Background Water deficit is an important problem in agricultural production in arid regions.With the advent of wholly mechanized technology for cotton planting in Xinjiang,it is important to determine which planting m...Background Water deficit is an important problem in agricultural production in arid regions.With the advent of wholly mechanized technology for cotton planting in Xinjiang,it is important to determine which planting mode could achieve high yield,fiber quality and water use efficiency(WUE).This study aimed to explore if chemical topping affected cotton yield,quality and water use in relation to row configuration and plant densities.Results Experiments were carried out in Xinjiang China,in 2020 and 2021 with two topping method,manual topping and chemical topping,two plant densities,low and high,and two row configurations,i.e.,76 cm equal rows and 10+66 cm narrow-wide rows,which were commonly applied in matching harvest machine.Chemical topping increased seed cotton yield,but did not affect cotton fiber quality comparing to traditional manual topping.Under equal row spacing,the WUE in higher density was 62.4%higher than in the lower one.However,under narrow-wide row spacing,the WUE in lower density was 53.3%higher than in higher one(farmers’practice).For machine-harvest cotton in Xinjiang,the optimal row configuration and plant density for chemical topping was narrow-wide rows with 15 plants m-2 or equal rows with 18 plants m-2.Conclusion The plant density recommended in narrow-wide rows was less than farmers’practice and the density in equal rows was moderate with local practice.Our results provide new knowledge on optimizing agronomic managements of machine-harvested cotton for both high yield and water efficient.展开更多
Evidence exists of nighttime transpiration and its potential impact on plant/water relations for species in a diversity of ecosystems. However, relevant data related to typical desert riparian forest species remains l...Evidence exists of nighttime transpiration and its potential impact on plant/water relations for species in a diversity of ecosystems. However, relevant data related to typical desert riparian forest species remains limited Accordingly, we measured sap flow velocity of Populus euphratica using the heat ratio method between 2012 and2014. Nocturnal stem sap flow was separated into nighttime and stem refilling using the ‘‘forecasted refilling''method. Nighttime transpiration was observed for each phenophase. The highest value was during the full foliation period but lowest during leaf expansion and defoliation periods. The contribution of nighttime transpiration to daytime transpiration was an average of 15% but this was comparatively higher during the defoliation period. Relationships between nighttime transpiration, vapor pressure deficits, and air temperatures were more closely associated than with wind speed in all phenophases. Moreover, we found that nighttime transpiration linearly correlated to vapour pressure deficit during the first and the full foliation periods, but nighttime transpiration showed exponential correlations to air temperatures during the same phenophases. Additionally, environmental drivers of transpiration were significantly different between nighttime and daytime(P \ 0.05). Driving forces behind nighttime transpiration were characterized by many factors, and integrated impacts between these multiple environmental factors were complex. Future studies should focus on these integrated impacts on nighttime transpiration, and the physiological mechanisms of nighttime transpiration should be investigated, given that this could also influence its occurrence and magnitude during different phenophases.展开更多
A variational technique (VT) is applied to estimate surface sensible and latent heat fluxes based on observations of air temperature, wind speed, and humidity, respectively, at three heights (1 m, 4 m, and 10 m), and ...A variational technique (VT) is applied to estimate surface sensible and latent heat fluxes based on observations of air temperature, wind speed, and humidity, respectively, at three heights (1 m, 4 m, and 10 m), and the surface energy and radiation budgets by the surface energy and radiation system (SERBS). The method fully uses all information provided by the measurements of air temperature, wind, and humidity profiles, the surface energy budget, and the similarity profile formulae as well. Data collected at Feixi experiment station installed by the China Heavy Rain Experiment and Study (HeRES) Program are used to test the method. Results show that the proposed technique can overcome the well-known unstablility problem that occurs when the Bowen method becomes singular; in comparison with the profile method, it reduces both the sensitivities of latent heat fluxes to observational errors in humidity and those of sensible heat fluxes to observational errors in temperature, while the estimated heat fluxes approximately satisfy the surface energy budget. Therefore, the variational technique is more reliable and stable than the two conventional methods in estimating surface sensible and latent heat fluxes.展开更多
活立木茎干水分状况是植物生命状态的有效体现,其中茎干含水率(Stem water content,StWC)和液流密度(Sap flux density,SFD)是研究植物体内水分变化规律的重要参数。准确检测活立木茎干同一空间位置的含水率和液流密度可以更有效地分析...活立木茎干水分状况是植物生命状态的有效体现,其中茎干含水率(Stem water content,StWC)和液流密度(Sap flux density,SFD)是研究植物体内水分变化规律的重要参数。准确检测活立木茎干同一空间位置的含水率和液流密度可以更有效地分析2个参数的关系、评估植物生长状况。将基于驻波率(Standing wave ratio,SWR)原理的茎干水分检测方法和基于热比率法(Heat ratio method,HRM)原理的茎干液流检测方法结合,设计了活立木茎干含水率和液流复合参数检测传感器,复合传感器的含水率检测单元和液流检测单元复用一套三针式探针,可对活立木茎干同一位置的含水率和液流实时精准检测。含水率检测单元输出电压与介电常数(6~53.3范围内,对应茎干含水率为0~85%)具有良好的线性关系(决定系数R^(2)=0.9701),静态稳定性良好(长时间测试最大波动为0.6%全量程)。以杨树为研究对象,含水率检测单元与BD-IV型植物茎体水分传感器的对比实验结果一致(决定系数R^(2)=0.9800)。液流检测单元与ST1221型热扩散式液流计对比,二者检测的杨树液流密度具有显著的线性关系(决定系数R^(2)=0.8991),热扩散式液流计不能准确判断零液流条件而低估了液流密度,ST1221型液流计检测的平均值比本系统液流检测单元低1.1 cm/h,液流检测单元使用的热比率法可以准确检测低速液流。复合传感器对杨树茎干含水率和液流的长时间监测结果与前人研究一致且符合植物生理规律。茎干含水率和液流存在极显著的负相关性(Pearson相关系数为-0.7951)。展开更多
基金Key Research and Development Program of Xinjiang(2022B02001-1)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42105172,41975146).
文摘Background Water deficit is an important problem in agricultural production in arid regions.With the advent of wholly mechanized technology for cotton planting in Xinjiang,it is important to determine which planting mode could achieve high yield,fiber quality and water use efficiency(WUE).This study aimed to explore if chemical topping affected cotton yield,quality and water use in relation to row configuration and plant densities.Results Experiments were carried out in Xinjiang China,in 2020 and 2021 with two topping method,manual topping and chemical topping,two plant densities,low and high,and two row configurations,i.e.,76 cm equal rows and 10+66 cm narrow-wide rows,which were commonly applied in matching harvest machine.Chemical topping increased seed cotton yield,but did not affect cotton fiber quality comparing to traditional manual topping.Under equal row spacing,the WUE in higher density was 62.4%higher than in the lower one.However,under narrow-wide row spacing,the WUE in lower density was 53.3%higher than in higher one(farmers’practice).For machine-harvest cotton in Xinjiang,the optimal row configuration and plant density for chemical topping was narrow-wide rows with 15 plants m-2 or equal rows with 18 plants m-2.Conclusion The plant density recommended in narrow-wide rows was less than farmers’practice and the density in equal rows was moderate with local practice.Our results provide new knowledge on optimizing agronomic managements of machine-harvested cotton for both high yield and water efficient.
基金financially supported by the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences CAS(QYZDJ-SSWDQC031)Key Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZZDEW-04-05)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91025024)the ‘‘Western Light’’ project of the Chinese Academy of Science
文摘Evidence exists of nighttime transpiration and its potential impact on plant/water relations for species in a diversity of ecosystems. However, relevant data related to typical desert riparian forest species remains limited Accordingly, we measured sap flow velocity of Populus euphratica using the heat ratio method between 2012 and2014. Nocturnal stem sap flow was separated into nighttime and stem refilling using the ‘‘forecasted refilling''method. Nighttime transpiration was observed for each phenophase. The highest value was during the full foliation period but lowest during leaf expansion and defoliation periods. The contribution of nighttime transpiration to daytime transpiration was an average of 15% but this was comparatively higher during the defoliation period. Relationships between nighttime transpiration, vapor pressure deficits, and air temperatures were more closely associated than with wind speed in all phenophases. Moreover, we found that nighttime transpiration linearly correlated to vapour pressure deficit during the first and the full foliation periods, but nighttime transpiration showed exponential correlations to air temperatures during the same phenophases. Additionally, environmental drivers of transpiration were significantly different between nighttime and daytime(P \ 0.05). Driving forces behind nighttime transpiration were characterized by many factors, and integrated impacts between these multiple environmental factors were complex. Future studies should focus on these integrated impacts on nighttime transpiration, and the physiological mechanisms of nighttime transpiration should be investigated, given that this could also influence its occurrence and magnitude during different phenophases.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.E-D0119-90202014the National Key Programme for Developing Basic Sciences of China under Great No.G1998040902.
文摘A variational technique (VT) is applied to estimate surface sensible and latent heat fluxes based on observations of air temperature, wind speed, and humidity, respectively, at three heights (1 m, 4 m, and 10 m), and the surface energy and radiation budgets by the surface energy and radiation system (SERBS). The method fully uses all information provided by the measurements of air temperature, wind, and humidity profiles, the surface energy budget, and the similarity profile formulae as well. Data collected at Feixi experiment station installed by the China Heavy Rain Experiment and Study (HeRES) Program are used to test the method. Results show that the proposed technique can overcome the well-known unstablility problem that occurs when the Bowen method becomes singular; in comparison with the profile method, it reduces both the sensitivities of latent heat fluxes to observational errors in humidity and those of sensible heat fluxes to observational errors in temperature, while the estimated heat fluxes approximately satisfy the surface energy budget. Therefore, the variational technique is more reliable and stable than the two conventional methods in estimating surface sensible and latent heat fluxes.
文摘活立木茎干水分状况是植物生命状态的有效体现,其中茎干含水率(Stem water content,StWC)和液流密度(Sap flux density,SFD)是研究植物体内水分变化规律的重要参数。准确检测活立木茎干同一空间位置的含水率和液流密度可以更有效地分析2个参数的关系、评估植物生长状况。将基于驻波率(Standing wave ratio,SWR)原理的茎干水分检测方法和基于热比率法(Heat ratio method,HRM)原理的茎干液流检测方法结合,设计了活立木茎干含水率和液流复合参数检测传感器,复合传感器的含水率检测单元和液流检测单元复用一套三针式探针,可对活立木茎干同一位置的含水率和液流实时精准检测。含水率检测单元输出电压与介电常数(6~53.3范围内,对应茎干含水率为0~85%)具有良好的线性关系(决定系数R^(2)=0.9701),静态稳定性良好(长时间测试最大波动为0.6%全量程)。以杨树为研究对象,含水率检测单元与BD-IV型植物茎体水分传感器的对比实验结果一致(决定系数R^(2)=0.9800)。液流检测单元与ST1221型热扩散式液流计对比,二者检测的杨树液流密度具有显著的线性关系(决定系数R^(2)=0.8991),热扩散式液流计不能准确判断零液流条件而低估了液流密度,ST1221型液流计检测的平均值比本系统液流检测单元低1.1 cm/h,液流检测单元使用的热比率法可以准确检测低速液流。复合传感器对杨树茎干含水率和液流的长时间监测结果与前人研究一致且符合植物生理规律。茎干含水率和液流存在极显著的负相关性(Pearson相关系数为-0.7951)。
