In this study,cored sediment samples collected by the Jiaolong Submersible at 6779 m depth from the hadal zone of the Yap Trench in May 2016 were sliced in 1-cm interval from top to bottom,and lipids in each sediment ...In this study,cored sediment samples collected by the Jiaolong Submersible at 6779 m depth from the hadal zone of the Yap Trench in May 2016 were sliced in 1-cm interval from top to bottom,and lipids in each sediment layer were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed.The vertical distribution profiles of the lipids in the sediment sample,their main existing forms,and their possible sources were investigated.The results show that the concentration of lipid in the surface sediment was the highest with the carbon number from 12 to 27,dominated by medium and short-chain lipids.The total concentration of fatty acids in surface sediment was much higher than those in the offshore and deep-sea areas,being up to 325.77μg/g due to the funnel effect caused by the“V”terrain of the trench.Fatty acid 18:0 was the most abundant lipids in the sediment sample.Abnormal high concentrations of fatty acid 18:1ω7 and alkanes indicated the existence of hydrothermal fluids in the study area.In addition,saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids existed mainly in free form,and polyunsaturated fatty acids existed mainly in bound form.Most of the alkanes were in bound form,and their major source was autochthounous input.The carbon number of alcohols in the sediment sample ranged from 12 to 20,mainly existed in bound form.The source of fatty acids was mainly autochthonous input,and the neutral lipids had both marine and terrestrial origin.This is the first study of lipids in hadal sediment of the Yap Trench.The results will promote deeper understanding of organic carbon cycle in marine environment.展开更多
Two sediment cores were retrieved in the hadal zone of the Yap Trench,and their concentrations of six major elements Mg,Al,Ca,Ti,Mn and Fe and nine trace elements Sr,Ba,Pb,V,Cr,Co,Ni,Cu and Zn were determined in induc...Two sediment cores were retrieved in the hadal zone of the Yap Trench,and their concentrations of six major elements Mg,Al,Ca,Ti,Mn and Fe and nine trace elements Sr,Ba,Pb,V,Cr,Co,Ni,Cu and Zn were determined in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES).According to the vertical distribution profiles of the 15 elements,the correlation of their concentrations,the ratios of Ni/Co,V/Cr,Fe/Al,and Ti/Al,and morphological characteristics of the sediment samples,the implications of the depositional environment and the sediment provenance were analyzed.The results show that the ratio of Ni/Co in all depths of the two sediment cores were below 5,and the ratio of V/Cr were lower than 2,indicating that the depositional environment of the hadal zone in the trench was oxidative and might have inflow of the Antarctic bottom oxygen-rich water.The sediment samples on the eastern side of the trench were siliceous mud mainly composed of diatoms,radiolarian,and sponge needles from surface to deep layer.The vertical profile of the elements,the concentration of TOC and the fossil record indicated that the sediment sample from station Dive113 was well mixed from surface to bottom layer.Based on the correlation of concentrations of the elements,the morphological characteristics of the sediment,and the ratios of Fe/Al and Ti/Al,we inferred that the sediment in the hadal zone of the trench had terrestrial,volcanic,biological,and authigenic sources.Major source of the sediment in the eastern side of the trench were terrestrial;whereas the sediment in the western side of the trench received more volcaniclastic input.展开更多
Using observations in an applied cruise of the submersible Jiaolong,water characteristics,geostrophic transport,and turbulent mixing in abyssal and hadal zones of the southern Yap Trench were studied.The spatial struc...Using observations in an applied cruise of the submersible Jiaolong,water characteristics,geostrophic transport,and turbulent mixing in abyssal and hadal zones of the southern Yap Trench were studied.The spatial structures of deep water show that the abyssal water is cold,saline,and oxygen rich.The hadal water has very small changes in potential temperature and potential density,and a little decrease in salinity and obvious decrease in oxygen.The isotherm,isopycnal,and isohaline are depressed in abyss over the central trench.The turbulent mixing is enhanced in the near-bottom zone and the hadal water on the trench slope,especially at the steep slope,the dissipation rate and diffusivity is strong,which weakens the stratification.The geostrophic flows move southward in the western region of the trench and northward in the eastern region,indicating cyclonic circulation.In the central region of the trench,the water transport is^1.74 Sv southward.In the hadal zone,the northward and southward transports are balanced.Our analysis suggests that the abyssal water in the southern Yap Trench is from Lower Circumpolar Water(LCPW)and the hadal water seems to be of the isolated local water rather than LCPW.展开更多
Magnetic minerals in marine sediments are often masked by the primary natural remanent magnetization and material source signals.In order to understand sedimentary environment and sources of sediments in the abyss,we ...Magnetic minerals in marine sediments are often masked by the primary natural remanent magnetization and material source signals.In order to understand sedimentary environment and sources of sediments in the abyss,we studied 126 samples of five bottom surface cores collected by the Jiaolong Submersible at 4000-7000 m in depth during the third stage of the China's 38th Ocean Voyage.The magnetic properties of the sediments were analyzed using Thermosusceptibility(k-T)curves and Day plot.The results show that the magnetic minerals in the sediments of the Yap Trench are mainly maghemite,and the overall magnetic and soft magnetic properties were strong.The magnetic particles of sediments are dominated by pseudo single domains(PSD)grains.The main source of sediment is locally-derived basalt debris and volcanic debris,and the process of sedimentation is gravity-like flow deposition.展开更多
2,4,6-Tripyridine-s-triazine(TPTZ)spectrophotometric method was applied to determine the concentrations of dissolved monosaccharides(MCHO),polysaccharides(PCHO),and total carbohydrate(TCHO)in seawater samples collecte...2,4,6-Tripyridine-s-triazine(TPTZ)spectrophotometric method was applied to determine the concentrations of dissolved monosaccharides(MCHO),polysaccharides(PCHO),and total carbohydrate(TCHO)in seawater samples collected from sea surface to hadal zone and sediment-seawater interface of the Southern Yap Trench in the Western Pacific Ocean.Results show that the concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO ranged from 6.3 to 22.3μmol C/L,1.1 to 25.4μmol C/L,and 12.1 to 44.9μmol C/L,respectively,from the euphotic layer to the hadal zone of the trench.At different sampling stations,the concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO in the seawater showed complex vertical variation characteristics,but the overall variation trends were decreasing with water depth.In the Southern Yap Trench,the maximum concentration of MCHO in the seawater appeared in the euphotic layer,and the minimum in the hadal zone.The maximum concentration of PCHO appeared in the euphotic layer,and the minimum in the bathypelagic layer.The water layer where the maxima and minima of the average concentration of TCHO appeared was consistent with that of PCHO.PCHO was the major component of TCHO in the seawater of the Southern Yap Trench.In the seawater from the sediment-seawater interface,the concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO ranged from 8.4 to 10.6μmol C/L,3.8 to 5.8μmol C/L,and 12.2 to 15.2μmol C/L,respectively,and MCHO was the major component of TCHO.The key factors affecting the concentration and existing forms of dissolved sugars in the seawater of the Southern Yap Trench included photosynthesis,respiration,polysaccharide hydrolysis,adsorption and desorption of particulate matter,trench“funnel effect”,deep ocean currents,sediment resuspension,and etc.This study provided fundamental data about labile organic matter in abyss and hadal zone of marine environment,which is significant for further understanding of deep-sea organic carbon cycle.展开更多
On March 6,2025,the prestigious journal Cell published a special issue comprising three research papers led by Chinese scientists systematically depicting biodiversity in Earth’s deepest ecosystems.This landmark achi...On March 6,2025,the prestigious journal Cell published a special issue comprising three research papers led by Chinese scientists systematically depicting biodiversity in Earth’s deepest ecosystems.This landmark achievement utilized China’s independently developed deep-sea exploration vehicles,including the manned submersible“Shenhai Yongshi(Warrior in deep-sea),”“Fendouzhe(Striver),”the full-ocean-depth lander“Yuanweishiyan”and“TIAN YA”to comprehensively analyze microbial,invertebrate,and vertebrate communities within hadal ecosystems,including the Mariana Trench.展开更多
The hadal zone is the deepest point in the ocean with a depth that exceeds 6000 m. Exploration of the biological communities in hadal zone began in the 1950s (the first wave of hadal exploration) and substantial advan...The hadal zone is the deepest point in the ocean with a depth that exceeds 6000 m. Exploration of the biological communities in hadal zone began in the 1950s (the first wave of hadal exploration) and substantial advances have been made since the turn of the twenty-first century (the second wave of hadal exploration), resulting in a focus on the hadal sphere as a research hotspot because of its unique physical and chemical conditions. A variety of prokaryotes are found in the hadal zone. The mechanisms used by these prokaryotes to manage the high hydrostatic pressures and acquire energy from the environment are of substantial interest. Moreover, the symbioses between microbes and hadal animals have barely been studied. In addition, equipment has been developed that can now mimic hadal environments in the laboratory and allow cultivation of microbes under simulated in situ pressure. This review provides a brief summary of recent progress in the mechanisms by which microbes adapt to high hydrostatic pressures, manage limited energy resources and coexist with animals in the hadal zone, as well as technical developments in the exploration of hadal microbial life.展开更多
Hadal trenches are the least explored marine habitat on earth. Archaea has been shown to be the dominant group in trench sediments. However, the activity potentials and detailed diversity of these communities as well ...Hadal trenches are the least explored marine habitat on earth. Archaea has been shown to be the dominant group in trench sediments. However, the activity potentials and detailed diversity of these communities as well as their inter-trench variations are still not known. In this study, we combined datasets from two pairs of primers to investigate at high resolution the structure and activity potentials of the archaeal communities in vertically sectioned sediment cores taken from the deepest points of the Mariana (10,853 m) and Mussau (7011 m) trenches. The compositions of the potentially active communities revealed, via 16S ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) and RNA (rRNA), significant differences between samples. Marine Group I (MGI), with nine identified subgroups, was the most dominant class in the active archaeal communities of the two trenches. Significantly different species composition and vertical variations were observed between the two trenches. Vertical transitions from aerobic MGI α to anaerobic MGI η and υ subgroups were observed in MST but not in MT sediments, which might be related to the faster microbial oxygen consumption in MST. These results provide a better understanding on archaeal activity and diversity in trench sediments.展开更多
Phenolic compounds,as well as other aromatic compounds,have been reported to be abundant in hadal trenches.Although high-throughput sequencing studies have hinted at the potential of hadal microbes to degrade these co...Phenolic compounds,as well as other aromatic compounds,have been reported to be abundant in hadal trenches.Although high-throughput sequencing studies have hinted at the potential of hadal microbes to degrade these compounds,direct microbiological,genetic and biochemical evidence under in situ pressures remain absent.Here,a microbial consortium and a pure culture of Pseudomonas,newly isolated from Mariana Trench sediments,efficiently degraded phenol under pressures up to 70 and 60 MPa,respectively,with concomitant increase in biomass.By analyzing a high-pressure(70 MPa)culture metatranscriptome,not only was the entire range of metabolic processes under high pressure generated,but also genes encod-ing complete phenol degradation via ortho-and meta-cleavage pathways were revealed.The isolate of Pseudomonas also contained genes encoding the complete degradation pathway.Six transcribed genes(dmpKLMNOP_(sed))were functionally identified to encode a multicomponent hydroxylase catalyzing the hydroxylation of phenol and its methylated derivatives by heterogeneous expression.In addition,key catabolic genes identified in the metatranscriptome of the high-pressure cultures and genomes of bacterial isolates were found to be all widely distributed in 22 published hadal microbial metagenomes.At microbiological,genetic,bioinformatics,and biochemical levels,this study found that microorganisms widely found in hadal trenches were able to effectively drive phenolic compound degradation under high hydrostatic pressures.This information will bridge a knowledge gap concerning the microbial aromatics degradation within hadal trenches.展开更多
The hadal zone environment,characterized by extreme hydrostatic pressure,low temperatures,and limited food availability,presents substantial survival challenges for deep-sea fish species.In this study,we captured five...The hadal zone environment,characterized by extreme hydrostatic pressure,low temperatures,and limited food availability,presents substantial survival challenges for deep-sea fish species.In this study,we captured five deepsea fish species(Bathysaurus mollis,Coryphaenoides rudis,Ilyophis sp.,I.brunneus and Pseudoliparis swirei)from the Mariana Trench at depths ranging from 2027 to 7125 m,by employing China's“Exploration I and Exploration II”.By combining lipidomic and proteomic analyses,we aimed to explore the genetic basis of adaptive evolution to the hadal zone in fish.The results indicate several key findings:(1)P.swirei(Mariana hadal snailfish,MHS)may enhance energy storage and utilization during prolonged fasting periods by significantly increasing liver tissue levels of cholesterol ester(CE),ether-linked triacylglycerol(TG-O),coenzyme Q(CoQ),and ATPase content;(2)MHS could maintain membrane fluidity under high pressure by increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids while reducing levels of cholesterol and phosphatidylethanolamine(PE)content.(3)The regulation of lipid types and ratios could increase the risk of lipid peroxidation.To counter oxidative stress,MHS likely elevates monounsaturated fatty acid content and enhances antioxidants such as transferrin and heat shock proteins.Overall,this study provides new insights into the adaptive mechanisms of MHS to deep-sea conditions through the lipidome and proteome analyses,thus broadening our understanding of its resilience in the hadal zone.展开更多
Amino acids are widely present as intermediates in marine nitrogen cycle.However,amino acid distributions in deep-sea seawater,especially in abyssal and hadal zones,are very limited.This study investigated the occurre...Amino acids are widely present as intermediates in marine nitrogen cycle.However,amino acid distributions in deep-sea seawater,especially in abyssal and hadal zones,are very limited.This study investigated the occurrence,vertical variations,and degradation behavior of dissolved free amino acids(DFAA),dissolved combined amino acids(DCAA),and total hydrolyzable amino acids(THAA)in seawater from the sea surface to the hadal zone of the northern Yap Trench.The results showed that concentrations ofΣDFAA,ΣDCAA andΣTHAA ranged from 0.09 to 1.78,0.99 to 17.69 and 1.18 to 18.01μmol/L in the study area,respectively.In the seawater from the trench,glycine was the predominant DFAA,while the DCAA and THAA was dominated by threonine.Mean concentrations of DFAA,DCAA and THAA in different water layers were in the order of:mesopelagic>euphotic>abyssal>bathyal.The concentrations of DCAA and THAA in the sediment-seawater interface were higher than those from the euphotic to abyssal layer.The organic matter(OM)in the seawater of the stations near the Yap Islands were older,while the OM in the stations near the Yap Trench axis was relatively fresh above 1000-m depth.The OM in the sediment-seawater interface is older,especially on the west side of the trench.This is the first systematic survey of DCAA and THAA in the Yap Trench,providing insights into the vertical variations and degradation behaviors of amino acids from the sea surface to the hadal environment.展开更多
The hadal zone-Earth’s deepest oceanic trenches below 6,000 meters-has long been considered a lifeless abyss.Researchers from the Institute of Hydrobiology(IHB)and the Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering(ID...The hadal zone-Earth’s deepest oceanic trenches below 6,000 meters-has long been considered a lifeless abyss.Researchers from the Institute of Hydrobiology(IHB)and the Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering(IDSSE),both under the Chinese Academy of Sciences,together with collaborators from Northwestern Polytechnical University,recently decoded how fish thrive in this extreme realm through two evolutionary pathways while uncovering alarming traces of human pollution in these pristine ecosystems.Their discovery was published in Cell on March 6,2025.展开更多
Given the recent success in the development of several submersibles in China, people's interest in the history of submersible development is increasing. This paper presents the history of submersible development i...Given the recent success in the development of several submersibles in China, people's interest in the history of submersible development is increasing. This paper presents the history of submersible development in China, which can be briefly divided into three periods. The first one is the early period of hardship(1971–2000). Many prototype submersibles of HOVs, ROVs, and AUVs were developed at this time, but the main achievement was the establishment of special research organizations and the training of research and development personnel. The second period can be regarded as the quick development period(2001–2015). All currently used submersibles were developed during this period. The most remarkable achievement was the successful development of 7000 m-deep manned submersible "Jiaolong." The third period aims to develop 11 000 m submersibles for challenging the full ocean depth(2016–2020). In this period, two unmanned submersibles and two manned submersibles will be the significant indicators of achievement. If this 5-year plan can be successfully completed, China can play a significant role in the investigation of the deepest part of the oceans, namely, the hadal trenches(6500–11 000 m).展开更多
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2015CB755904)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFA0601302)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41676067)the Fundamental Funds for Central Universities(No.201762030)。
文摘In this study,cored sediment samples collected by the Jiaolong Submersible at 6779 m depth from the hadal zone of the Yap Trench in May 2016 were sliced in 1-cm interval from top to bottom,and lipids in each sediment layer were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed.The vertical distribution profiles of the lipids in the sediment sample,their main existing forms,and their possible sources were investigated.The results show that the concentration of lipid in the surface sediment was the highest with the carbon number from 12 to 27,dominated by medium and short-chain lipids.The total concentration of fatty acids in surface sediment was much higher than those in the offshore and deep-sea areas,being up to 325.77μg/g due to the funnel effect caused by the“V”terrain of the trench.Fatty acid 18:0 was the most abundant lipids in the sediment sample.Abnormal high concentrations of fatty acid 18:1ω7 and alkanes indicated the existence of hydrothermal fluids in the study area.In addition,saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids existed mainly in free form,and polyunsaturated fatty acids existed mainly in bound form.Most of the alkanes were in bound form,and their major source was autochthounous input.The carbon number of alcohols in the sediment sample ranged from 12 to 20,mainly existed in bound form.The source of fatty acids was mainly autochthonous input,and the neutral lipids had both marine and terrestrial origin.This is the first study of lipids in hadal sediment of the Yap Trench.The results will promote deeper understanding of organic carbon cycle in marine environment.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2015CB755904)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41676067)+1 种基金the Fundamental Funds for Central Universities,China(No.201762030)the Overseas Expertise Introduction Project for Discipline Innovation(111 Project)(No.B13030)。
文摘Two sediment cores were retrieved in the hadal zone of the Yap Trench,and their concentrations of six major elements Mg,Al,Ca,Ti,Mn and Fe and nine trace elements Sr,Ba,Pb,V,Cr,Co,Ni,Cu and Zn were determined in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES).According to the vertical distribution profiles of the 15 elements,the correlation of their concentrations,the ratios of Ni/Co,V/Cr,Fe/Al,and Ti/Al,and morphological characteristics of the sediment samples,the implications of the depositional environment and the sediment provenance were analyzed.The results show that the ratio of Ni/Co in all depths of the two sediment cores were below 5,and the ratio of V/Cr were lower than 2,indicating that the depositional environment of the hadal zone in the trench was oxidative and might have inflow of the Antarctic bottom oxygen-rich water.The sediment samples on the eastern side of the trench were siliceous mud mainly composed of diatoms,radiolarian,and sponge needles from surface to deep layer.The vertical profile of the elements,the concentration of TOC and the fossil record indicated that the sediment sample from station Dive113 was well mixed from surface to bottom layer.Based on the correlation of concentrations of the elements,the morphological characteristics of the sediment,and the ratios of Fe/Al and Ti/Al,we inferred that the sediment in the hadal zone of the trench had terrestrial,volcanic,biological,and authigenic sources.Major source of the sediment in the eastern side of the trench were terrestrial;whereas the sediment in the western side of the trench received more volcaniclastic input.
基金Supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2015CB755904)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41276036)。
文摘Using observations in an applied cruise of the submersible Jiaolong,water characteristics,geostrophic transport,and turbulent mixing in abyssal and hadal zones of the southern Yap Trench were studied.The spatial structures of deep water show that the abyssal water is cold,saline,and oxygen rich.The hadal water has very small changes in potential temperature and potential density,and a little decrease in salinity and obvious decrease in oxygen.The isotherm,isopycnal,and isohaline are depressed in abyss over the central trench.The turbulent mixing is enhanced in the near-bottom zone and the hadal water on the trench slope,especially at the steep slope,the dissipation rate and diffusivity is strong,which weakens the stratification.The geostrophic flows move southward in the western region of the trench and northward in the eastern region,indicating cyclonic circulation.In the central region of the trench,the water transport is^1.74 Sv southward.In the hadal zone,the northward and southward transports are balanced.Our analysis suggests that the abyssal water in the southern Yap Trench is from Lower Circumpolar Water(LCPW)and the hadal water seems to be of the isolated local water rather than LCPW.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2015CB755901)Taishan Scholar Project Funding(No.tspd2016007)+2 种基金13 th Five-Year Plan Program of the China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association Research(No.DY135-S2-2-08)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2017M610403)the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2018YFC0309802,2018YFC0309903)。
文摘Magnetic minerals in marine sediments are often masked by the primary natural remanent magnetization and material source signals.In order to understand sedimentary environment and sources of sediments in the abyss,we studied 126 samples of five bottom surface cores collected by the Jiaolong Submersible at 4000-7000 m in depth during the third stage of the China's 38th Ocean Voyage.The magnetic properties of the sediments were analyzed using Thermosusceptibility(k-T)curves and Day plot.The results show that the magnetic minerals in the sediments of the Yap Trench are mainly maghemite,and the overall magnetic and soft magnetic properties were strong.The magnetic particles of sediments are dominated by pseudo single domains(PSD)grains.The main source of sediment is locally-derived basalt debris and volcanic debris,and the process of sedimentation is gravity-like flow deposition.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFC2803803)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42076040)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2015CB755904)。
文摘2,4,6-Tripyridine-s-triazine(TPTZ)spectrophotometric method was applied to determine the concentrations of dissolved monosaccharides(MCHO),polysaccharides(PCHO),and total carbohydrate(TCHO)in seawater samples collected from sea surface to hadal zone and sediment-seawater interface of the Southern Yap Trench in the Western Pacific Ocean.Results show that the concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO ranged from 6.3 to 22.3μmol C/L,1.1 to 25.4μmol C/L,and 12.1 to 44.9μmol C/L,respectively,from the euphotic layer to the hadal zone of the trench.At different sampling stations,the concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO in the seawater showed complex vertical variation characteristics,but the overall variation trends were decreasing with water depth.In the Southern Yap Trench,the maximum concentration of MCHO in the seawater appeared in the euphotic layer,and the minimum in the hadal zone.The maximum concentration of PCHO appeared in the euphotic layer,and the minimum in the bathypelagic layer.The water layer where the maxima and minima of the average concentration of TCHO appeared was consistent with that of PCHO.PCHO was the major component of TCHO in the seawater of the Southern Yap Trench.In the seawater from the sediment-seawater interface,the concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO ranged from 8.4 to 10.6μmol C/L,3.8 to 5.8μmol C/L,and 12.2 to 15.2μmol C/L,respectively,and MCHO was the major component of TCHO.The key factors affecting the concentration and existing forms of dissolved sugars in the seawater of the Southern Yap Trench included photosynthesis,respiration,polysaccharide hydrolysis,adsorption and desorption of particulate matter,trench“funnel effect”,deep ocean currents,sediment resuspension,and etc.This study provided fundamental data about labile organic matter in abyss and hadal zone of marine environment,which is significant for further understanding of deep-sea organic carbon cycle.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42330405)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2805404).
文摘On March 6,2025,the prestigious journal Cell published a special issue comprising three research papers led by Chinese scientists systematically depicting biodiversity in Earth’s deepest ecosystems.This landmark achievement utilized China’s independently developed deep-sea exploration vehicles,including the manned submersible“Shenhai Yongshi(Warrior in deep-sea),”“Fendouzhe(Striver),”the full-ocean-depth lander“Yuanweishiyan”and“TIAN YA”to comprehensively analyze microbial,invertebrate,and vertebrate communities within hadal ecosystems,including the Mariana Trench.
基金supported by funding from the National Key Research&Development Program of China(Grant no.2018YFC0310600 and 2018YFC0309904)the Fundamental Research Funds of Ocean University of China(842041010)+3 种基金the National Science Foundation of China(31630012,U1706207,91851205,and 31870052)the Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of Shandong Province(2019JZZY010817)the Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province(tspd20181203)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(201961018).
文摘The hadal zone is the deepest point in the ocean with a depth that exceeds 6000 m. Exploration of the biological communities in hadal zone began in the 1950s (the first wave of hadal exploration) and substantial advances have been made since the turn of the twenty-first century (the second wave of hadal exploration), resulting in a focus on the hadal sphere as a research hotspot because of its unique physical and chemical conditions. A variety of prokaryotes are found in the hadal zone. The mechanisms used by these prokaryotes to manage the high hydrostatic pressures and acquire energy from the environment are of substantial interest. Moreover, the symbioses between microbes and hadal animals have barely been studied. In addition, equipment has been developed that can now mimic hadal environments in the laboratory and allow cultivation of microbes under simulated in situ pressure. This review provides a brief summary of recent progress in the mechanisms by which microbes adapt to high hydrostatic pressures, manage limited energy resources and coexist with animals in the hadal zone, as well as technical developments in the exploration of hadal microbial life.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Number 2018YFC0310600)by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Numbers 91951210,41773069,41906134)by Shanghai Natural Science Foundation(Grant Number 20ZR1423700).
文摘Hadal trenches are the least explored marine habitat on earth. Archaea has been shown to be the dominant group in trench sediments. However, the activity potentials and detailed diversity of these communities as well as their inter-trench variations are still not known. In this study, we combined datasets from two pairs of primers to investigate at high resolution the structure and activity potentials of the archaeal communities in vertically sectioned sediment cores taken from the deepest points of the Mariana (10,853 m) and Mussau (7011 m) trenches. The compositions of the potentially active communities revealed, via 16S ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) and RNA (rRNA), significant differences between samples. Marine Group I (MGI), with nine identified subgroups, was the most dominant class in the active archaeal communities of the two trenches. Significantly different species composition and vertical variations were observed between the two trenches. Vertical transitions from aerobic MGI α to anaerobic MGI η and υ subgroups were observed in MST but not in MT sediments, which might be related to the faster microbial oxygen consumption in MST. These results provide a better understanding on archaeal activity and diversity in trench sediments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants 91951106,92051104)。
文摘Phenolic compounds,as well as other aromatic compounds,have been reported to be abundant in hadal trenches.Although high-throughput sequencing studies have hinted at the potential of hadal microbes to degrade these compounds,direct microbiological,genetic and biochemical evidence under in situ pressures remain absent.Here,a microbial consortium and a pure culture of Pseudomonas,newly isolated from Mariana Trench sediments,efficiently degraded phenol under pressures up to 70 and 60 MPa,respectively,with concomitant increase in biomass.By analyzing a high-pressure(70 MPa)culture metatranscriptome,not only was the entire range of metabolic processes under high pressure generated,but also genes encod-ing complete phenol degradation via ortho-and meta-cleavage pathways were revealed.The isolate of Pseudomonas also contained genes encoding the complete degradation pathway.Six transcribed genes(dmpKLMNOP_(sed))were functionally identified to encode a multicomponent hydroxylase catalyzing the hydroxylation of phenol and its methylated derivatives by heterogeneous expression.In addition,key catabolic genes identified in the metatranscriptome of the high-pressure cultures and genomes of bacterial isolates were found to be all widely distributed in 22 published hadal microbial metagenomes.At microbiological,genetic,bioinformatics,and biochemical levels,this study found that microorganisms widely found in hadal trenches were able to effectively drive phenolic compound degradation under high hydrostatic pressures.This information will bridge a knowledge gap concerning the microbial aromatics degradation within hadal trenches.
基金supported by The Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB42030000)The National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2805400,2016YFC0304905)+1 种基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(42330405)The National Natural Science Foundation of China(41876179).
文摘The hadal zone environment,characterized by extreme hydrostatic pressure,low temperatures,and limited food availability,presents substantial survival challenges for deep-sea fish species.In this study,we captured five deepsea fish species(Bathysaurus mollis,Coryphaenoides rudis,Ilyophis sp.,I.brunneus and Pseudoliparis swirei)from the Mariana Trench at depths ranging from 2027 to 7125 m,by employing China's“Exploration I and Exploration II”.By combining lipidomic and proteomic analyses,we aimed to explore the genetic basis of adaptive evolution to the hadal zone in fish.The results indicate several key findings:(1)P.swirei(Mariana hadal snailfish,MHS)may enhance energy storage and utilization during prolonged fasting periods by significantly increasing liver tissue levels of cholesterol ester(CE),ether-linked triacylglycerol(TG-O),coenzyme Q(CoQ),and ATPase content;(2)MHS could maintain membrane fluidity under high pressure by increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids while reducing levels of cholesterol and phosphatidylethanolamine(PE)content.(3)The regulation of lipid types and ratios could increase the risk of lipid peroxidation.To counter oxidative stress,MHS likely elevates monounsaturated fatty acid content and enhances antioxidants such as transferrin and heat shock proteins.Overall,this study provides new insights into the adaptive mechanisms of MHS to deep-sea conditions through the lipidome and proteome analyses,thus broadening our understanding of its resilience in the hadal zone.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFC2803803)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42076040)the 111 Project(No.B13030)。
文摘Amino acids are widely present as intermediates in marine nitrogen cycle.However,amino acid distributions in deep-sea seawater,especially in abyssal and hadal zones,are very limited.This study investigated the occurrence,vertical variations,and degradation behavior of dissolved free amino acids(DFAA),dissolved combined amino acids(DCAA),and total hydrolyzable amino acids(THAA)in seawater from the sea surface to the hadal zone of the northern Yap Trench.The results showed that concentrations ofΣDFAA,ΣDCAA andΣTHAA ranged from 0.09 to 1.78,0.99 to 17.69 and 1.18 to 18.01μmol/L in the study area,respectively.In the seawater from the trench,glycine was the predominant DFAA,while the DCAA and THAA was dominated by threonine.Mean concentrations of DFAA,DCAA and THAA in different water layers were in the order of:mesopelagic>euphotic>abyssal>bathyal.The concentrations of DCAA and THAA in the sediment-seawater interface were higher than those from the euphotic to abyssal layer.The organic matter(OM)in the seawater of the stations near the Yap Islands were older,while the OM in the stations near the Yap Trench axis was relatively fresh above 1000-m depth.The OM in the sediment-seawater interface is older,especially on the west side of the trench.This is the first systematic survey of DCAA and THAA in the Yap Trench,providing insights into the vertical variations and degradation behaviors of amino acids from the sea surface to the hadal environment.
文摘The hadal zone-Earth’s deepest oceanic trenches below 6,000 meters-has long been considered a lifeless abyss.Researchers from the Institute of Hydrobiology(IHB)and the Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering(IDSSE),both under the Chinese Academy of Sciences,together with collaborators from Northwestern Polytechnical University,recently decoded how fish thrive in this extreme realm through two evolutionary pathways while uncovering alarming traces of human pollution in these pristine ecosystems.Their discovery was published in Cell on March 6,2025.
基金supported by the State Key Program of National Natural Science of China "Structural Reliability Analysis on the Spherical Hull of Deep Sea MSs"(Grant No.51439004)the Scientific Innovation Program Project of "Key technology research and experimental validation of deep MS" by the Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology(Grant No.15DZ1207000)
文摘Given the recent success in the development of several submersibles in China, people's interest in the history of submersible development is increasing. This paper presents the history of submersible development in China, which can be briefly divided into three periods. The first one is the early period of hardship(1971–2000). Many prototype submersibles of HOVs, ROVs, and AUVs were developed at this time, but the main achievement was the establishment of special research organizations and the training of research and development personnel. The second period can be regarded as the quick development period(2001–2015). All currently used submersibles were developed during this period. The most remarkable achievement was the successful development of 7000 m-deep manned submersible "Jiaolong." The third period aims to develop 11 000 m submersibles for challenging the full ocean depth(2016–2020). In this period, two unmanned submersibles and two manned submersibles will be the significant indicators of achievement. If this 5-year plan can be successfully completed, China can play a significant role in the investigation of the deepest part of the oceans, namely, the hadal trenches(6500–11 000 m).
