally resolved X-ray scattering and X-ray diffraction from monocrystalline diamond samples heatedwith an intense pulse of heavy ions.In this way,we determine the samples’heating dynamics and their microscopic and macroscopic structuralintegrity over a timespan of several microseconds.Connecting the ratio of elastic to inelastic scattering with state-of-the-art density functionaltheory molecular dynamics simulations allows the inference of average temperatures around 1300 K,in agreement with predictions fromstopping power calculations.The simultaneous diffraction measurements show no hints of any volumetric graphitization of the material,butdo indicate the onset of fracture in the diamond sample.Our experiments pave the way for future studies at the Facility for Antiproton andIon Research,where a substantially increased intensity of the heavy ion beam will be available.
基金financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFC3205300)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52100178 and 52370072)。
文摘To efficiently remove perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA),we developed a composite of magnetic Fe_(3)O_(4)nanocrystals and MIL-101(an iron-based metal organic framework).Because of its high surface area,porous structure,and complexation between PFOA as confirmed by experimental results and density functional theory simulation,the magnetic composite showed a Langmuir adsorption capacity of 415 mg/g in the presence of various groundwater components,and thus adsorbed PFOA at environment-relevant concentration within 20 min.The catalyst loaded with PFOA can then be magnetically separated from the synthetic groundwater.This adsorption step concentrated PFOA near MIL-101 and resulted in a fast decomposition rate in the decomposition step,where MIL-101 served as an efficient Fenton agent due to its abundant Fe^(3+)/Fe^(2+)sites.Meanwhile,the alternative magnetic field was introduced to change the production pathway of reactive oxygen species and superoxide radical anions were produced,which was critical for PFOA degradation.In addition,the inductive heating effect heat the magnetic particles to445 K through an in-situ approach,which thus further accelerated Fenton reactions rate.In addition,and achieved a complete degradation of PFOA within 30 min.This newly developed Fenton catalyst demonstrates advantages over conventionally heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts,and thus is promising for practical applications.
文摘Anomalous ion heat transport is analyzed in the T-10 tokamak plasma heated with electron cyclotron resonance heating(ECRH) in second-harmonic extra-ordinary mode. Predictive modeling with empirical scaling for Ohmical heat conductivity shows that in ECRH plasmas the calculated ion temperature could be overestimated, so an increase of anomalous ion heat transport is required. To study this effect two scans are presented: over the EC resonance position and over the ECRH power. The EC resonance position varies from the high-field side to the low-field side by variation of the toroidal magnetic field. The scan over the heating power is presented with on-axis and mixed ECRH regimes. Discharges with high anomalous ion heat transport are obtained in all considered regimes. In these discharges the power balance ion heat conductivity exceeds the neoclassical level by up to 10 times. The high ion heat transport regimes are distinguished by three parameters: the ratio Te/Ti, the normalized electron density gradient R/■, and the ion–ion collisionality νii~*. The combination of high Te/Ti, high νii~*, and R/■=6-10 results in values of normalized anomalous ion heat fluxes up to 10 times higher than in the low transport scenario.
文摘In this paper,experimental and numerical studies of heat transfer in a test local of side H=0.8 m heated from below are presented and compared.All the walls,the rest of the floor and the ceiling are made from plywood and polystyrene in sandwich form(3 mmplywood-3 cm polystyrene-3 mmplywood)just on one of the vertical walls contained a glazed door(2 H/3×0.15 m).This local is heated during two heating cycles by a square plate of iron the width L=0.6 H,which represents the heat source,its temperature T_(h) is controlled.The plate is heated for two cycles by an adjustable set-point heat source placed just down the center of it.For each cycle,the heat source is switched“on”for 6 h and switched“off”for 6 h.The outdoor air temperature is kept constant at a low temperature T_(c)<T_(h).All measurements are carried out with k-type thermocouples and with flux meters.Results will be qualitatively presented for two cycles of heating in terms of temperatures and heat flux densitiesϕfor various positions of the test local.The temperature evolution of the center and the profile of the temperature along the vertical centerline are compared by two dimensions simulation using the lattice Boltzmann method.The comparison shows a good agreement with a difference that does not exceed±1℃.
文摘This paper proposes a mathematical modeling approach to examine the two-dimensional flow stagnates at x=0 over a heated stretchable sheet in a porous medium influenced by nonlinear thermal radiation,variable viscosity,and MHD.This study’s main purpose is to examine how thermal radiation and varying viscosity affect fluid flow motion.Additionally,we consider the convective boundary conditions and incorporate the gyrotactic microorganisms equation,which describes microorganism behavior in response to fluid flow.The partial differential equations(PDEs)that represent the conservation equations for mass,momentum,energy,and microorganisms are then converted into a system of coupled ordinary differential equations(ODEs)through the inclusion of nonsimilarity variables.Using MATLAB’s built-in solver bvp4c,the resulting ODEs are numerically solved.The model’s complexity is assessed by plotting two-dimensional graphics of the solution profiles at various physical parameter values.The physical parameters considered in this study include skin friction coefficient,local Nusselt number,local Sherwood number,and density of motile microorganisms.These parameters measure,respectively,the roughness of the sheet,the transformation rate of heat,the rate at which mass is transferred to it,and the rate at which microorganisms are transferred to it.Our study shows that,depending on the magnetic parameter M,the presence of a porous medium causes a significant increase in fluid velocity,ranging from about 25%to 45%.Furthermore,with an increase in the Prandtl number Pr,we have seen a notable improvement of about 6%in fluid thermal conductivity.Additionally,our latest findings are in good agreement with published research for particular values.This study provides valuable insights into the behavior of fluid flow under various physical conditions and can be useful in designing and optimizing industrial processes.
基金The financial supports provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41230636,41372265,41427801)National Basic Research Program of China(973 Project)(Grant No.2011CB710605)
文摘Distributed temperature sensing(DTS)using heated cables has been recently developed for distributed monitoring of in-situ soil moisture content.In this method,the thermal and electrical properties of heated cables have a significant influence on the measurement accuracy of soil moisture content.In this paper,the performances of two heated cables,i.e.the carbon-fiber heated cable(CFHC)and the metalnet heated cable(MNHC),are studied in the laboratory.Their structures,uniformity in the axial direction,measurement accuracy and suitability are evaluated.The test results indicate that the MNHC has a better uniformity in the axial direction than CFHC.Both CFHC and MNHC have high measurement accuracy.The CFHC is more suitable for short-distance measurement(500 m),while the MNHC can be used for longdistance measurement(>500 m).
基金The financial supports provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41230636,41372265,41427801)National Basic Research Program of China(973 Project)(Grant No.2011CB710605)
文摘Moisture content is a fundamental physical index that quantifies soil property and is closely associatedwith the hydrological, ecological and engineering behaviors of soil. To measure in-situ soil moisturecontents, a distributed measurement system for in-situ soil moisture content （SM-DTS） is introduced.The system is based on carbon-fiber heated cable （CFHC） technology that has been developed to enhancethe measuring accuracy of in-situ soil moisture content. Using CFHC technique, a temperature characteristicvalue （Tt） can be defined from temperatureetime curves. A relationship among Tt, soil thermalimpedance coefficient and soil moisture content is then established in laboratory. The feasibility of theSM-DTS technology to provide distributed measurements of in-situ soil moisture content is verifiedthrough field tests. The research reported herein indicates that the proposed SM-DTS is capable ofmeasuring in-situ soil moisture content over long distances and large areas.
基金Supported by Shanghai Special Foundation on Nanomaterials (0243nm305)
文摘A rapid and continuous method for production of LiFePO4/C nanoparticles in super heated water is described, wherein soluble starch was used as carbon precursor. The effects of pH, flow rate, temperature, and pressure on the formation of LiFePO4/C particles were investigated. Results showed that the pH value was the key factot on the formation of phase pure LiFePO4, which only formed at pH = 7; the LiFePO4/C-occurred as particles with about 70-200 nm size and LiFePO4 was covered by a thin carbon layer; higher flow rate, higher pressure, and lower temperature led to smaller particles of LiFePO4/C.
文摘The new technology of continuous casting by heated mold was used to produce directional solidification ZA alloy lines to eliminate the inter defects of these lines and increase their mechanical properties. The results are as follows: (1) The microstruc-ture of the ZA alloy lines is the parallel directional dendritic columnar crystal. Every dendritic crystal of eutectic alloy ZA5 was composed of many layer eutectic β and η phases. The micro structure of hypereutectic ZA alloys is primary dendritic crystal and interdendritic eutectic structure. The primary phase of ZA8 and ZA12 is β, among them, but the primary phase of ZA22 and ZA27 is a. (2) Through the test to the as-cast ZA alloy lines made in continuous casting by heated mold, it is found that the tensile strength and hardness increase greatly, but the elongation decreases. With the increase of aluminum amount from ZA 5 to ZA 12, ZA22 and ZA27, the tensile strength increases gradually. ZA27 has the best comprehensive mechanical properties in these four kinds of ZA alloys. (3) Heat treatment can decrease the dendritic segregation and improve the elongation of ZA alloy, but make their strength decrease slightly.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51979002).
文摘Soil water content measurement is critical in practical engineering.The actively heated fiber Bragg grating optic sensor(FBGS)has great potential of multi-point measurement for soil water content measurement in field.In this study,the effect of heating time on the measurement accuracy is discussed,and modifications are made for actively heated fiber optic(AHFO)sensors.The results demonstrate that if an integration data analysis method is used,the accuracy and reliability of soil water content measurement with AHFO sensors will be improved.Both a short fiber length and a short-term heating pattern are effective and can help to reduce soil disturbance.With the proposed integration method,a short heating time is guaranteed for measuring the soil water content.Such improvements will reduce the thermal disturbance to soil sample and improve the reliability of measurement.
基金Ministry of Earth Sciences,Government of India for financial support under the project grant no.MoES/16/25/10-RDEASDST,INSPIRE program by Department of Science and Technology,Government of India for financial support。
文摘Thermal conductivity(k)of iron is measured up to about 134 GPa.The measurements are carried out using the single sided laser heated diamond anvil cell,where the power absorbed by a Fe metal foil at hotspot is calculated using a novel thermodynamical method.Thermal conductivity of fee(γ)-Fe increases up to a pressure of about46 GPa.We find thermal conductivity values in the range of 70-80 Wm-1K-1(with an uncertainty of 40%),almost constant with pressure,in the hcp(e)phase of Fe.We attribute the pressure independent k above 46 GPa to the strong electronic correlation effects driven by the electronic topological transition(ETT).We predict a value of thermal conductivity ofε-Fe of about 40±16 Wm-1K-1 at the outer core of Earth.
基金supported by the National Natural Sciences Fundation of China(No.20905013)the Special Foundation for Young Scientists of Fujian Province,China(No.2008F3057)
文摘In this study, the electrochemiluminescent （ECL） behavior of Nickel（II） tetrasulfophthalocyanine （NiTSPc）/H2O2 on a heated indium tin oxide （ITO） electrode was investigated. The effect of pH value, electrochemical scan mode, concentration of NiTSPc and electrode surface temperature on the ECL intensities had been studied in detail. Based on the fact that the ECL of NiTSPc can be greatly enhanced by hydrogen peroxide at the ITO electrode, a new ECL biosensor for hydrogen peroxide has been developed. The possible mechanism for the ECL of NiTSPc has also been proposed.
基金Supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.19975042.
文摘High-resolution transmission spectra of radiatively-heated low-z C10H16O6 plasma have been measured on‘Xingguang II’laser facility by using flat field grating spectrometer.Absorption lines of oxygen and carbon ions in the region of 1.6 to 5.0 nm have been observed clearly and identified.Using the unresolved transition array model,we also calculated the transmission spectra of C10H16O6 plasma.The measured transmission spectrum has been compared with the calculated ones.
