On the occasion of the 65th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Laos,I wish to express,on behalf of the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Lao People's Demo...On the occasion of the 65th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Laos,I wish to express,on behalf of the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Lao People's Democratic Republic,our sincere gratitude and highest respect to all friends and personages from various sectors in both countries who have long cared about and supported the development of our bilateral relations.展开更多
The relative dispersion of cloud and fog droplets has significant impacts on aerosol indirect effects,radiative transfer,and microphysical processes.However,previous studies have been mostly concerned with clouds,with...The relative dispersion of cloud and fog droplets has significant impacts on aerosol indirect effects,radiative transfer,and microphysical processes.However,previous studies have been mostly concerned with clouds,with limited studies on fog,particularly those that examine the combined influences of all key physical processes and their roles during fog evolution.As such,this study aims to conduct a comprehensive investigation by examining the relationships between relative dispersion and other microphysical variables,as well as the underlying microphysical and dynamic processes,based on field fog campaigns in polluted and clean conditions.In polluted fog,droplet concentrations are higher,leading to smaller droplets and increased dispersion.The correlation between dispersion and droplet volume-mean radius is positive in the polluted fog,but shifts to negative in clean fog.We attribute the difference to various microphysical processes like aerosol activation,condensation,collision-coalescence,and entrainment-mixing.In polluted fog,high aerosol concentrations,low supersaturations,and strong turbulence(entrainment-mixing)provide suitable conditions for the simultaneous occurrence of droplet condensation and aerosol activation,resulting in a positive correlation between dispersion and volume-mean radius,especially during the fog formation stage.In contrast,during the mature stage in clean fog,condensation is dominant with weak aerosol activation leading to a negative correlation between relative dispersion and volume-mean radius.The collision-coalescence process is more active in the mature stage,increasing radii and leading to the negative correlation between dispersion and volume-mean radius.This result sheds new light on understanding the relative dispersion and mechanisms in fog under different aerosol backgrounds.展开更多
As an ordinary Yunnan local,I never imagined becoming so closely connected to the exotic land of Laos.The luckiest event of my life was probably my choice to tick a box on a 2007 college entrance examination applicati...As an ordinary Yunnan local,I never imagined becoming so closely connected to the exotic land of Laos.The luckiest event of my life was probably my choice to tick a box on a 2007 college entrance examination application form,indicating my willingness to enrollin a major other than my preference,which led me into the world of the Lao language.展开更多
On the threshold of 55 years of diplomatic relations,Cyprus and China stand to gain significantly by deepening their cooperation in trade,tourism,and green technology,guided by mutual respect and shared principles.WIT...On the threshold of 55 years of diplomatic relations,Cyprus and China stand to gain significantly by deepening their cooperation in trade,tourism,and green technology,guided by mutual respect and shared principles.WITH a population of approximately one million,Cyprus is a small country compared to China,which is home to more than 1.4 billion people.展开更多
British Prime Minister Keir Starmer’s visit to China underscores economic cooperation and strategic stability amid global uncertainties.U.K.Prime Minister Keir Starmer’s visit to China in January marks a significant...British Prime Minister Keir Starmer’s visit to China underscores economic cooperation and strategic stability amid global uncertainties.U.K.Prime Minister Keir Starmer’s visit to China in January marks a significant shift of Britain toward a more pragmatic and stability-oriented approach in Sino-British relations.After years of political tensions and limited high-level engagement,this trip underscores London’s intent to rebuild ties based on mutual economic and strategic interests.展开更多
During Donald Trump’s first term,the“Trump Shock”brought world politics into an era of uncertainties and pulled the transatlantic alliance down to its lowest point in history.The Trump 2.0 tsunami brewed by the 202...During Donald Trump’s first term,the“Trump Shock”brought world politics into an era of uncertainties and pulled the transatlantic alliance down to its lowest point in history.The Trump 2.0 tsunami brewed by the 2024 presidential election of the United States has plunged the U.S.-Europe relations into more gloomy waters,ushering in a more complex and turbulent period of adjustment.展开更多
The year 2025 marks the historic juncture of the 75th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and India.Looking back,though China-India ties have experienced twists and frictions,dialogu...The year 2025 marks the historic juncture of the 75th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and India.Looking back,though China-India ties have experienced twists and frictions,dialogue and cooperation have been the dominant theme,guiding the bilateral relations forward along a healthy and stable track.展开更多
I am delighted to join my Thai and Chinese friends in celebrating the 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between our two great nations.It is the“Golden Jubilee”of Thailand-China friendship...I am delighted to join my Thai and Chinese friends in celebrating the 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between our two great nations.It is the“Golden Jubilee”of Thailand-China friendship.Half a century ago when Thailand’s then Prime Minister M.R.Kukrit Pramoj and China’s Premier Zhou Enlai signed a Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations on July 1,1975,the foundation for a profound and mutually beneficial partnership was laid,fostering enduring friendship,cooperation,and understanding between our two nations.This bond has stood the test of time amidst the ever-changing international landscape and been further enhanced by both countries’commitment to advancing the Comprehensive Strategic Cooperative Partnership and building a Thailand-China community with a shared future for enhanced stability,prosperity,and sustainability through a forwardlooking and people-centered vision.展开更多
The year 2025 marks the 50th anniversary of diplomatic relations between China and the Philippines.Over the past half century,despite ups and downs,China-Philippines relations have maintained a steady momentum of deve...The year 2025 marks the 50th anniversary of diplomatic relations between China and the Philippines.Over the past half century,despite ups and downs,China-Philippines relations have maintained a steady momentum of development with continuous progress in political,economic,and cultural exchanges.Since the second half of 2023,the Philippines’freguent provocations in the South China Sea have negatively impacted bilateral relations.展开更多
If there were any doubts about the Trump administration’s inherent obsession with decoupling,polarization and jolting of global trade,they can be laid to rest.A series of statements and measures have been made by the...If there were any doubts about the Trump administration’s inherent obsession with decoupling,polarization and jolting of global trade,they can be laid to rest.A series of statements and measures have been made by the U.S.government on economic relations with China including administrative decision to hit Chinese goods with additional tariffs despite China.展开更多
The year 2025 marks the 75th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Indonesia.Over the past 75 years,the bilateral relationship has made significant progress across various fields,l...The year 2025 marks the 75th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Indonesia.Over the past 75 years,the bilateral relationship has made significant progress across various fields,laying a solid foundation for regional stability.China Report ASEAN interviewed Indonesian Ambassador to China Djauhari Oratmangun to reflect on the remarkable journey of Indonesia-China relations over the past 75 years.展开更多
This year marks the 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the EU.Over half a century,China and the EU have steadily enhanced political mutual trust,deepened mutually beneficia...This year marks the 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the EU.Over half a century,China and the EU have steadily enhanced political mutual trust,deepened mutually beneficial cooperation,and firmly upheld multilateralism,bringing tangible benefits to both peoples and making a significant contribution to global peace and development.展开更多
This article attempts to distinguish public relations(PRs)from propaganda,within the context of information management.Speedy dissemination of information is an important feature of contemporary communication practice...This article attempts to distinguish public relations(PRs)from propaganda,within the context of information management.Speedy dissemination of information is an important feature of contemporary communication practice globally.In this era,the information content of communication is an important element requiring critical evaluation.This is so,because of the need to safeguard the information ecosystem,considering the thin line between public relations and propaganda.While both propaganda and public relations aim to shape perceptions,influence attitudes,and sway opinions,one key distinction lies in their ethical considerations.Public relations emphasize honesty,accuracy,accountability,and a commitment to the truth.In contrast,propaganda may involve manipulation,distortion,or even fabrication of information to advance a particular agenda,often at the expense of truth and transparency.Hinged on The Excellence Theory and the Two-Way Symmetrical Model,the paper focuses on the meeting points and differences between public relations and propaganda,with a view to safeguarding the integrity of the information ecosystem.The study adopted the survey research method,with interview as research instrument.The study discovered that while propaganda is not entirely a bad practice,it has a heavy tilt towards bias.It therefore recommends that deliberate steps be taken by relevant professional organisations and other stakeholders towards educating the citizens on ways of distinguishing between public relations and propaganda contents.展开更多
Purpose:This paper presents a new semi-automatic methodology for identifying inter-actor relationships by discerning viewpoints in non-social,political textual corpora.Although previous research has successfully disce...Purpose:This paper presents a new semi-automatic methodology for identifying inter-actor relationships by discerning viewpoints in non-social,political textual corpora.Although previous research has successfully discerned viewpoints,biases,and affiliations based on textual features,the task of relationship analysis in the absence of interactional data remains unaddressed.Design/methodology/approach:We introduce a new paradigm for topic representation as a dynamic,continuous,multi-viewpoint spectrum based on the representation of viewpoints as vectors that capture common topical themes.As a proof of concept,we applied this paradigm to scrutinize the inter-state relationships reflected in the speeches of the UN General Assembly Debate Corpus(UNGDC).Findings:The proposed paradigm effectively identifies discursive trends in UNGDC.Our analysis reveals common attitudes towards the topic and their prominence among different groups of actors and facilitates the analysis of relationships between actors through a quantitative representation of viewpoint similarity.The method also successfully captured temporal shifts in viewpoints and overall discourse trends,correlating with major geopolitical events.Research limitations:One limitation of this study is the method’s sensitivity to data sparsity,which can skew viewpoint representations in cases of low topic involvement.Practical implications:The proposed paradigm can be utilized by scholars in political science and other domains as a tool for semi-automated unsupervised textual analysis of various non-social textual sources,enabling the discovery of latent relationships between actors and the modeling of viewpoints in complex topics.Originality/value:This study presents a novel framework for unsupervised semi-automatic textual analysis of relationships in non-social corpora through a new approach for the representation of viewpoints as thematic vectors.展开更多
On May 6,2025,President Xi Jinping exchanged congratulatory messages with European Council President Antonio Costa and European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the establ...On May 6,2025,President Xi Jinping exchanged congratulatory messages with European Council President Antonio Costa and European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the EU.President Xi noted in his message that China and the EU are comprehensive strategic partners,two major forces promoting multi-polarization,two major markets supporting globalization and two major civilizations advocating diversity.展开更多
In contemporary society,language transcends its function as a mere tool for communication.It is intrinsically linked to a people’s culture,values,and worldview.This observation is particularly salient in our globaliz...In contemporary society,language transcends its function as a mere tool for communication.It is intrinsically linked to a people’s culture,values,and worldview.This observation is particularly salient in our globalized world,where linguistic considerations have assumed strategic importance.Recognizing this potential,numerous states are seeking to bolster their international relations by prioritizing the teaching of their languages.It is within this context that we focus our attention on the teaching of Chinese in Congo-Brazzaville.Our objective is to investigate the significance of this language in consolidating bilateral relations between China and Congo.To achieve this,we analyze the current state of Chinese language instruction within the Congolese educational system,emphasize the implications of its dissemination,and propose potential avenues for improvement.Our approach is qualitative,drawing upon observations,interviews,and a review of existing literature.We aim to understand how the teaching of Chinese can contribute to the economic,cultural,and social development of Congo,while simultaneously strengthening ties with China.展开更多
Trump's victory in November 2024 once again had a strong impact on the European Union.However,unlike when Trump won the election for the first time in 2016,there have been some disturbing development trends in US-...Trump's victory in November 2024 once again had a strong impact on the European Union.However,unlike when Trump won the election for the first time in 2016,there have been some disturbing development trends in US-Europe relations.The imbalance in relations between the US and Europe has become even more pronounced.Whether in important fields such as the economy,finance,science and technology,or the military,the gap between the European Union and the United States is widening.Meanwhile,Europe's dependence on the United States is also increasing.Especially since the outbreak of the Ukraine crisis,it has formed an all-round dependence on the United States in terms of security,energy,markets,as well as capital and technology.The increasing imbalance in US-Europe relations has triggered anxiety in Europe,including concerns that Europe might become a“vassal”of the United States.During Trump's second term,Europe may be more inclined to cater to the United States and submit to its demands more often.However,under internal and external pressures,it may also accelerate the process of promoting strategic autonomy.Where the European Union will go will largely depend on the direction and intensity of policy adjustments during Trump's second term.展开更多
China’s path to modernization,which embodies a unique developmental model characterized by high-quality development,common prosperity,harmony with nature,and peaceful coexistence,is a multifaceted process that advanc...China’s path to modernization,which embodies a unique developmental model characterized by high-quality development,common prosperity,harmony with nature,and peaceful coexistence,is a multifaceted process that advances progress on multiple fronts.This paper applies two analytical lenses to the study of intergovernmental fiscal relations:multi-level governance,where different levels of government interact,and multi-objective decision-making,where multiple goals are pursued simultaneously.From this perspective,it puts forward three core propositions.First,the evolution of fiscal relations is shaped primarily by the central government’s need to balance incentivization,coordination,and control.Second,these relations are constrained by objective factors such as the output elasticity of loacl government actions,cost coefficients,externalities,and uncertainty.Third,the effectiveness of both central and local governments depends on the design of fiscal relations,as well as on their objectives,the output elasticity of actions,and costs.In essence,effective intergovernmental fiscal relations require a balance between centralized leadership and local initiative.Using this framework,the paper examines how changes in China’s fiscal system have influenced modernization across different historical periods,offering a theoretical model tailored to China’s national context.展开更多
Feature selection methods rooted in rough sets confront two notable limitations:their high computa-tional complexity and sensitivity to noise,rendering them impractical for managing large-scale and noisy datasets.The ...Feature selection methods rooted in rough sets confront two notable limitations:their high computa-tional complexity and sensitivity to noise,rendering them impractical for managing large-scale and noisy datasets.The primary issue stems from these methods’undue reliance on all samples.To overcome these challenges,we introduce the concept of cross-similarity grounded in a robust fuzzy relation and design a rapid and robust feature selection algorithm.Firstly,we construct a robust fuzzy relation by introducing a truncation parameter.Then,based on this fuzzy relation,we propose the concept of cross-similarity,which emphasizes the sample-to-sample similarity relations that uniquely determine feature importance,rather than considering all such relations equally.After studying the manifestations and properties of cross-similarity across different fuzzy granularities,we propose a forward greedy feature selection algorithm that leverages cross-similarity as the foundation for information measurement.This algorithm significantly reduces the time complexity from O(m2n2)to O(mn2).Experimental findings reveal that the average runtime of five state-of-the-art comparison algorithms is roughly 3.7 times longer than our algorithm,while our algorithm achieves an average accuracy that surpasses those of the five comparison algorithms by approximately 3.52%.This underscores the effectiveness of our approach.This paper paves the way for applying feature selection algorithms grounded in fuzzy rough sets to large-scale gene datasets.展开更多
文摘On the occasion of the 65th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Laos,I wish to express,on behalf of the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Lao People's Democratic Republic,our sincere gratitude and highest respect to all friends and personages from various sectors in both countries who have long cared about and supported the development of our bilateral relations.
基金supported by the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation under Grant Nos.(41975181,42325503,42375197,42575207,42205090)Y.LIU is supported by the U.S.Department of Energy’s Atmospheric System Research(ASR)program.
文摘The relative dispersion of cloud and fog droplets has significant impacts on aerosol indirect effects,radiative transfer,and microphysical processes.However,previous studies have been mostly concerned with clouds,with limited studies on fog,particularly those that examine the combined influences of all key physical processes and their roles during fog evolution.As such,this study aims to conduct a comprehensive investigation by examining the relationships between relative dispersion and other microphysical variables,as well as the underlying microphysical and dynamic processes,based on field fog campaigns in polluted and clean conditions.In polluted fog,droplet concentrations are higher,leading to smaller droplets and increased dispersion.The correlation between dispersion and droplet volume-mean radius is positive in the polluted fog,but shifts to negative in clean fog.We attribute the difference to various microphysical processes like aerosol activation,condensation,collision-coalescence,and entrainment-mixing.In polluted fog,high aerosol concentrations,low supersaturations,and strong turbulence(entrainment-mixing)provide suitable conditions for the simultaneous occurrence of droplet condensation and aerosol activation,resulting in a positive correlation between dispersion and volume-mean radius,especially during the fog formation stage.In contrast,during the mature stage in clean fog,condensation is dominant with weak aerosol activation leading to a negative correlation between relative dispersion and volume-mean radius.The collision-coalescence process is more active in the mature stage,increasing radii and leading to the negative correlation between dispersion and volume-mean radius.This result sheds new light on understanding the relative dispersion and mechanisms in fog under different aerosol backgrounds.
文摘As an ordinary Yunnan local,I never imagined becoming so closely connected to the exotic land of Laos.The luckiest event of my life was probably my choice to tick a box on a 2007 college entrance examination application form,indicating my willingness to enrollin a major other than my preference,which led me into the world of the Lao language.
文摘On the threshold of 55 years of diplomatic relations,Cyprus and China stand to gain significantly by deepening their cooperation in trade,tourism,and green technology,guided by mutual respect and shared principles.WITH a population of approximately one million,Cyprus is a small country compared to China,which is home to more than 1.4 billion people.
文摘British Prime Minister Keir Starmer’s visit to China underscores economic cooperation and strategic stability amid global uncertainties.U.K.Prime Minister Keir Starmer’s visit to China in January marks a significant shift of Britain toward a more pragmatic and stability-oriented approach in Sino-British relations.After years of political tensions and limited high-level engagement,this trip underscores London’s intent to rebuild ties based on mutual economic and strategic interests.
文摘During Donald Trump’s first term,the“Trump Shock”brought world politics into an era of uncertainties and pulled the transatlantic alliance down to its lowest point in history.The Trump 2.0 tsunami brewed by the 2024 presidential election of the United States has plunged the U.S.-Europe relations into more gloomy waters,ushering in a more complex and turbulent period of adjustment.
文摘The year 2025 marks the historic juncture of the 75th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and India.Looking back,though China-India ties have experienced twists and frictions,dialogue and cooperation have been the dominant theme,guiding the bilateral relations forward along a healthy and stable track.
文摘I am delighted to join my Thai and Chinese friends in celebrating the 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between our two great nations.It is the“Golden Jubilee”of Thailand-China friendship.Half a century ago when Thailand’s then Prime Minister M.R.Kukrit Pramoj and China’s Premier Zhou Enlai signed a Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations on July 1,1975,the foundation for a profound and mutually beneficial partnership was laid,fostering enduring friendship,cooperation,and understanding between our two nations.This bond has stood the test of time amidst the ever-changing international landscape and been further enhanced by both countries’commitment to advancing the Comprehensive Strategic Cooperative Partnership and building a Thailand-China community with a shared future for enhanced stability,prosperity,and sustainability through a forwardlooking and people-centered vision.
文摘The year 2025 marks the 50th anniversary of diplomatic relations between China and the Philippines.Over the past half century,despite ups and downs,China-Philippines relations have maintained a steady momentum of development with continuous progress in political,economic,and cultural exchanges.Since the second half of 2023,the Philippines’freguent provocations in the South China Sea have negatively impacted bilateral relations.
文摘If there were any doubts about the Trump administration’s inherent obsession with decoupling,polarization and jolting of global trade,they can be laid to rest.A series of statements and measures have been made by the U.S.government on economic relations with China including administrative decision to hit Chinese goods with additional tariffs despite China.
文摘The year 2025 marks the 75th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Indonesia.Over the past 75 years,the bilateral relationship has made significant progress across various fields,laying a solid foundation for regional stability.China Report ASEAN interviewed Indonesian Ambassador to China Djauhari Oratmangun to reflect on the remarkable journey of Indonesia-China relations over the past 75 years.
文摘This year marks the 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the EU.Over half a century,China and the EU have steadily enhanced political mutual trust,deepened mutually beneficial cooperation,and firmly upheld multilateralism,bringing tangible benefits to both peoples and making a significant contribution to global peace and development.
文摘This article attempts to distinguish public relations(PRs)from propaganda,within the context of information management.Speedy dissemination of information is an important feature of contemporary communication practice globally.In this era,the information content of communication is an important element requiring critical evaluation.This is so,because of the need to safeguard the information ecosystem,considering the thin line between public relations and propaganda.While both propaganda and public relations aim to shape perceptions,influence attitudes,and sway opinions,one key distinction lies in their ethical considerations.Public relations emphasize honesty,accuracy,accountability,and a commitment to the truth.In contrast,propaganda may involve manipulation,distortion,or even fabrication of information to advance a particular agenda,often at the expense of truth and transparency.Hinged on The Excellence Theory and the Two-Way Symmetrical Model,the paper focuses on the meeting points and differences between public relations and propaganda,with a view to safeguarding the integrity of the information ecosystem.The study adopted the survey research method,with interview as research instrument.The study discovered that while propaganda is not entirely a bad practice,it has a heavy tilt towards bias.It therefore recommends that deliberate steps be taken by relevant professional organisations and other stakeholders towards educating the citizens on ways of distinguishing between public relations and propaganda contents.
基金part of the research project “What Are States Talking About?”(ISF Grant 2109/19),funded by the Israeli Science Foundation。
文摘Purpose:This paper presents a new semi-automatic methodology for identifying inter-actor relationships by discerning viewpoints in non-social,political textual corpora.Although previous research has successfully discerned viewpoints,biases,and affiliations based on textual features,the task of relationship analysis in the absence of interactional data remains unaddressed.Design/methodology/approach:We introduce a new paradigm for topic representation as a dynamic,continuous,multi-viewpoint spectrum based on the representation of viewpoints as vectors that capture common topical themes.As a proof of concept,we applied this paradigm to scrutinize the inter-state relationships reflected in the speeches of the UN General Assembly Debate Corpus(UNGDC).Findings:The proposed paradigm effectively identifies discursive trends in UNGDC.Our analysis reveals common attitudes towards the topic and their prominence among different groups of actors and facilitates the analysis of relationships between actors through a quantitative representation of viewpoint similarity.The method also successfully captured temporal shifts in viewpoints and overall discourse trends,correlating with major geopolitical events.Research limitations:One limitation of this study is the method’s sensitivity to data sparsity,which can skew viewpoint representations in cases of low topic involvement.Practical implications:The proposed paradigm can be utilized by scholars in political science and other domains as a tool for semi-automated unsupervised textual analysis of various non-social textual sources,enabling the discovery of latent relationships between actors and the modeling of viewpoints in complex topics.Originality/value:This study presents a novel framework for unsupervised semi-automatic textual analysis of relationships in non-social corpora through a new approach for the representation of viewpoints as thematic vectors.
文摘On May 6,2025,President Xi Jinping exchanged congratulatory messages with European Council President Antonio Costa and European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the EU.President Xi noted in his message that China and the EU are comprehensive strategic partners,two major forces promoting multi-polarization,two major markets supporting globalization and two major civilizations advocating diversity.
文摘In contemporary society,language transcends its function as a mere tool for communication.It is intrinsically linked to a people’s culture,values,and worldview.This observation is particularly salient in our globalized world,where linguistic considerations have assumed strategic importance.Recognizing this potential,numerous states are seeking to bolster their international relations by prioritizing the teaching of their languages.It is within this context that we focus our attention on the teaching of Chinese in Congo-Brazzaville.Our objective is to investigate the significance of this language in consolidating bilateral relations between China and Congo.To achieve this,we analyze the current state of Chinese language instruction within the Congolese educational system,emphasize the implications of its dissemination,and propose potential avenues for improvement.Our approach is qualitative,drawing upon observations,interviews,and a review of existing literature.We aim to understand how the teaching of Chinese can contribute to the economic,cultural,and social development of Congo,while simultaneously strengthening ties with China.
文摘Trump's victory in November 2024 once again had a strong impact on the European Union.However,unlike when Trump won the election for the first time in 2016,there have been some disturbing development trends in US-Europe relations.The imbalance in relations between the US and Europe has become even more pronounced.Whether in important fields such as the economy,finance,science and technology,or the military,the gap between the European Union and the United States is widening.Meanwhile,Europe's dependence on the United States is also increasing.Especially since the outbreak of the Ukraine crisis,it has formed an all-round dependence on the United States in terms of security,energy,markets,as well as capital and technology.The increasing imbalance in US-Europe relations has triggered anxiety in Europe,including concerns that Europe might become a“vassal”of the United States.During Trump's second term,Europe may be more inclined to cater to the United States and submit to its demands more often.However,under internal and external pressures,it may also accelerate the process of promoting strategic autonomy.Where the European Union will go will largely depend on the direction and intensity of policy adjustments during Trump's second term.
基金supported by the General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant No.72373148).
文摘China’s path to modernization,which embodies a unique developmental model characterized by high-quality development,common prosperity,harmony with nature,and peaceful coexistence,is a multifaceted process that advances progress on multiple fronts.This paper applies two analytical lenses to the study of intergovernmental fiscal relations:multi-level governance,where different levels of government interact,and multi-objective decision-making,where multiple goals are pursued simultaneously.From this perspective,it puts forward three core propositions.First,the evolution of fiscal relations is shaped primarily by the central government’s need to balance incentivization,coordination,and control.Second,these relations are constrained by objective factors such as the output elasticity of loacl government actions,cost coefficients,externalities,and uncertainty.Third,the effectiveness of both central and local governments depends on the design of fiscal relations,as well as on their objectives,the output elasticity of actions,and costs.In essence,effective intergovernmental fiscal relations require a balance between centralized leadership and local initiative.Using this framework,the paper examines how changes in China’s fiscal system have influenced modernization across different historical periods,offering a theoretical model tailored to China’s national context.
基金supported by the Anhui Provincial Department of Education University Research Project(2024AH051375)Research Project of Chizhou University(CZ2022ZRZ06)+1 种基金Anhui Province Natural Science Research Project of Colleges and Universities(2024AH051368)Excellent Scientific Research and Innovation Team of Anhui Colleges(2022AH010098).
文摘Feature selection methods rooted in rough sets confront two notable limitations:their high computa-tional complexity and sensitivity to noise,rendering them impractical for managing large-scale and noisy datasets.The primary issue stems from these methods’undue reliance on all samples.To overcome these challenges,we introduce the concept of cross-similarity grounded in a robust fuzzy relation and design a rapid and robust feature selection algorithm.Firstly,we construct a robust fuzzy relation by introducing a truncation parameter.Then,based on this fuzzy relation,we propose the concept of cross-similarity,which emphasizes the sample-to-sample similarity relations that uniquely determine feature importance,rather than considering all such relations equally.After studying the manifestations and properties of cross-similarity across different fuzzy granularities,we propose a forward greedy feature selection algorithm that leverages cross-similarity as the foundation for information measurement.This algorithm significantly reduces the time complexity from O(m2n2)to O(mn2).Experimental findings reveal that the average runtime of five state-of-the-art comparison algorithms is roughly 3.7 times longer than our algorithm,while our algorithm achieves an average accuracy that surpasses those of the five comparison algorithms by approximately 3.52%.This underscores the effectiveness of our approach.This paper paves the way for applying feature selection algorithms grounded in fuzzy rough sets to large-scale gene datasets.
