The development of natural biomaterials applied for hard tissue repair and regeneration is of great importance,especially in societies with a large elderly population.Self-assembled peptide hydrogels are a new generat...The development of natural biomaterials applied for hard tissue repair and regeneration is of great importance,especially in societies with a large elderly population.Self-assembled peptide hydrogels are a new generation of biomaterials that provide excellent biocompatibility,tunable mechanical stability,injectability,trigger capability,lack of immunogenic reactions,and the ability to load cells and active pharmaceutical agents for tissue regeneration.Peptide-based hydrogels are ideal templates for the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals,which can mimic the extracellular matrix.Thus,peptide-based hydrogels enhance hard tissue repair and regeneration compared to conventional methods.This review presents three major self-assembled peptide hydrogels with potential application for bone and dental tissue regeneration,including ionic self-complementary peptides,amphiphilic(surfactant-like)peptides,and triple-helix(collagen-like)peptides.Special attention is given to the main bioactive peptides,the role and importance of self-assembled peptide hydrogels,and a brief overview on molecular simulation of self-assembled peptide hydrogels applied for bone and dental tissue engineering and regeneration.展开更多
Nanocellulose(NC) has attracted much interest in the tissue engineering(TE) field because of its properties including biocompatibility,renewability, non-toxicity, functionality, and excellent mechanical performance. T...Nanocellulose(NC) has attracted much interest in the tissue engineering(TE) field because of its properties including biocompatibility,renewability, non-toxicity, functionality, and excellent mechanical performance. This review mainly focused on the advanced applications of NC-based composites in hard TE including cartilage TE, bone TE, and dental TE, illustrated the processing methods for synthesizing scaffolds including electrospinning, freeze-drying, and 3 D printing, reviewed the current status of hard TE, and presented perspective on the future of TE technology.展开更多
Bone and teeth are hard tissues.Hard tissue diseases have a serious effect on human survival and quality of life.Primary cilia are protrusions on the surfaces of cells.As antennas,they are distributed on the membrane ...Bone and teeth are hard tissues.Hard tissue diseases have a serious effect on human survival and quality of life.Primary cilia are protrusions on the surfaces of cells.As antennas,they are distributed on the membrane surfaces of almost all mammalian cell types and participate in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis.Mutations in cilium-related genes result in a variety of developmental and even lethal diseases.Patients with multiple ciliary gene mutations present overt changes in the skeletal system,suggesting that primary cilia are involved in hard tissue development and reconstruction.Furthermore,primary cilia act as sensors of external stimuli and regulate bone homeostasis.Specifically,substances are trafficked through primary cilia by intraflagellar transport,which affects key signaling pathways during hard tissue development.In this review,we summarize the roles of primary cilia in long bone development and remodeling from two perspectives:primary cilia signaling and sensory mechanisms.In addition,the cilium-related diseases of hard tissue and the manifestations of mutant cilia in the skeleton and teeth are described.We believe that all the findings will help with the intervention and treatment of related hard tissue genetic diseases.展开更多
New materials are required for bone healing in regenerative medicine able to temporarily substitute damaged bone and to be subsequently resorbed and replaced by endogenous tissues.Taking inspiration from basic composi...New materials are required for bone healing in regenerative medicine able to temporarily substitute damaged bone and to be subsequently resorbed and replaced by endogenous tissues.Taking inspiration from basic composition of the mammalian bones,composed of collagen,apatite and a number of substitution ions,among them magnesium(Mg2+),in this work,novel composite scaffolds composed of collagen(10%)-hydroxyapatite(HAp)(90%)and collagen(10%)-HAp(80%)-Mg(10%)were developed.The lyophilization was used for composites preparation.An insight into the nanostructural nature of the developed scaffolds was performed by Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray and Transmission Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray.The HAp nanocrystallite clusters and Mg nanoparticles were homogeneously distributed within the scaffolds and adherent to the collagen fibrils.The samples were tested for degradation in Simulated Body Fluid(SBF)solution by soaking for up to 28 days.The release of Mg from collagen(10%)-HAp(80%)-Mg(10%)composite during the period of up to 21 days was attested,this composite being characterized by a decreased degradation rate with respect to the composite without Mg.The developed composite materials are promising for applications as bone substitute materials favouring bone healing and regeneration.展开更多
Three-dimensional printing technology with the rapid development of printing materials are widely recognized as a promising way to fabricate bioartificial bone tissues.In consideration of the disadvantages of bone sub...Three-dimensional printing technology with the rapid development of printing materials are widely recognized as a promising way to fabricate bioartificial bone tissues.In consideration of the disadvantages of bone substitutes,including poor mechanical properties,lack of vascularization and insufficient osteointegration,functional modification strategies can provide multiple functions and desired characteristics of printing materials,enhance their physicochemical and biological properties in bone tissue engineering.Thus,this review focuses on the advances of functional engineering strategies for 3D printed biomaterials in hard tissue replacement.It is structured as introducing 3D printing technologies,properties of printing materials(metals,ceramics and polymers)and typical functional engineering strategies utilized in the application of bone,cartilage and joint regeneration.展开更多
Mineralization has found widespread use in the fabrication of composite biomaterials for hard tissue regeneration.The current mineralization processes are mainly carried out in neutral aqueous solutions of biomineral ...Mineralization has found widespread use in the fabrication of composite biomaterials for hard tissue regeneration.The current mineralization processes are mainly carried out in neutral aqueous solutions of biomineral counter-ions(a pair of cation and anion that form the corresponding minerals at certain conditions),which are stable only at very low concentrations.This typically results in inefficient mineralization and weak control over biomineral formation.Here,we find that,in the organic solvent glycerol,a variety of biomineral counter-ions(e.g.,Ca/PO_(4),Ca/CO_(3),Ca/SO_(4),Mg/PO_(4),or Fe/OH)corresponding to distinct biominerals at significantly high concentrations(up to hundreds-fold greater than those of simulated body fluid(SBF))are able to form translucent and stable solutions(mineralizing solution of highly concentrated counter-ions(MSCIs)),and mineralization can be triggered upon them with external solvents(e.g.,water or ethanol).Furthermore,with pristine bacterial cellulose(BC)membrane as a model,we demonstrate an effective and controllable mineralization performance of MSCIs on organic substrates.This approach not only forms the homogeneous biominerals on the BC fibers and in the interspaces,but also provides regulations over mineralization rate,mineral content,phase,and dopants.The resulting mineralized BC membranes(MBCs)exhibit high cytocompatibility and favor the proliferation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(rBMSC).Following this,we prepare a mineralized bone suture(MBS)from MBC for non-weight bearing bone fixation,which then is tested on a rabbit median sternotomy model.It shows firm fixation of the rabbit sternum without causing discernible toxicity or inflammatory response.This study,by extending the mineralization to the organic solution system of highly concentrated counter-ions,develops a promising strategy to design and build targeted mineral-based composites.展开更多
Enamel demineralization,the formation of white spot lesions,is a common issue in clinical orthodontic treatment.The appearance of white spot lesions not only affects the texture and health of dental hard tissues but a...Enamel demineralization,the formation of white spot lesions,is a common issue in clinical orthodontic treatment.The appearance of white spot lesions not only affects the texture and health of dental hard tissues but also impacts the health and aesthetics of teeth after orthodontic treatment.The prevention,diagnosis,and treatment of white spot lesions that occur throughout the orthodontic treatment process involve multiple dental specialties.This expert consensus will focus on providing guiding opinions on the management and prevention of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment,advocating for proactive prevention,early detection,timely treatment,scientific follow-up,and multidisciplinary management of white spot lesions throughout the orthodontic process,thereby maintaining the dental health of patients during orthodontic treatment.展开更多
Scientists have suspected for a while that Greenland sharks live extremely long lives,but they didnt have a way to determine how long.The age of other shark species can be estimated by counting growth bands on fin spi...Scientists have suspected for a while that Greenland sharks live extremely long lives,but they didnt have a way to determine how long.The age of other shark species can be estimated by counting growth bands on fin spines(鳍脊)or on the sharksvertebrae(脊椎),much like rings of a tree.Greenland sharks,however,have no fin spines and no hard tissues in their bodies.Their vertebrae are too soft to form the growth bands seen in other sharks.Scientists could only guess that the sharks lived a long time based on what they knew—the sharks grow at a very slow rate and they can reach 6 meters in size.展开更多
BACKGROUND Tissue hardness is closely related to disease pathophysiology.Shear-wave ela-stography(SWE)is a simple and noninvasive ultrasound technique that has been used to evaluate the presence of lymph node metastas...BACKGROUND Tissue hardness is closely related to disease pathophysiology.Shear-wave ela-stography(SWE)is a simple and noninvasive ultrasound technique that has been used to evaluate the presence of lymph node metastases and differentiate between benign and malignant tumors.AIM To investigate SWE usefulness in measuring lymph node hardness to predict metastasis presence or absence in surgically removed lymph nodes.METHODS This observational study obtained data from patients who underwent surgery for esophageal or gastric cancer at Nippon Medical School Hospital.The hardness of the surgically removed lymph nodes was measured using SWE.The lymph nodes with hardness values≥2.2 m/s were considered clinically positive for metastasis,whereas those with lower hardness values were considered clinically negative.The lymph nodes subsequently underwent pathological examination to determine the presence of metastasis,and the SWE results and pathological assessments were compared.RESULTS A total of 1077 lymph nodes were evaluated;18 and 15 cases of esophageal and gastric cancer were identified,respectively.The optimal cutoff value for lymph node size was calculated to be 5.1 mm,and the area under the curve value was 0.74(95%confidence interval:0.69-0.84).When limited to a lymph node larger than the cut off value,the SWE sensitivity and specificity for metastasis identification were 0.76 and 0.82,respectively.CONCLUSION SWE was useful in detecting lymph node metastases in the upper gastrointestinal tract.展开更多
Introduction: The use of lasers is an emerging therapy in periodontology, however, controversies regarding its use. Despite the vast amount of literature that is currently available, debates regarding the use of laser...Introduction: The use of lasers is an emerging therapy in periodontology, however, controversies regarding its use. Despite the vast amount of literature that is currently available, debates regarding the use of lasers in periodontal therapy continue. This review aims to summarize and clarify the myths surrounding the use of lasers in periodontal therapy, which may offer new hope for the treatment’s future. Methods: A comprehensive computer-based search was done using various databases like PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane Library. Results: Laser therapy has influenced periodontal treatment in many aspects. The advantages of laser over conventional instruments were reported, which include pain relief, inflammation reduction, tissue repair acceleration, wound healing, reduction of scar formation, removal of granulation tissue and epithelial lining, and treatment of periodontal pockets. Today, the laser starts to get more people’s attention. However, an evidence-based approach to using lasers in periodontal treatment must be developed. The potential risks associated with lasers should also be considered. There must be careful and strict safety precautions implemented. Conclusion: Although laser therapy has shown promising results in the treatment of periodontal disease, further research is needed before the clinical use of lasers in evidence-based practice. Further long-term studies and clinical studies in human models are needed to generalize laser therapy in periodontology.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: The characteristics of lip-mouth region including the soft and hard tissues in smiling position with frontal fixed position photographic computer-aided analysis were studied. METHODS: The subjects were 80 p...OBJECTIVE: The characteristics of lip-mouth region including the soft and hard tissues in smiling position with frontal fixed position photographic computer-aided analysis were studied. METHODS: The subjects were 80 persons (40 male and 40 females, age range: 17 to approximately 25 years) with acceptable faces and individual normal occlusions. The subjects were asked to take maximum smiling position to accept photographic measurement with computer-aided analysis. RESULTS: The maximum smile line could be divided into 3 categories: low smile line (16.25%), average smile line (68.75%), and high smile line (15%). CONCLUSION: The method adopting maximum smiling position to study the lip-month region is reproducible and comparable. This study would be helpful to provide a quantitative reference for clinical investigation, diagnosis, treatment and efficacy appraisal.展开更多
Introduction: Leukocyte and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) is an emerging material in dentistry, however, there are controversies surrounding its effectiveness. Despite the amount of literature available, debates regard...Introduction: Leukocyte and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) is an emerging material in dentistry, however, there are controversies surrounding its effectiveness. Despite the amount of literature available, debates regarding its effect continue. This review aims to summarize and clarify the data surrounding the use of L-PRF in promoting the healing of extraction sockets, which may offer a better outcome for future treatments. Purpose: The purpose of this review is to evaluate the current literature on the use of L-PRF in promoting the healing of extraction sockets, and to provide a comprehensive overview of the available evidence. Methods: A comprehensive computer-based search of databases such as PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane Library was conducted. Results: The results of this review suggest that L-PRF has shown promise in promoting early healing of extraction sockets, but the evidence for its effectiveness over a longer period is limited. Conclusion: Although L-PRF has shown promising results in the early healing periods, its effectiveness over a longer healing period cannot be confirmed based on the available data. More clinical trials with standardized protocols and consistent measurement methods are needed to establish the role of L-PRF in enhancing the healing of extraction sockets.展开更多
The importance of implantable biomaterials is growing up in recent days for modern medicine,especially fixation,replacement,and regeneration of load-bearing bones.Through the past several years,metals,ceramics,polymer...The importance of implantable biomaterials is growing up in recent days for modern medicine,especially fixation,replacement,and regeneration of load-bearing bones.Through the past several years,metals,ceramics,polymers,and their composites,have been used for the reconstruction of hard tissues.Special standards such as adequate mechanical and biocompatible properties are required to avoid rejection reactions of the tissues.Recently,a number of novel advanced biomaterials are developed as promising candidates.Amongst those,cerium-based biomaterials acquired attention as a substitution material for hard tissues reconstruction because of cerium antioxidative properties,which enabled it to be used to decrease mediators of inflammation.In addition,the eminent mechanical properties,as well as the perfect chemical and biological compatibilities,make cerium-based biomaterials attractive for biomedical application.展开更多
The term vertebrate is generally viewed by systematists in two contexts,either as Craniata(myxinoids or hagfishes+vertebrates s.s.,i.e.basically,animals possessing a stiff backbone)or as Vertebrata(lampreys+other vert...The term vertebrate is generally viewed by systematists in two contexts,either as Craniata(myxinoids or hagfishes+vertebrates s.s.,i.e.basically,animals possessing a stiff backbone)or as Vertebrata(lampreys+other vertebrae-bearing animals,which we propose to call here Euvertebrata).Craniates are characterized by a skull;vertebrates by vertebrae(arcualia);euvertebrates are vertebrates with hard phosphatised tissues in the skeleton.The earliest known possible craniate is Myllokunmingia(syn.Haikouichthys)from the Lower Cambrian of Chengjiang,south China.Euvertebrates appear in the Ordovician.C.H.Pander is sometimes thought to have been the first to propose that conodonts are vertebrates,but he did have doubts about the fish affinities of conodonts.This proposal was revived in the 30s and especially in the 80s of the 20th century and given elevated status in 2000 through a cladistic analysis based upon interpretation of conodont mineralized tissues as homologous to those of vertebrates.This analysis resolved conodonts within the clade Vertebrata s.s.,and incorporated a‘Total Group Concept’(TGC),including conodonts in the TG Gnathostomes(=jawed vertebrates).This resulted in the unusual scenario in which“teeth”appear before jaws.We reject the TGC nomenclature as applied to early vertebrates.In addition,based on all existing evidence,we consider that conodont hard tissues and several other anatomical structures in conodonts are not homologous with those of vertebrates.Making a revised cladistic analysis,eliminating characters unknown in fossils,conodonts appear stemward(i.e.more basal)to craniates and are thus interpreted as basal chordates at best.To help resolve the phylogenetic relationships of conodonts and chordates,the analysis should be extended to include non-chordate taxa.展开更多
Purpose:Road traffic accidents(RTA),assaults,falls,and sports-related injuries are the leading causes of maxillofacial trauma.Due to quite different geographical environment and fast urbanization,the use of various pr...Purpose:Road traffic accidents(RTA),assaults,falls,and sports-related injuries are the leading causes of maxillofacial trauma.Due to quite different geographical environment and fast urbanization,the use of various protective equipment is restricted in India.Thus,compared to other countries,there might be a significant difference in the pattern and frequency of associated injuries among subjects with maxillofacial trauma.The present study was conducted to identify the causes and pattern of various maxillofacial fractures and the frequency of other related injuries among subjects with maxillofacial trauma.Methods:This is a cross-sectional retrospective study recording 2617 subjects with maxillofacial trauma from October 2017 to October 2022.The patient demographics,causes of trauma,types of maxillofacial injury,and associated soft and hard tissue injuries were recorded.The types of maxillofacial and associated injuries were diagnosed from details of clinical examinations and the interpretation of various radiographs available in the file.The associated injuries were divided into head injury,other bony injuries,and soft tissue and vital structure injuries.Descriptive statistics and the test of proportion were used.A p value<0.05 was considered as a level of significance.Results:The maxillofacial injuries were significantly common in patients aged 16 e 45 years(66.7%)than in patients aged15 and>46 years(33.3%)(p<0.001).The RTA was the most common cause of maxillofacial injury(n=2139,81.7%),followed by fall(n=206,7.9%),other causes of injury(n=178,6.8%),and assaults(n=94,3.6%).The maxillofacial injury by 2-wheel vehicle accidents was significantly higher than that by 4-wheel vehicle and other vehicle accidents(p<0.001).There was a significant correlation between alcohol and RTA(p<0.001).The head injury(n=931,61.1%)was the most common associated injury,followed by soft tissue and vital structures injuries(n=328,21.5%)and other bone injuries(n=264,17.3%).Discussion:Head injury was the most common associated injury followed by soft tissue and vital structures and bone injuries among subjects with maxillofacial trauma.Clavicle fracture and injury to the lower extremities were the most common hard and soft tissue-associated injuries.展开更多
Infection in hard tissue regeneration is a clinically-relevant challenge.Development of scaffolds with dual function for promoting bone/dental tissue growth and preventing bacterial infections is a critical need in th...Infection in hard tissue regeneration is a clinically-relevant challenge.Development of scaffolds with dual function for promoting bone/dental tissue growth and preventing bacterial infections is a critical need in the field.Here we fabricated hybrid scaffolds by intrafibrillar-mineralization of collagen using a biomimetic process and subsequently coating the scaffold with an antimicrobial designer peptide with cationic and amphipathic properties.The highly hydrophilic mineralized collagen scaffolds provided an ideal substrate to form a dense and stable coating of the antimicrobial peptides.The amount of hydroxyapatite in the mineralized fibers modulated the rheological behavior of the scaffolds with no influence on the amount of recruited peptides and the resulting increase in hydrophobicity.The developed scaffolds were potent by contact killing of Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Streptococcus gordonii as well as cytocompatible to human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells.The process of scaffold fabrication is versatile and can be used to control mineral load and/or intrafibrillar-mineralized scaffolds made of other biopolymers.展开更多
In the field of regenerative medicine,the importance of 3D bioprinting is self-evident and nonnegligible.However,3D bioprinting technology also requires bioink with excellent performance as support material to fabrica...In the field of regenerative medicine,the importance of 3D bioprinting is self-evident and nonnegligible.However,3D bioprinting technology also requires bioink with excellent performance as support material to fabricate a multi-functional bioinspired scaffold.Collagen-based bioink is regarded as an ideal 3D bioprinting ink for its excellent biocompatibility,controllable printability and cell loading property.It is an important breakthrough in regenerative medicine with the progress of collagen-based bioink,which fabricates bioinspired scaffolds with different functions and is applied in different repair scenarios.This review summarizes the different applications of collagen-based bioink and classifies them as soft tissue and hard tissue according to the target region.The applications of target region in soft tissues include skin,cartilage,heart and blood vessels,while in hard tissues include femur,skull,teeth and spine.When the collagen-based bioink is applied in repairing soft tissue,the requirements of function are higher,while the mechanical properties must be further improved in repairing hard tissue.We further summarize the characteristics of collagen-based bioink and point out the most important properties that should be considered in different repair scenarios,which can provide reference for the preparation of bioinks with different functions.Finally,we point out the main challenges faced by collagen-based bioink and prospect the future research directions.展开更多
As a category of common clinical conditions,orthopedic diseases exhibit an increasing incidence in the aging population under the background of technological advancement.Although conventional treatment methods can all...As a category of common clinical conditions,orthopedic diseases exhibit an increasing incidence in the aging population under the background of technological advancement.Although conventional treatment methods can alleviate the symptoms and improve the quality of life of patients with orthopedic diseases,their efficacy needs to be further enhanced.Nanorobots developed based on nanotechnology have presented important application prospects in the biomedical field.They are characterized by a small size and can be employed in nanoscale operation,which can change the management of orthopedic diseases through drug delivery,disease diagnosis,and disease treatment.They also play an important role in diseases related to hard(bones and cartilages)and soft(spinal cord,peripheral nerves,blood vessels,muscles,and ligaments)tissues in the bone movement system.In this review,the application status and prospects of nanorobots in the diagnosis and treatment of orthopedic diseases are explored based on their functional role in the medical field.Scientific attempts at the treatment of orthopedic diseases based on nanorobots may be made by strengthening the targeted differentiation of cells induced by nanorobots,repairing damaged cells from a genetic perspective,developing precise targeted delivery systems for therapeutic drugs,generating stimulation signals to improve the state of damaged cells,forming damaged tissue substitutes,and coordinating driving factors for physical therapy.展开更多
Amyloid deposits are widely presented in ectopic calcification associated with many degenerative diseases,such as calcific aortic valve disease and Alzheimer’s disease.Recently,amyloid-like secondary structures have ...Amyloid deposits are widely presented in ectopic calcification associated with many degenerative diseases,such as calcific aortic valve disease and Alzheimer’s disease.Recently,amyloid-like secondary structures have also been observed in matrix proteins during physiological mineralization processes.With advancing observational apparatus,the mineral-templating role of amyloid has been increasingly investigated;nevertheless,it is still challenging to elucidate the explicit contribution of amyloid-like proteins in both pathological and physiological calcification.In this review,we discuss the potential roles of amyloid-forming proteins in both pathological and physiological mineralization,the nature of the interactions between the amyloid-like structure and the mineral ions,as well as the mechanisms underlying hierarchical mineralization templated by amyloid proteins.Taking inspiration from nature’s book,we summarize the cutting-edge developments in amyloid-based materials for hard tissue repair.Spanning from mechanisms to applications,this review provides valuable insights for further interdisciplinary research.展开更多
文摘The development of natural biomaterials applied for hard tissue repair and regeneration is of great importance,especially in societies with a large elderly population.Self-assembled peptide hydrogels are a new generation of biomaterials that provide excellent biocompatibility,tunable mechanical stability,injectability,trigger capability,lack of immunogenic reactions,and the ability to load cells and active pharmaceutical agents for tissue regeneration.Peptide-based hydrogels are ideal templates for the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals,which can mimic the extracellular matrix.Thus,peptide-based hydrogels enhance hard tissue repair and regeneration compared to conventional methods.This review presents three major self-assembled peptide hydrogels with potential application for bone and dental tissue regeneration,including ionic self-complementary peptides,amphiphilic(surfactant-like)peptides,and triple-helix(collagen-like)peptides.Special attention is given to the main bioactive peptides,the role and importance of self-assembled peptide hydrogels,and a brief overview on molecular simulation of self-assembled peptide hydrogels applied for bone and dental tissue engineering and regeneration.
基金the special fund for Independent Innovation and Industry Development in the Core Area in Haidian District of Beijing (255-kjc020)
文摘Nanocellulose(NC) has attracted much interest in the tissue engineering(TE) field because of its properties including biocompatibility,renewability, non-toxicity, functionality, and excellent mechanical performance. This review mainly focused on the advanced applications of NC-based composites in hard TE including cartilage TE, bone TE, and dental TE, illustrated the processing methods for synthesizing scaffolds including electrospinning, freeze-drying, and 3 D printing, reviewed the current status of hard TE, and presented perspective on the future of TE technology.
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82061130222,81822012,81771043,92049201,81770873,and 81802193)the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(No.2016YFC1102705)+1 种基金the Shanghai Academic Leader of Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan(No.20XD1424000)the Shanghai Experimental Animal Research Project of Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan(No.8191101676).
文摘Bone and teeth are hard tissues.Hard tissue diseases have a serious effect on human survival and quality of life.Primary cilia are protrusions on the surfaces of cells.As antennas,they are distributed on the membrane surfaces of almost all mammalian cell types and participate in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis.Mutations in cilium-related genes result in a variety of developmental and even lethal diseases.Patients with multiple ciliary gene mutations present overt changes in the skeletal system,suggesting that primary cilia are involved in hard tissue development and reconstruction.Furthermore,primary cilia act as sensors of external stimuli and regulate bone homeostasis.Specifically,substances are trafficked through primary cilia by intraflagellar transport,which affects key signaling pathways during hard tissue development.In this review,we summarize the roles of primary cilia in long bone development and remodeling from two perspectives:primary cilia signaling and sensory mechanisms.In addition,the cilium-related diseases of hard tissue and the manifestations of mutant cilia in the skeleton and teeth are described.We believe that all the findings will help with the intervention and treatment of related hard tissue genetic diseases.
基金This work was funded by a grant of the Romanian Ministry of Research and Innovation,CCCDI-UEFISCDI,Project COFUND-M-ERA.NET Ⅱ-BiogenInk/70/2017,within PNCDI Ⅲ.
文摘New materials are required for bone healing in regenerative medicine able to temporarily substitute damaged bone and to be subsequently resorbed and replaced by endogenous tissues.Taking inspiration from basic composition of the mammalian bones,composed of collagen,apatite and a number of substitution ions,among them magnesium(Mg2+),in this work,novel composite scaffolds composed of collagen(10%)-hydroxyapatite(HAp)(90%)and collagen(10%)-HAp(80%)-Mg(10%)were developed.The lyophilization was used for composites preparation.An insight into the nanostructural nature of the developed scaffolds was performed by Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray and Transmission Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray.The HAp nanocrystallite clusters and Mg nanoparticles were homogeneously distributed within the scaffolds and adherent to the collagen fibrils.The samples were tested for degradation in Simulated Body Fluid(SBF)solution by soaking for up to 28 days.The release of Mg from collagen(10%)-HAp(80%)-Mg(10%)composite during the period of up to 21 days was attested,this composite being characterized by a decreased degradation rate with respect to the composite without Mg.The developed composite materials are promising for applications as bone substitute materials favouring bone healing and regeneration.
基金supported partly by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LY20E010006)partly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51502265 and 81701033).
文摘Three-dimensional printing technology with the rapid development of printing materials are widely recognized as a promising way to fabricate bioartificial bone tissues.In consideration of the disadvantages of bone substitutes,including poor mechanical properties,lack of vascularization and insufficient osteointegration,functional modification strategies can provide multiple functions and desired characteristics of printing materials,enhance their physicochemical and biological properties in bone tissue engineering.Thus,this review focuses on the advances of functional engineering strategies for 3D printed biomaterials in hard tissue replacement.It is structured as introducing 3D printing technologies,properties of printing materials(metals,ceramics and polymers)and typical functional engineering strategies utilized in the application of bone,cartilage and joint regeneration.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFE0123500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52272304 and 31771081)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(Nos.21ZR1449700,22S31903300,and 22S31900100).
文摘Mineralization has found widespread use in the fabrication of composite biomaterials for hard tissue regeneration.The current mineralization processes are mainly carried out in neutral aqueous solutions of biomineral counter-ions(a pair of cation and anion that form the corresponding minerals at certain conditions),which are stable only at very low concentrations.This typically results in inefficient mineralization and weak control over biomineral formation.Here,we find that,in the organic solvent glycerol,a variety of biomineral counter-ions(e.g.,Ca/PO_(4),Ca/CO_(3),Ca/SO_(4),Mg/PO_(4),or Fe/OH)corresponding to distinct biominerals at significantly high concentrations(up to hundreds-fold greater than those of simulated body fluid(SBF))are able to form translucent and stable solutions(mineralizing solution of highly concentrated counter-ions(MSCIs)),and mineralization can be triggered upon them with external solvents(e.g.,water or ethanol).Furthermore,with pristine bacterial cellulose(BC)membrane as a model,we demonstrate an effective and controllable mineralization performance of MSCIs on organic substrates.This approach not only forms the homogeneous biominerals on the BC fibers and in the interspaces,but also provides regulations over mineralization rate,mineral content,phase,and dopants.The resulting mineralized BC membranes(MBCs)exhibit high cytocompatibility and favor the proliferation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(rBMSC).Following this,we prepare a mineralized bone suture(MBS)from MBC for non-weight bearing bone fixation,which then is tested on a rabbit median sternotomy model.It shows firm fixation of the rabbit sternum without causing discernible toxicity or inflammatory response.This study,by extending the mineralization to the organic solution system of highly concentrated counter-ions,develops a promising strategy to design and build targeted mineral-based composites.
基金funded with National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFC2405904)National Natural Science Foundation of China(11932012,and 32171348).
文摘Enamel demineralization,the formation of white spot lesions,is a common issue in clinical orthodontic treatment.The appearance of white spot lesions not only affects the texture and health of dental hard tissues but also impacts the health and aesthetics of teeth after orthodontic treatment.The prevention,diagnosis,and treatment of white spot lesions that occur throughout the orthodontic treatment process involve multiple dental specialties.This expert consensus will focus on providing guiding opinions on the management and prevention of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment,advocating for proactive prevention,early detection,timely treatment,scientific follow-up,and multidisciplinary management of white spot lesions throughout the orthodontic process,thereby maintaining the dental health of patients during orthodontic treatment.
文摘Scientists have suspected for a while that Greenland sharks live extremely long lives,but they didnt have a way to determine how long.The age of other shark species can be estimated by counting growth bands on fin spines(鳍脊)or on the sharksvertebrae(脊椎),much like rings of a tree.Greenland sharks,however,have no fin spines and no hard tissues in their bodies.Their vertebrae are too soft to form the growth bands seen in other sharks.Scientists could only guess that the sharks lived a long time based on what they knew—the sharks grow at a very slow rate and they can reach 6 meters in size.
基金This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Nippon Medical School Hospital(No.B-2022-582).
文摘BACKGROUND Tissue hardness is closely related to disease pathophysiology.Shear-wave ela-stography(SWE)is a simple and noninvasive ultrasound technique that has been used to evaluate the presence of lymph node metastases and differentiate between benign and malignant tumors.AIM To investigate SWE usefulness in measuring lymph node hardness to predict metastasis presence or absence in surgically removed lymph nodes.METHODS This observational study obtained data from patients who underwent surgery for esophageal or gastric cancer at Nippon Medical School Hospital.The hardness of the surgically removed lymph nodes was measured using SWE.The lymph nodes with hardness values≥2.2 m/s were considered clinically positive for metastasis,whereas those with lower hardness values were considered clinically negative.The lymph nodes subsequently underwent pathological examination to determine the presence of metastasis,and the SWE results and pathological assessments were compared.RESULTS A total of 1077 lymph nodes were evaluated;18 and 15 cases of esophageal and gastric cancer were identified,respectively.The optimal cutoff value for lymph node size was calculated to be 5.1 mm,and the area under the curve value was 0.74(95%confidence interval:0.69-0.84).When limited to a lymph node larger than the cut off value,the SWE sensitivity and specificity for metastasis identification were 0.76 and 0.82,respectively.CONCLUSION SWE was useful in detecting lymph node metastases in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
文摘Introduction: The use of lasers is an emerging therapy in periodontology, however, controversies regarding its use. Despite the vast amount of literature that is currently available, debates regarding the use of lasers in periodontal therapy continue. This review aims to summarize and clarify the myths surrounding the use of lasers in periodontal therapy, which may offer new hope for the treatment’s future. Methods: A comprehensive computer-based search was done using various databases like PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane Library. Results: Laser therapy has influenced periodontal treatment in many aspects. The advantages of laser over conventional instruments were reported, which include pain relief, inflammation reduction, tissue repair acceleration, wound healing, reduction of scar formation, removal of granulation tissue and epithelial lining, and treatment of periodontal pockets. Today, the laser starts to get more people’s attention. However, an evidence-based approach to using lasers in periodontal treatment must be developed. The potential risks associated with lasers should also be considered. There must be careful and strict safety precautions implemented. Conclusion: Although laser therapy has shown promising results in the treatment of periodontal disease, further research is needed before the clinical use of lasers in evidence-based practice. Further long-term studies and clinical studies in human models are needed to generalize laser therapy in periodontology.
文摘OBJECTIVE: The characteristics of lip-mouth region including the soft and hard tissues in smiling position with frontal fixed position photographic computer-aided analysis were studied. METHODS: The subjects were 80 persons (40 male and 40 females, age range: 17 to approximately 25 years) with acceptable faces and individual normal occlusions. The subjects were asked to take maximum smiling position to accept photographic measurement with computer-aided analysis. RESULTS: The maximum smile line could be divided into 3 categories: low smile line (16.25%), average smile line (68.75%), and high smile line (15%). CONCLUSION: The method adopting maximum smiling position to study the lip-month region is reproducible and comparable. This study would be helpful to provide a quantitative reference for clinical investigation, diagnosis, treatment and efficacy appraisal.
文摘Introduction: Leukocyte and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) is an emerging material in dentistry, however, there are controversies surrounding its effectiveness. Despite the amount of literature available, debates regarding its effect continue. This review aims to summarize and clarify the data surrounding the use of L-PRF in promoting the healing of extraction sockets, which may offer a better outcome for future treatments. Purpose: The purpose of this review is to evaluate the current literature on the use of L-PRF in promoting the healing of extraction sockets, and to provide a comprehensive overview of the available evidence. Methods: A comprehensive computer-based search of databases such as PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane Library was conducted. Results: The results of this review suggest that L-PRF has shown promise in promoting early healing of extraction sockets, but the evidence for its effectiveness over a longer period is limited. Conclusion: Although L-PRF has shown promising results in the early healing periods, its effectiveness over a longer healing period cannot be confirmed based on the available data. More clinical trials with standardized protocols and consistent measurement methods are needed to establish the role of L-PRF in enhancing the healing of extraction sockets.
文摘The importance of implantable biomaterials is growing up in recent days for modern medicine,especially fixation,replacement,and regeneration of load-bearing bones.Through the past several years,metals,ceramics,polymers,and their composites,have been used for the reconstruction of hard tissues.Special standards such as adequate mechanical and biocompatible properties are required to avoid rejection reactions of the tissues.Recently,a number of novel advanced biomaterials are developed as promising candidates.Amongst those,cerium-based biomaterials acquired attention as a substitution material for hard tissues reconstruction because of cerium antioxidative properties,which enabled it to be used to decrease mediators of inflammation.In addition,the eminent mechanical properties,as well as the perfect chemical and biological compatibilities,make cerium-based biomaterials attractive for biomedical application.
文摘The term vertebrate is generally viewed by systematists in two contexts,either as Craniata(myxinoids or hagfishes+vertebrates s.s.,i.e.basically,animals possessing a stiff backbone)or as Vertebrata(lampreys+other vertebrae-bearing animals,which we propose to call here Euvertebrata).Craniates are characterized by a skull;vertebrates by vertebrae(arcualia);euvertebrates are vertebrates with hard phosphatised tissues in the skeleton.The earliest known possible craniate is Myllokunmingia(syn.Haikouichthys)from the Lower Cambrian of Chengjiang,south China.Euvertebrates appear in the Ordovician.C.H.Pander is sometimes thought to have been the first to propose that conodonts are vertebrates,but he did have doubts about the fish affinities of conodonts.This proposal was revived in the 30s and especially in the 80s of the 20th century and given elevated status in 2000 through a cladistic analysis based upon interpretation of conodont mineralized tissues as homologous to those of vertebrates.This analysis resolved conodonts within the clade Vertebrata s.s.,and incorporated a‘Total Group Concept’(TGC),including conodonts in the TG Gnathostomes(=jawed vertebrates).This resulted in the unusual scenario in which“teeth”appear before jaws.We reject the TGC nomenclature as applied to early vertebrates.In addition,based on all existing evidence,we consider that conodont hard tissues and several other anatomical structures in conodonts are not homologous with those of vertebrates.Making a revised cladistic analysis,eliminating characters unknown in fossils,conodonts appear stemward(i.e.more basal)to craniates and are thus interpreted as basal chordates at best.To help resolve the phylogenetic relationships of conodonts and chordates,the analysis should be extended to include non-chordate taxa.
文摘Purpose:Road traffic accidents(RTA),assaults,falls,and sports-related injuries are the leading causes of maxillofacial trauma.Due to quite different geographical environment and fast urbanization,the use of various protective equipment is restricted in India.Thus,compared to other countries,there might be a significant difference in the pattern and frequency of associated injuries among subjects with maxillofacial trauma.The present study was conducted to identify the causes and pattern of various maxillofacial fractures and the frequency of other related injuries among subjects with maxillofacial trauma.Methods:This is a cross-sectional retrospective study recording 2617 subjects with maxillofacial trauma from October 2017 to October 2022.The patient demographics,causes of trauma,types of maxillofacial injury,and associated soft and hard tissue injuries were recorded.The types of maxillofacial and associated injuries were diagnosed from details of clinical examinations and the interpretation of various radiographs available in the file.The associated injuries were divided into head injury,other bony injuries,and soft tissue and vital structure injuries.Descriptive statistics and the test of proportion were used.A p value<0.05 was considered as a level of significance.Results:The maxillofacial injuries were significantly common in patients aged 16 e 45 years(66.7%)than in patients aged15 and>46 years(33.3%)(p<0.001).The RTA was the most common cause of maxillofacial injury(n=2139,81.7%),followed by fall(n=206,7.9%),other causes of injury(n=178,6.8%),and assaults(n=94,3.6%).The maxillofacial injury by 2-wheel vehicle accidents was significantly higher than that by 4-wheel vehicle and other vehicle accidents(p<0.001).There was a significant correlation between alcohol and RTA(p<0.001).The head injury(n=931,61.1%)was the most common associated injury,followed by soft tissue and vital structures injuries(n=328,21.5%)and other bone injuries(n=264,17.3%).Discussion:Head injury was the most common associated injury followed by soft tissue and vital structures and bone injuries among subjects with maxillofacial trauma.Clavicle fracture and injury to the lower extremities were the most common hard and soft tissue-associated injuries.
基金Professor Jakub Tolar from the University of Minnesota for donating S.gordonii,E.coli,and hBM-MSCs,respectively.The authors also acknowledge Neus BahíVives from Eurecat for technical assistance with the TGA/DTG analysis.This research was supported by the National Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Research of the National Institutes of Health[grant number R01DE026117 to C.A.,T90DE0227232 to N.G.F.],the National Institutes of Health’s National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences[Translational Research Development Program-TRDP award to Z.Y.from grant UL1TR002494],the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities[grant number 2042020kf0191 to X.Z.],the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 81400506 to Y.Q.]and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province[grant number 2018B030311040 to Y.Q.].NGF acknowledges support from a 3 M Science and Technology Fellowship.The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.Parts of this work were carried out in the University of Minnesota I.T.Characterization Facility,which receives partial support from NSF through the MRSEC program.Confocal laser scanning microscopy was performed at the University of Minnesota-University Imaging Center.
文摘Infection in hard tissue regeneration is a clinically-relevant challenge.Development of scaffolds with dual function for promoting bone/dental tissue growth and preventing bacterial infections is a critical need in the field.Here we fabricated hybrid scaffolds by intrafibrillar-mineralization of collagen using a biomimetic process and subsequently coating the scaffold with an antimicrobial designer peptide with cationic and amphipathic properties.The highly hydrophilic mineralized collagen scaffolds provided an ideal substrate to form a dense and stable coating of the antimicrobial peptides.The amount of hydroxyapatite in the mineralized fibers modulated the rheological behavior of the scaffolds with no influence on the amount of recruited peptides and the resulting increase in hydrophobicity.The developed scaffolds were potent by contact killing of Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Streptococcus gordonii as well as cytocompatible to human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells.The process of scaffold fabrication is versatile and can be used to control mineral load and/or intrafibrillar-mineralized scaffolds made of other biopolymers.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32122046,12272032,82072082,32101102)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2020YFC0122204,2018YFA0703100)+2 种基金the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS[No.2019350]the Shenzhen Fundamental Research Foundation[No.JCYJ20210324115814040]the 111 Project(No.B13003).
文摘In the field of regenerative medicine,the importance of 3D bioprinting is self-evident and nonnegligible.However,3D bioprinting technology also requires bioink with excellent performance as support material to fabricate a multi-functional bioinspired scaffold.Collagen-based bioink is regarded as an ideal 3D bioprinting ink for its excellent biocompatibility,controllable printability and cell loading property.It is an important breakthrough in regenerative medicine with the progress of collagen-based bioink,which fabricates bioinspired scaffolds with different functions and is applied in different repair scenarios.This review summarizes the different applications of collagen-based bioink and classifies them as soft tissue and hard tissue according to the target region.The applications of target region in soft tissues include skin,cartilage,heart and blood vessels,while in hard tissues include femur,skull,teeth and spine.When the collagen-based bioink is applied in repairing soft tissue,the requirements of function are higher,while the mechanical properties must be further improved in repairing hard tissue.We further summarize the characteristics of collagen-based bioink and point out the most important properties that should be considered in different repair scenarios,which can provide reference for the preparation of bioinks with different functions.Finally,we point out the main challenges faced by collagen-based bioink and prospect the future research directions.
基金supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82102568,No.82102076)Shenzhen Key Medical Discipline Construction Fund(No.SZXK023)+3 种基金Shenzhen“San-Ming”Project of Medicine(No.SZSM202211038)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.ZDSYS20220606100602005)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2022A1515220111)The Scientific Research Foundation of PEKING UNIVERSITY SHENZHEN HOSPITAL(No.KYQD2021099).
文摘As a category of common clinical conditions,orthopedic diseases exhibit an increasing incidence in the aging population under the background of technological advancement.Although conventional treatment methods can alleviate the symptoms and improve the quality of life of patients with orthopedic diseases,their efficacy needs to be further enhanced.Nanorobots developed based on nanotechnology have presented important application prospects in the biomedical field.They are characterized by a small size and can be employed in nanoscale operation,which can change the management of orthopedic diseases through drug delivery,disease diagnosis,and disease treatment.They also play an important role in diseases related to hard(bones and cartilages)and soft(spinal cord,peripheral nerves,blood vessels,muscles,and ligaments)tissues in the bone movement system.In this review,the application status and prospects of nanorobots in the diagnosis and treatment of orthopedic diseases are explored based on their functional role in the medical field.Scientific attempts at the treatment of orthopedic diseases based on nanorobots may be made by strengthening the targeted differentiation of cells induced by nanorobots,repairing damaged cells from a genetic perspective,developing precise targeted delivery systems for therapeutic drugs,generating stimulation signals to improve the state of damaged cells,forming damaged tissue substitutes,and coordinating driving factors for physical therapy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82301138 and 82370918)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFC2402900).
文摘Amyloid deposits are widely presented in ectopic calcification associated with many degenerative diseases,such as calcific aortic valve disease and Alzheimer’s disease.Recently,amyloid-like secondary structures have also been observed in matrix proteins during physiological mineralization processes.With advancing observational apparatus,the mineral-templating role of amyloid has been increasingly investigated;nevertheless,it is still challenging to elucidate the explicit contribution of amyloid-like proteins in both pathological and physiological calcification.In this review,we discuss the potential roles of amyloid-forming proteins in both pathological and physiological mineralization,the nature of the interactions between the amyloid-like structure and the mineral ions,as well as the mechanisms underlying hierarchical mineralization templated by amyloid proteins.Taking inspiration from nature’s book,we summarize the cutting-edge developments in amyloid-based materials for hard tissue repair.Spanning from mechanisms to applications,this review provides valuable insights for further interdisciplinary research.
