Spinal cord injury is a serious disease of the central nervous system involving irreversible nerve injury and various organ system injuries.At present,no effective clinical treatment exists.As one of the artificial hi...Spinal cord injury is a serious disease of the central nervous system involving irreversible nerve injury and various organ system injuries.At present,no effective clinical treatment exists.As one of the artificial hibernation techniques,mild hypothermia has preliminarily confirmed its clinical effect on spinal cord injury.However,its technical defects and barriers,along with serious clinical side effects,restrict its clinical application for spinal cord injury.Artificial hibernation is a futureoriented disruptive technology for human life support.It involves endogenous hibernation inducers and hibernation-related central neuromodulation that activate particular neurons,reduce the central constant temperature setting point,disrupt the normal constant body temperature,make the body adapt"to the external cold environment,and reduce the physiological resistance to cold stimulation.Thus,studying the artificial hibernation mechanism may help develop new treatment strategies more suitable for clinical use than the cooling method of mild hypothermia technology.This review introduces artificial hibernation technologies,including mild hypothermia technology,hibernation inducers,and hibernation-related central neuromodulation technology.It summarizes the relevant research on hypothermia and hibernation for organ and nerve protection.These studies show that artificial hibernation technologies have therapeutic significance on nerve injury after spinal co rd injury through inflammatory inhibition,immunosuppression,oxidative defense,and possible central protection.It also promotes the repair and protection of res pirato ry and digestive,cardiovascular,locomoto r,urinary,and endocrine systems.This review provides new insights for the clinical treatment of nerve and multiple organ protection after spinal cord injury thanks to artificial hibernation.At present,artificial hibernation technology is not mature,and research fa ces various challenges.Neve rtheless,the effort is wo rthwhile for the future development of medicine.展开更多
Controlling intracranial pressure,nerve cell regeneration,and microenvironment regulation are the key issues in reducing mortality and disability in acute brain injury.There is currently a lack of effective treatment ...Controlling intracranial pressure,nerve cell regeneration,and microenvironment regulation are the key issues in reducing mortality and disability in acute brain injury.There is currently a lack of effective treatment methods.Hibernation has the characteristics of low temperature,low metabolism,and hibernation rhythm,as well as protective effects on the nervous,cardiovascular,and motor systems.Artificial hibernation technology is a new technology that can effectively treat acute brain injury by altering the body’s metabolism,lowering the body’s core temperature,and allowing the body to enter a state similar to hibernation.This review introduces artificial hibernation technology,including mild hypothermia treatment technology,central nervous system regulation technology,and artificial hibernation-inducer technology.Upon summarizing the relevant research on artificial hibernation technology in acute brain injury,the research results show that artificial hibernation technology has neuroprotective,anti-inflammatory,and oxidative stress-resistance effects,indicating that it has therapeutic significance in acute brain injury.Furthermore,artificial hibernation technology can alleviate the damage of ischemic stroke,traumatic brain injury,cerebral hemorrhage,cerebral infarction,and other diseases,providing new strategies for treating acute brain injury.However,artificial hibernation technology is currently in its infancy and has some complications,such as electrolyte imbalance and coagulation disorders,which limit its use.Further research is needed for its clinical application.展开更多
Juvenile survival is a key life-history influence on population dynamics and adaptive evolution.We analyzed the effects of individual chara-cteristics,early environment,and maternal investment on juvenile survival in ...Juvenile survival is a key life-history influence on population dynamics and adaptive evolution.We analyzed the effects of individual chara-cteristics,early environment,and maternal investment on juvenile survival in a large solitary hibernating rodent-yellow ground squirrel Spermophilus fulvus using Cox mixed-effects models.Only 48%of weaned pups survived to dispersal and 17%survived to hibernation.Early life expectancy was primarily determined by individual characteristics and,to a lesser extent,by the early environment.The strongest and pos-itive predictor of juvenile survival was body mass which crucially affected mortality immediately after weaning.Males suffered higher mortality than females after the onset of dispersal;however,the overall difference between sexes was partly masked by high rates of mortality in the first days after emergence in both sexes.Later emerged juveniles had lower life expectancy than the earliest pups.The overall effect of local juvenile density was positive.Prolonged lactation did not enhance juvenile survival:Pups nursed longer survived shorter than the young nursed for a shorter period.Our findings support the hypothesis that females of S.fulvus cannot effectively regulate maternal expenditures to mitigate the effects of unfavorable conditions on their offspring.The strategy to deal with seasonal time constraints on life history in female S.fulvus suggests an early termination of maternal care at the cost of juvenile quality and survival.This female reproductive strategy corresponds to a"fast-solitary"life of folivorous desert-dwelling S.fulvus and other solitary ground squirrels with prolonged hibernation.展开更多
Microelectrode technique was used to record the spontaneous electrical activities of the neurons in olfactory bulb of the Bufo bufo gargarizans, both in hibernation and after hibemation. This study investigated the el...Microelectrode technique was used to record the spontaneous electrical activities of the neurons in olfactory bulb of the Bufo bufo gargarizans, both in hibernation and after hibemation. This study investigated the electrophysiological characteristics of amphibian olfactory bulb in the period of hibernation and after hibernation and its effects on the start of hibernation and spontaneous awakening. The research showed four forms of spontaneous firings： single spontaneous firing, burst spontaneous firing, irregular spontaneous firing and consecutive single spontaneous firing. The single spontaneous firing includes slow depolarized spontaneous firing and fast depolarized spontaneous firing, and the slow depolarized spontaneous firing occurs only during the hibernation period. In hibernation, the low amplitude and low frequency firing with a longer duration may be relevant to maintaining the tonicity of the central nervous system in toads that are in hibernation, and this kind of firing may also provide an excited basis for their arousal from hibernation. After hibernation, the amplitude and frequency of firing increase, but the firing duration gets shorter. This form of short-term firing, which may be a phenomenon of sensory neurons fast adapting, is one of the neuronal mechanisms for the arousal of hibernating animals.展开更多
Vitamin C (Vc) is an important antioxidant that helps turtles tolerating stressful environment. This work quantified changes in tissue Vc levels during winter hibernation in the soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis...Vitamin C (Vc) is an important antioxidant that helps turtles tolerating stressful environment. This work quantified changes in tissue Vc levels during winter hibernation in the soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis , to reveal the stress response pattern of tissue Vc during hibernation and contribute basic data for turtle culture. We sampled juvenile soft-shelled turtles at pre-hibernation (17.0°C mud temperature;MT), during hibernation (5.8°C MT) and after arousal (20.1°C MT) in the field. The transcript levels of the gene encoding L-gulonolactone oxidase (GLO), the key enzyme for Vc synthesis, decreased significantly during hibernation. However, GLO activity did not match the GLO transcription patterns and remained stable during hibernation, and showed temperature-dependent kinetic characteristics. Vitamin C levels in the brain, liver, kidney, and spleen (but not muscle) all decreased significantly during hibernation, but recovered to pre-hibernation levels or even higher levels after arousal. The soft-shelled turtle endured 5 months of hibernation with no significant oxidative damage in most tissues, except in the spleen. Splenic Vc was nearly exhausted during hibernation, accompanied by a significantly elevated malonaldehyde (MDA) level. Although the high level of oxidative damage quickly decreased after arousal, the potential tissue damage in the spleen during hibernation might account for the weakened immune capacity of turtles after hibernation.展开更多
In this paper, a hibernation plankton-nutrient chemostat model with delayed response in growth is considered. By using the stroboscopic map and the theorem of impulsive delay differential equation, a plankton-extincti...In this paper, a hibernation plankton-nutrient chemostat model with delayed response in growth is considered. By using the stroboscopic map and the theorem of impulsive delay differential equation, a plankton-extinction boundary periodic solution is obtained. The sufficient conditions on the permanence and globally attractive of the chemostat system are also obtained. Our main results reveal that the delayed response in growth plays an important role on the dynamical behaviors of system.展开更多
Objective： To explore the release of myocardial noradrenaline during acute hibernation. Methods： The hearts were gained from rats and set up as modified Langendorf preparations beating isometrically. They were perfu...Objective： To explore the release of myocardial noradrenaline during acute hibernation. Methods： The hearts were gained from rats and set up as modified Langendorf preparations beating isometrically. They were perfused with modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer under controlled pressure. Mechanical measurements and coronary effluent were recorded simultaneously at 30min intervals for 150min. Lactate dehydrogenase in coronary effluent was assayed at the beginning, 60min and 120min low-flow ischemia. Noradrenaline in coronary effluent was determined at the beginning of low-flow and 120min of low-flow ischemia and also in control, during hibernation and after 30min reperfusion during stimulation, myocardial noradrenaline response on tyramine was investigated in absence or presence of desipramine after 30min reperfusion. Results： In the control, there was nosignificant chant in noradrenaline overflow during 120min perfusion; In the acute myocardial hibernation group, there was also nosignificant difference in noradrenaline overflow between the beginning and 120min low-flow ischemia. The electrical field stimulation-induced overflow of noradrenaline during hibernation myocardium was significantly less than preischemia or after reperfusion, but there was nosignificant difference between preischemia and reperfusion group. Tyramine induced significant noradrenaline release in absence of desipramine after 30min reperfusion, but this increase in noradrenaline release had nosignificant in the presence of desipramine. These studies indicated that there was not significant spontaneous noadrenaline overflow during acute myocardial hibernation in isolated rat hearts, the stimulation-induced noradrenaline overflow decreased during hibernation and restored to the level of preischemia after reperfusion, myocardial noradrenaline response to tyramine remained after 30min reperfusion. Conclusion： Myocardial noradrenaline overflow may not contribute to the development of acute myocardial hibernation and the function of sympathetic nerve may also maintain in hibernation as myocardium does during acute myocardial hibernation, reperfusion of myocardium may contribute to restoring the function of sympathetic nerve.展开更多
Although human hibernation has been introduced as an effective technique in space exploration,there are concerns regarding the intrinsic risks of the approach(i.e.,synthetic torpor)and other factors involved in this p...Although human hibernation has been introduced as an effective technique in space exploration,there are concerns regarding the intrinsic risks of the approach(i.e.,synthetic torpor)and other factors involved in this procedure.Besides concerns about the brain changes and the state of consciousness during hibernation,an"Achilles heel"of the hibernation is the negative impact of torpor on factors such as the number of circulating leukocytes,complement levels,response to lipopolysaccharides,phagocytotic capacity,cytokine production,lymphocyte proliferation,and antibody production.Moreover,increased virulence of bacteria in deep space can significantly increase the risk of infection.The increased infection risk during long-term space missions with the combined effects of radiation and microgravity affect the astronauts’immune system.With these additional immune system stressors,torpor-induced extraimmunosuppression can be potentially life threatening for astronauts.展开更多
Hibernation is an adaptive behavior for some small animals to survive cold winter.Hibernating mammals usually down-regulate their body temperature from~37℃to only a few degrees.During the evolution,mammalian hibernat...Hibernation is an adaptive behavior for some small animals to survive cold winter.Hibernating mammals usually down-regulate their body temperature from~37℃to only a few degrees.During the evolution,mammalian hibernators have inherited unique strategies to survive extreme conditions that may lead to disease or death in humans and other non-hibernators.Hibernating mammals can not only tolerant deep hypothermia,hypoxia and anoxia,but also protect them against osteoporosis,muscle atrophy,heart arrhythmia and ischemia-reperfusion injury.Finding the molecular and regulatory mechanisms underlying these adaptations will provide novel ideas for treating related human diseases.展开更多
The intestinal microbiota help regulate hibernation in vertebrates.However,it needs to be established how hibernation modulates the gut microbiome and intestinal metabolism.In the present study,we used an artificial h...The intestinal microbiota help regulate hibernation in vertebrates.However,it needs to be established how hibernation modulates the gut microbiome and intestinal metabolism.In the present study,we used an artificial hibernation model to examine the responses of the gut microbiota of the Strauchbufo raddei to the environmental changes associated with this behavior.Hibernation significantly lowered the diversity of the microbiota and altered the microbial community of the gut.Proteobacteria,Firmicutes,and Bacteroidota were the major bacterial phyla in the intestines of S.raddei.However,Firmicutes and Proteobacteria predominated in the gut of active and hibernating S.raddei,respectively.Certain bacterial genera such as Pseudomonas,Vibrio,Ralstonia,and Rhodococcus could serve as biomarkers distinguishing hibernating and non-hibernating S.raddei.The gut microbiota was more resistant to environmental stress in hibernating than active S.raddei.Moreover,metabolomics revealed that metabolites implicated in fatty acid biosynthesis were highly upregulated in the intestines of hibernating S.raddei.The metabolites that were enriched during hibernation enabled S.raddei to adapt to the low temperatures and the lack of exogenous food that are characteristic of hibernation.A correlation analysis of the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites revealed that the gut microbiota might participate in the metabolic regulation of hibernating S.raddei.The present study clarified the modifications that occur in the intestinal bacteria and their symbiotic relationship with their host during hibernation.These findings are indicative of the adaptive changes in the metabolism of amphibians under different environmental conditions.展开更多
In the 19^(th)century,von Frerichs F and Flint A identified a type of acute renal impairment associated with advanced liver disease,characterized by oliguria,absence of proteinuria,and normal renal histology,which was...In the 19^(th)century,von Frerichs F and Flint A identified a type of acute renal impairment associated with advanced liver disease,characterized by oliguria,absence of proteinuria,and normal renal histology,which was later termed hepatorenal syndrome(HRS).HRS primarily affects cirrhotic patients with ascites and often follows severe infections,digestive hemorrhages,or high-volume paracentesis.Pathophysiologically,HRS involves low glomerular filtration rate,hypotension,renin-angiotensin axis activation,water clearance,hyponatremia,and minimal urinary sodium excretion.These conditions mimic those seen in decreased effective circulatory volume(ECV)scenarios such as septic shock or heart failure.HRS represents a specific form of prerenal acute kidney injury(AKI)in patients with baseline renal ischemia,where the kidney attempts to correct decreased ECV by retaining sodium and water.Intense renal vasoconstriction,passive hyperemia from ascites,and acute tubular necrosis(ATN)with specific urinary sediment changes are observed.Persistent oliguria may transition HRS to ATN,although this shift is less straightforward than in other prerenal AKI contexts.Notably,liver grafts from HRS patients can recover function more rapidly than those from other ischemic conditions.Experimental studies,such as those by Duailibe et al,using omega-3 fatty acids in cirrhotic rat models,have shown promising results in reducing oxidative stress and improving kidney function.These findings suggest potential therapeutic strategies and underscore the need for further research to understand the mechanisms of HRS and explore possible treatments.Future research should address the impact of omega-3 on survival and secondary outcomes,as well as consider the balance of therapeutic risks and benefits in severe liver disease.展开更多
The diversity of rodents in Asian deserts is high.Nevertheless,little is known about their use of daily torpor and hibernation,which are employed by many small mammals worldwide for energy and water conservation to pe...The diversity of rodents in Asian deserts is high.Nevertheless,little is known about their use of daily torpor and hibernation,which are employed by many small mammals worldwide for energy and water conservation to permit survival under adverse environmental conditions.We quantified for the first time,using temperature transponders and data loggers,long-term torpor expression and patterns in sympatric desert hamsters Phodopus roborovskii,striped hamsters Cricetulus barabensis and 3-toed jerboas Dipus sagitta under controlled conditions.Animals were live-trapped in Inner Mongolia in August and held in captivity under short photoperiods and low ambient temperatures(T,s)for about 6 months.Both hamster species(~half of individuals)expressed spontaneous(food available)daily torpor.Daily torpor in desert hamsters was less frequent and shallower than that in striped hamsters,which also had longer torpor bouts during torpor at T 15.8±0.4℃.Only one individual jerboa entered hibernation spontaneously at T,6.2±0.5℃,but all hibernated after food deprivation.The 2 hamster species only slightly changed their body mass during the acclimation,whereas jerboas greatly increased their body mass by 27.9%during the first 2 months of acclimation probably as a preparation for the hibernating season.Our data show that short photoperiod and moderately low T,induces spontaneous daily torpor in the 2 hamster species,suggesting that it is used regularly in the wild.Hibernation in Jerboas occurred at T,6.2±0.5°C especially when food was withheld suggesting limited food availability is the proximate trigger of their hibernation.展开更多
Background Inflammation and coagulation are two intimately cross-linked defense mechanisms of most, if not all organisms to injuries. During cardiopulmonary bypass （CPB）, these two processes are activated and intera...Background Inflammation and coagulation are two intimately cross-linked defense mechanisms of most, if not all organisms to injuries. During cardiopulmonary bypass （CPB）, these two processes are activated and interact with each other through several common pathways, which may result in subsequent organ dysfunction. In the present study, we hypothesized that the addition of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E1 （PGE1）, and aprotinin to the systemic circulation, hereby referred to as blood hibernation, would attenuate the inflammation and coagulation induced by CPB. Methods Thirty adult mongrel dogs were equally divided into five groups, anesthetized and placed on hypothermic CPB （32℃）. Each group received respectively the following treatments： （1） inhalation of 40 ppm nitric oxide; （2） intravenous infusion of 20 ng.kgl.min1 of PGE1; （3） 80 000 kallikrein inhibitor units （KIU）/kg of aprotinin; （4） the combination of all three agents （blood hibernation group）; and （5） no treatment （control group） during CPB. Activation of leukocyte, platelet, endothelial cell, and formation of thrombin were assessed after CPB. Results As compared with the other four groups, leukocyte counts were higher, while plasma elastase, interleukin-8, CD11b mRNA expression, myeloperoxidase activities and lung tissue leukocyte counts were lower in the blood hibernation group （P 〈0.05 versus other four groups after CPB）. Plasma prothrombin fragment （PTF）1＋2, and platelet activation factors were lower, while platelet counts were higher in the blood hibernation group （P 〈0.05 versus other four groups at 6 and 12 hours after CPB）. Electron microscopy showed endothelial pseudopods protrusion, with cell adherence in all four groups except the blood hibernation group where endothelial cells remained intact. Conclusion Blood hibernation, effected by the addition of nitric oxide, PGE1 and aprotinin to the circulating blood during extra-corporeal circulation, was observed to attenuate the inflammation and coagulation induced by cardiopulmonary bypass, most likely by inhibiting the important common intermediates between the two cross-linked processes.展开更多
Seasonal hibernation has provided an opportunity to study animals’phenotypic plasticity in adaptation to changing environment.In the present study focusing on the female Daurian ground squirrel(Spermophilus dauricus)...Seasonal hibernation has provided an opportunity to study animals’phenotypic plasticity in adaptation to changing environment.In the present study focusing on the female Daurian ground squirrel(Spermophilus dauricus)-a well demonstrated seasonal hibernator-we examined their behavioral,morphological,and metabolic changes during fattening,hibernation,and emergence.Our data indicated high levels of food intake,fat deposition,and body mass increases during fattening compared to hibernation.The levels of serum glucose and triglycerides were also higher during fattening than during hibernation and emergence.Interestingly,although squirrels showed signs of obesity and elevated triglycerides in serum during fattening,triglyceride levels in the liver and skeletal muscles remained unchanged.Our data also indicated that adiponectin levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid were different between fattening and hibernation.Levels of adiponectin receptor 1 in the skeletal muscle remained low during fattening but peaked in late hibernation.In contrast,adiponectin receptor 2 in the liver showed a steady increase during fattening,which was followed by a significant decrease at early hibernation.Our data indicate that adiponectin may play an important role in preventing heterotopic fat accumulation in a receptor-and organ-specific manner,as well as in facilitating the switch from glucose metabolism to lipid metabolism during fattening and hibernation in female Daurian ground squirrels.展开更多
Even mildly hypothermic body or limb temperatures can retard healing processes in mammals.Despite this,we observed that hibernating American black bears(Ursus americanus Pallas,1780)elicit profound abilities in mounti...Even mildly hypothermic body or limb temperatures can retard healing processes in mammals.Despite this,we observed that hibernating American black bears(Ursus americanus Pallas,1780)elicit profound abilities in mounting inflammatory responses to infection and/or foreign bodies.In addition,they resolve injuries during hibernation while maintaining mildly hypothermic states(30–35°C)and without eating,drinking,urinating or defecating.We describe experimental studies on free-ranging bears that document their abilities to completely resolve cutaneous cuts and punctures incurred during or prior to hibernation.We induced small,full-thickness cutaneous wounds(biopsies or incisions)during early denning,and re-biopsied sites 2–3 months later(near the end of denning).Routine histological methods were used to characterize these skin samples.All biopsied sites with respect to secondary intention(open circular biopsies)and primary intention(sutured sites)healed,with evidence of initial eschar(scab)formation,completeness of healed epidermis and dermal layers,dyskeratosis(inclusion cysts),and abilities to produce hair follicles.These healing abilities of hibernating black bears are a clear survival advantage to animals injured before or during denning.Bears are known to have elevated levels of hibernation induction trigger(delta-opioid receptor agonist)and ursodeoxycholic acid(major bile acid within plasma,mostly conjugated with taurine)during hibernation,which may relate to these wound-healing abilities.Further research as to the underlying mechanisms of wound healing during hibernation could have applications in human medicine.Unique approaches may be found to improve healing for malnourished,hypothermic,diabetic and elderly patients or to reduce scarring associated with burns and traumatic injuries.展开更多
In this work, we construct a stage-structured single population system with winter hiber- nation and impulsive effect in polluted environment. All solutions of the investigated system are proved to be uniformly ultima...In this work, we construct a stage-structured single population system with winter hiber- nation and impulsive effect in polluted environment. All solutions of the investigated system are proved to be uniformly ultimately bounded. The conditions of the population- extinction solution of the investigated system are obtained. The permanent condition of the investigated system is also obtained. Finally, numerical analysis is inserted to illustrate the results. Our results indicate that the environmental pollution will reduce biological diversity of the natural world. Our results also provide reliable tactic basis for the practical biological resource management.展开更多
Hibernation is one of the fundamental strategies in response to cold environmental temperatures.During hibernation,the endocrine and circadian systems ensure minimal expenditure of energy for survival.The circadian rh...Hibernation is one of the fundamental strategies in response to cold environmental temperatures.During hibernation,the endocrine and circadian systems ensure minimal expenditure of energy for survival.The circadian rhythms of key hormones,melatonin(MT),corticosterone(CORT),triiodothyronine(T3),and thyroxine(T4),and the underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms of hibernation have been well determined in mammals but not in ectotherms.Here,a terrestrial hibernating species,Asiatic toad(Bufo gargarizans),was employed to investigate the plasma CORT,MT,T3,and T4;and the retina,brain,and liver mRNA expression of the core clock genes,including circadian locomotor output cycles kaput(Clock),brain and muscle ARNT-like 1(Bmal1),cryptochrome(Cry)1 and 2,and period(Per)1 and 2,at 7-time points over a 24-h period under acute cold(1 day at 4℃),and hibernation(45 days at 4℃).Our results showed that the circadian rhythms of the core clock genes were rather unaffected by acute cold exposure in the retina,unlike the brain and liver.In contrast,during hibernation,the liver clock genes displayed significant circadian oscillations,while those in the retina and brain stopped ticking.Furthermore,plasma CORT expressed circadian oscillations in both groups,and T3 in acute cold exposure group,whereas T4 and MT did not.Our results reveal that the plasma CORT and the liver sustain rhythmicity when the brain was not,indicating that the liver clock along with the adrenal clock synergistically maintains the metabolic requirements to ensure basic survival in hibernating Asiatic toads.展开更多
Dear readers:Spring has set in as the Chinese Spring Festival marks the beginning of the charming and life-booming season of the year when the hibernates wake up and the plants come back to life to the summon of the M...Dear readers:Spring has set in as the Chinese Spring Festival marks the beginning of the charming and life-booming season of the year when the hibernates wake up and the plants come back to life to the summon of the Mother Nature,where tree leafs turn green,rivers break the ice to run,the landscape is burgeoning with vigorous fauna and flora,the blessings that we feel very thankful for.But it is not the seasonal warmth that we are now feeling in the economic climate of the troubled world.展开更多
Changes in protein abundance and reversible protein phosphorylation(RPP)play important roles in regulating hypometabolism but have never been documented in overwintering frogs at high altitudes.To test the hypothesis ...Changes in protein abundance and reversible protein phosphorylation(RPP)play important roles in regulating hypometabolism but have never been documented in overwintering frogs at high altitudes.To test the hypothesis that protein abundance and phosphorylation change in response to winter hibernation,we conducted a comprehensive and quantitative proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis of the liver of the Xizang plateau frog,Nanorana parkeri,living on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.In total,5170 proteins and 5695 phosphorylation sites in 1938 proteins were quantified.Based on proteomic analysis,674 differentially expressed proteins(438 up-regulated,236 down-regulated)were screened in hibernating N.parkeri versus summer individuals.Functional enrichment analysis revealed that higher expressed proteins in winter were significantly enriched in immune-related signaling pathways,whereas lower expressed proteins were mainly involved in metabolic processes.A total of 4251 modified sites(4147 up-regulated,104 down-regulated)belonging to 1638 phosphoproteins(1555 up-regulated,83 down-regulated)were significantly changed in the liver.During hibernation,RPP regulated a diverse array of proteins involved in multiple functions,including metabolic enzymatic activity,ion transport,protein turnover,signal transduction,and alternative splicing.These changes contribute to enhancing protection,suppressing energy-consuming processes,and inducing metabolic depression.Moreover,the activities of phosphofructokinase,glutamate dehydrogenase,and ATPase were all significantly lower in winter compared to summer.In conclusion,our results support the hypothesis and demonstrate the importance of RPP as a regulatory mechanism when animals transition into a hypometabolic state.展开更多
基金supported by the Key Projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.11932013(to XC)Key Military Logistics Research Projects,No.B WJ21J002(to XC)+4 种基金the Key projects of the Special Zone for National Defence Innovation,No.21-163-12-ZT006002-13(to XC)the National Nature Science Foundation of China No.82272255(to XC)the National Defense Science and Technology Outstanding Youth Science Fund Program,No.2021-JCIQ-ZQ-035(to XC)the Scientific Research Innovation Team Project of Armed Police Characteristic Medical Center,No.KYCXTD0104(to ZL)the National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund,No.82004467(to BC)。
文摘Spinal cord injury is a serious disease of the central nervous system involving irreversible nerve injury and various organ system injuries.At present,no effective clinical treatment exists.As one of the artificial hibernation techniques,mild hypothermia has preliminarily confirmed its clinical effect on spinal cord injury.However,its technical defects and barriers,along with serious clinical side effects,restrict its clinical application for spinal cord injury.Artificial hibernation is a futureoriented disruptive technology for human life support.It involves endogenous hibernation inducers and hibernation-related central neuromodulation that activate particular neurons,reduce the central constant temperature setting point,disrupt the normal constant body temperature,make the body adapt"to the external cold environment,and reduce the physiological resistance to cold stimulation.Thus,studying the artificial hibernation mechanism may help develop new treatment strategies more suitable for clinical use than the cooling method of mild hypothermia technology.This review introduces artificial hibernation technologies,including mild hypothermia technology,hibernation inducers,and hibernation-related central neuromodulation technology.It summarizes the relevant research on hypothermia and hibernation for organ and nerve protection.These studies show that artificial hibernation technologies have therapeutic significance on nerve injury after spinal co rd injury through inflammatory inhibition,immunosuppression,oxidative defense,and possible central protection.It also promotes the repair and protection of res pirato ry and digestive,cardiovascular,locomoto r,urinary,and endocrine systems.This review provides new insights for the clinical treatment of nerve and multiple organ protection after spinal cord injury thanks to artificial hibernation.At present,artificial hibernation technology is not mature,and research fa ces various challenges.Neve rtheless,the effort is wo rthwhile for the future development of medicine.
基金supported by the National Defense Science and Technology Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project,No.2021-JCJQ-ZQ-035National Defense Innovation Special Zone Project,No.21-163-12-ZT-006-002-13Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.11932013(all to XuC).
文摘Controlling intracranial pressure,nerve cell regeneration,and microenvironment regulation are the key issues in reducing mortality and disability in acute brain injury.There is currently a lack of effective treatment methods.Hibernation has the characteristics of low temperature,low metabolism,and hibernation rhythm,as well as protective effects on the nervous,cardiovascular,and motor systems.Artificial hibernation technology is a new technology that can effectively treat acute brain injury by altering the body’s metabolism,lowering the body’s core temperature,and allowing the body to enter a state similar to hibernation.This review introduces artificial hibernation technology,including mild hypothermia treatment technology,central nervous system regulation technology,and artificial hibernation-inducer technology.Upon summarizing the relevant research on artificial hibernation technology in acute brain injury,the research results show that artificial hibernation technology has neuroprotective,anti-inflammatory,and oxidative stress-resistance effects,indicating that it has therapeutic significance in acute brain injury.Furthermore,artificial hibernation technology can alleviate the damage of ischemic stroke,traumatic brain injury,cerebral hemorrhage,cerebral infarction,and other diseases,providing new strategies for treating acute brain injury.However,artificial hibernation technology is currently in its infancy and has some complications,such as electrolyte imbalance and coagulation disorders,which limit its use.Further research is needed for its clinical application.
基金supported by the Russian Science Foundation,project number 22-24-00610,https://rscf.ru/project/22-24-00610/.
文摘Juvenile survival is a key life-history influence on population dynamics and adaptive evolution.We analyzed the effects of individual chara-cteristics,early environment,and maternal investment on juvenile survival in a large solitary hibernating rodent-yellow ground squirrel Spermophilus fulvus using Cox mixed-effects models.Only 48%of weaned pups survived to dispersal and 17%survived to hibernation.Early life expectancy was primarily determined by individual characteristics and,to a lesser extent,by the early environment.The strongest and pos-itive predictor of juvenile survival was body mass which crucially affected mortality immediately after weaning.Males suffered higher mortality than females after the onset of dispersal;however,the overall difference between sexes was partly masked by high rates of mortality in the first days after emergence in both sexes.Later emerged juveniles had lower life expectancy than the earliest pups.The overall effect of local juvenile density was positive.Prolonged lactation did not enhance juvenile survival:Pups nursed longer survived shorter than the young nursed for a shorter period.Our findings support the hypothesis that females of S.fulvus cannot effectively regulate maternal expenditures to mitigate the effects of unfavorable conditions on their offspring.The strategy to deal with seasonal time constraints on life history in female S.fulvus suggests an early termination of maternal care at the cost of juvenile quality and survival.This female reproductive strategy corresponds to a"fast-solitary"life of folivorous desert-dwelling S.fulvus and other solitary ground squirrels with prolonged hibernation.
基金Liaoning Provincial Department of Education-Funded Project, No. 20068040the Experimental Center of Shenyang Normal University Foundation, No. 2008007
文摘Microelectrode technique was used to record the spontaneous electrical activities of the neurons in olfactory bulb of the Bufo bufo gargarizans, both in hibernation and after hibemation. This study investigated the electrophysiological characteristics of amphibian olfactory bulb in the period of hibernation and after hibernation and its effects on the start of hibernation and spontaneous awakening. The research showed four forms of spontaneous firings： single spontaneous firing, burst spontaneous firing, irregular spontaneous firing and consecutive single spontaneous firing. The single spontaneous firing includes slow depolarized spontaneous firing and fast depolarized spontaneous firing, and the slow depolarized spontaneous firing occurs only during the hibernation period. In hibernation, the low amplitude and low frequency firing with a longer duration may be relevant to maintaining the tonicity of the central nervous system in toads that are in hibernation, and this kind of firing may also provide an excited basis for their arousal from hibernation. After hibernation, the amplitude and frequency of firing increase, but the firing duration gets shorter. This form of short-term firing, which may be a phenomenon of sensory neurons fast adapting, is one of the neuronal mechanisms for the arousal of hibernating animals.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31172383,31670419)the Scientific Start-up Funding for Doctors(No.Z109021614 to CHEN B J)of Northwest A&F University
文摘Vitamin C (Vc) is an important antioxidant that helps turtles tolerating stressful environment. This work quantified changes in tissue Vc levels during winter hibernation in the soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis , to reveal the stress response pattern of tissue Vc during hibernation and contribute basic data for turtle culture. We sampled juvenile soft-shelled turtles at pre-hibernation (17.0°C mud temperature;MT), during hibernation (5.8°C MT) and after arousal (20.1°C MT) in the field. The transcript levels of the gene encoding L-gulonolactone oxidase (GLO), the key enzyme for Vc synthesis, decreased significantly during hibernation. However, GLO activity did not match the GLO transcription patterns and remained stable during hibernation, and showed temperature-dependent kinetic characteristics. Vitamin C levels in the brain, liver, kidney, and spleen (but not muscle) all decreased significantly during hibernation, but recovered to pre-hibernation levels or even higher levels after arousal. The soft-shelled turtle endured 5 months of hibernation with no significant oxidative damage in most tissues, except in the spleen. Splenic Vc was nearly exhausted during hibernation, accompanied by a significantly elevated malonaldehyde (MDA) level. Although the high level of oxidative damage quickly decreased after arousal, the potential tissue damage in the spleen during hibernation might account for the weakened immune capacity of turtles after hibernation.
文摘In this paper, a hibernation plankton-nutrient chemostat model with delayed response in growth is considered. By using the stroboscopic map and the theorem of impulsive delay differential equation, a plankton-extinction boundary periodic solution is obtained. The sufficient conditions on the permanence and globally attractive of the chemostat system are also obtained. Our main results reveal that the delayed response in growth plays an important role on the dynamical behaviors of system.
文摘Objective： To explore the release of myocardial noradrenaline during acute hibernation. Methods： The hearts were gained from rats and set up as modified Langendorf preparations beating isometrically. They were perfused with modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer under controlled pressure. Mechanical measurements and coronary effluent were recorded simultaneously at 30min intervals for 150min. Lactate dehydrogenase in coronary effluent was assayed at the beginning, 60min and 120min low-flow ischemia. Noradrenaline in coronary effluent was determined at the beginning of low-flow and 120min of low-flow ischemia and also in control, during hibernation and after 30min reperfusion during stimulation, myocardial noradrenaline response on tyramine was investigated in absence or presence of desipramine after 30min reperfusion. Results： In the control, there was nosignificant chant in noradrenaline overflow during 120min perfusion; In the acute myocardial hibernation group, there was also nosignificant difference in noradrenaline overflow between the beginning and 120min low-flow ischemia. The electrical field stimulation-induced overflow of noradrenaline during hibernation myocardium was significantly less than preischemia or after reperfusion, but there was nosignificant difference between preischemia and reperfusion group. Tyramine induced significant noradrenaline release in absence of desipramine after 30min reperfusion, but this increase in noradrenaline release had nosignificant in the presence of desipramine. These studies indicated that there was not significant spontaneous noadrenaline overflow during acute myocardial hibernation in isolated rat hearts, the stimulation-induced noradrenaline overflow decreased during hibernation and restored to the level of preischemia after reperfusion, myocardial noradrenaline response to tyramine remained after 30min reperfusion. Conclusion： Myocardial noradrenaline overflow may not contribute to the development of acute myocardial hibernation and the function of sympathetic nerve may also maintain in hibernation as myocardium does during acute myocardial hibernation, reperfusion of myocardium may contribute to restoring the function of sympathetic nerve.
文摘Although human hibernation has been introduced as an effective technique in space exploration,there are concerns regarding the intrinsic risks of the approach(i.e.,synthetic torpor)and other factors involved in this procedure.Besides concerns about the brain changes and the state of consciousness during hibernation,an"Achilles heel"of the hibernation is the negative impact of torpor on factors such as the number of circulating leukocytes,complement levels,response to lipopolysaccharides,phagocytotic capacity,cytokine production,lymphocyte proliferation,and antibody production.Moreover,increased virulence of bacteria in deep space can significantly increase the risk of infection.The increased infection risk during long-term space missions with the combined effects of radiation and microgravity affect the astronauts’immune system.With these additional immune system stressors,torpor-induced extraimmunosuppression can be potentially life threatening for astronauts.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91854209,31630035)the Chinese Institute for Brain Research(2020-NKX-XM-09)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Grant(2019M660308).
文摘Hibernation is an adaptive behavior for some small animals to survive cold winter.Hibernating mammals usually down-regulate their body temperature from~37℃to only a few degrees.During the evolution,mammalian hibernators have inherited unique strategies to survive extreme conditions that may lead to disease or death in humans and other non-hibernators.Hibernating mammals can not only tolerant deep hypothermia,hypoxia and anoxia,but also protect them against osteoporosis,muscle atrophy,heart arrhythmia and ischemia-reperfusion injury.Finding the molecular and regulatory mechanisms underlying these adaptations will provide novel ideas for treating related human diseases.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31471953).
文摘The intestinal microbiota help regulate hibernation in vertebrates.However,it needs to be established how hibernation modulates the gut microbiome and intestinal metabolism.In the present study,we used an artificial hibernation model to examine the responses of the gut microbiota of the Strauchbufo raddei to the environmental changes associated with this behavior.Hibernation significantly lowered the diversity of the microbiota and altered the microbial community of the gut.Proteobacteria,Firmicutes,and Bacteroidota were the major bacterial phyla in the intestines of S.raddei.However,Firmicutes and Proteobacteria predominated in the gut of active and hibernating S.raddei,respectively.Certain bacterial genera such as Pseudomonas,Vibrio,Ralstonia,and Rhodococcus could serve as biomarkers distinguishing hibernating and non-hibernating S.raddei.The gut microbiota was more resistant to environmental stress in hibernating than active S.raddei.Moreover,metabolomics revealed that metabolites implicated in fatty acid biosynthesis were highly upregulated in the intestines of hibernating S.raddei.The metabolites that were enriched during hibernation enabled S.raddei to adapt to the low temperatures and the lack of exogenous food that are characteristic of hibernation.A correlation analysis of the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites revealed that the gut microbiota might participate in the metabolic regulation of hibernating S.raddei.The present study clarified the modifications that occur in the intestinal bacteria and their symbiotic relationship with their host during hibernation.These findings are indicative of the adaptive changes in the metabolism of amphibians under different environmental conditions.
文摘In the 19^(th)century,von Frerichs F and Flint A identified a type of acute renal impairment associated with advanced liver disease,characterized by oliguria,absence of proteinuria,and normal renal histology,which was later termed hepatorenal syndrome(HRS).HRS primarily affects cirrhotic patients with ascites and often follows severe infections,digestive hemorrhages,or high-volume paracentesis.Pathophysiologically,HRS involves low glomerular filtration rate,hypotension,renin-angiotensin axis activation,water clearance,hyponatremia,and minimal urinary sodium excretion.These conditions mimic those seen in decreased effective circulatory volume(ECV)scenarios such as septic shock or heart failure.HRS represents a specific form of prerenal acute kidney injury(AKI)in patients with baseline renal ischemia,where the kidney attempts to correct decreased ECV by retaining sodium and water.Intense renal vasoconstriction,passive hyperemia from ascites,and acute tubular necrosis(ATN)with specific urinary sediment changes are observed.Persistent oliguria may transition HRS to ATN,although this shift is less straightforward than in other prerenal AKI contexts.Notably,liver grafts from HRS patients can recover function more rapidly than those from other ischemic conditions.Experimental studies,such as those by Duailibe et al,using omega-3 fatty acids in cirrhotic rat models,have shown promising results in reducing oxidative stress and improving kidney function.These findings suggest potential therapeutic strategies and underscore the need for further research to understand the mechanisms of HRS and explore possible treatments.Future research should address the impact of omega-3 on survival and secondary outcomes,as well as consider the balance of therapeutic risks and benefits in severe liver disease.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China to QSC(31470473 and 32260261)a Chinese Academy of Sciences Visiting Scientists Fellowship to FG.
文摘The diversity of rodents in Asian deserts is high.Nevertheless,little is known about their use of daily torpor and hibernation,which are employed by many small mammals worldwide for energy and water conservation to permit survival under adverse environmental conditions.We quantified for the first time,using temperature transponders and data loggers,long-term torpor expression and patterns in sympatric desert hamsters Phodopus roborovskii,striped hamsters Cricetulus barabensis and 3-toed jerboas Dipus sagitta under controlled conditions.Animals were live-trapped in Inner Mongolia in August and held in captivity under short photoperiods and low ambient temperatures(T,s)for about 6 months.Both hamster species(~half of individuals)expressed spontaneous(food available)daily torpor.Daily torpor in desert hamsters was less frequent and shallower than that in striped hamsters,which also had longer torpor bouts during torpor at T 15.8±0.4℃.Only one individual jerboa entered hibernation spontaneously at T,6.2±0.5℃,but all hibernated after food deprivation.The 2 hamster species only slightly changed their body mass during the acclimation,whereas jerboas greatly increased their body mass by 27.9%during the first 2 months of acclimation probably as a preparation for the hibernating season.Our data show that short photoperiod and moderately low T,induces spontaneous daily torpor in the 2 hamster species,suggesting that it is used regularly in the wild.Hibernation in Jerboas occurred at T,6.2±0.5°C especially when food was withheld suggesting limited food availability is the proximate trigger of their hibernation.
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 30772153 and 30872455）.
文摘Background Inflammation and coagulation are two intimately cross-linked defense mechanisms of most, if not all organisms to injuries. During cardiopulmonary bypass （CPB）, these two processes are activated and interact with each other through several common pathways, which may result in subsequent organ dysfunction. In the present study, we hypothesized that the addition of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E1 （PGE1）, and aprotinin to the systemic circulation, hereby referred to as blood hibernation, would attenuate the inflammation and coagulation induced by CPB. Methods Thirty adult mongrel dogs were equally divided into five groups, anesthetized and placed on hypothermic CPB （32℃）. Each group received respectively the following treatments： （1） inhalation of 40 ppm nitric oxide; （2） intravenous infusion of 20 ng.kgl.min1 of PGE1; （3） 80 000 kallikrein inhibitor units （KIU）/kg of aprotinin; （4） the combination of all three agents （blood hibernation group）; and （5） no treatment （control group） during CPB. Activation of leukocyte, platelet, endothelial cell, and formation of thrombin were assessed after CPB. Results As compared with the other four groups, leukocyte counts were higher, while plasma elastase, interleukin-8, CD11b mRNA expression, myeloperoxidase activities and lung tissue leukocyte counts were lower in the blood hibernation group （P 〈0.05 versus other four groups after CPB）. Plasma prothrombin fragment （PTF）1＋2, and platelet activation factors were lower, while platelet counts were higher in the blood hibernation group （P 〈0.05 versus other four groups at 6 and 12 hours after CPB）. Electron microscopy showed endothelial pseudopods protrusion, with cell adherence in all four groups except the blood hibernation group where endothelial cells remained intact. Conclusion Blood hibernation, effected by the addition of nitric oxide, PGE1 and aprotinin to the circulating blood during extra-corporeal circulation, was observed to attenuate the inflammation and coagulation induced by cardiopulmonary bypass, most likely by inhibiting the important common intermediates between the two cross-linked processes.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China(Grant No.31670425)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC0500707)Liaoning Province Science and Technology Plan Project(2017208001).
文摘Seasonal hibernation has provided an opportunity to study animals’phenotypic plasticity in adaptation to changing environment.In the present study focusing on the female Daurian ground squirrel(Spermophilus dauricus)-a well demonstrated seasonal hibernator-we examined their behavioral,morphological,and metabolic changes during fattening,hibernation,and emergence.Our data indicated high levels of food intake,fat deposition,and body mass increases during fattening compared to hibernation.The levels of serum glucose and triglycerides were also higher during fattening than during hibernation and emergence.Interestingly,although squirrels showed signs of obesity and elevated triglycerides in serum during fattening,triglyceride levels in the liver and skeletal muscles remained unchanged.Our data also indicated that adiponectin levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid were different between fattening and hibernation.Levels of adiponectin receptor 1 in the skeletal muscle remained low during fattening but peaked in late hibernation.In contrast,adiponectin receptor 2 in the liver showed a steady increase during fattening,which was followed by a significant decrease at early hibernation.Our data indicate that adiponectin may play an important role in preventing heterotopic fat accumulation in a receptor-and organ-specific manner,as well as in facilitating the switch from glucose metabolism to lipid metabolism during fattening and hibernation in female Daurian ground squirrels.
文摘Even mildly hypothermic body or limb temperatures can retard healing processes in mammals.Despite this,we observed that hibernating American black bears(Ursus americanus Pallas,1780)elicit profound abilities in mounting inflammatory responses to infection and/or foreign bodies.In addition,they resolve injuries during hibernation while maintaining mildly hypothermic states(30–35°C)and without eating,drinking,urinating or defecating.We describe experimental studies on free-ranging bears that document their abilities to completely resolve cutaneous cuts and punctures incurred during or prior to hibernation.We induced small,full-thickness cutaneous wounds(biopsies or incisions)during early denning,and re-biopsied sites 2–3 months later(near the end of denning).Routine histological methods were used to characterize these skin samples.All biopsied sites with respect to secondary intention(open circular biopsies)and primary intention(sutured sites)healed,with evidence of initial eschar(scab)formation,completeness of healed epidermis and dermal layers,dyskeratosis(inclusion cysts),and abilities to produce hair follicles.These healing abilities of hibernating black bears are a clear survival advantage to animals injured before or during denning.Bears are known to have elevated levels of hibernation induction trigger(delta-opioid receptor agonist)and ursodeoxycholic acid(major bile acid within plasma,mostly conjugated with taurine)during hibernation,which may relate to these wound-healing abilities.Further research as to the underlying mechanisms of wound healing during hibernation could have applications in human medicine.Unique approaches may be found to improve healing for malnourished,hypothermic,diabetic and elderly patients or to reduce scarring associated with burns and traumatic injuries.
基金Acknowledgments The work of the first author was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 11361014） and the project of high level creative talents in Guizhou Province （No. 20164035）. This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China （Nos. 11361014, 10961008）, the Science Technology Foundation of Guizhou Education Department （No. 2008038）, and the Science Technology Foundation of Guizhou （No. 2010J2130）.
文摘In this work, we construct a stage-structured single population system with winter hiber- nation and impulsive effect in polluted environment. All solutions of the investigated system are proved to be uniformly ultimately bounded. The conditions of the population- extinction solution of the investigated system are obtained. The permanent condition of the investigated system is also obtained. Finally, numerical analysis is inserted to illustrate the results. Our results indicate that the environmental pollution will reduce biological diversity of the natural world. Our results also provide reliable tactic basis for the practical biological resource management.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,31270457,30800129 to Z.X.),NSFC(31971413)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(NSFHB,C2020205038 to D.L).
文摘Hibernation is one of the fundamental strategies in response to cold environmental temperatures.During hibernation,the endocrine and circadian systems ensure minimal expenditure of energy for survival.The circadian rhythms of key hormones,melatonin(MT),corticosterone(CORT),triiodothyronine(T3),and thyroxine(T4),and the underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms of hibernation have been well determined in mammals but not in ectotherms.Here,a terrestrial hibernating species,Asiatic toad(Bufo gargarizans),was employed to investigate the plasma CORT,MT,T3,and T4;and the retina,brain,and liver mRNA expression of the core clock genes,including circadian locomotor output cycles kaput(Clock),brain and muscle ARNT-like 1(Bmal1),cryptochrome(Cry)1 and 2,and period(Per)1 and 2,at 7-time points over a 24-h period under acute cold(1 day at 4℃),and hibernation(45 days at 4℃).Our results showed that the circadian rhythms of the core clock genes were rather unaffected by acute cold exposure in the retina,unlike the brain and liver.In contrast,during hibernation,the liver clock genes displayed significant circadian oscillations,while those in the retina and brain stopped ticking.Furthermore,plasma CORT expressed circadian oscillations in both groups,and T3 in acute cold exposure group,whereas T4 and MT did not.Our results reveal that the plasma CORT and the liver sustain rhythmicity when the brain was not,indicating that the liver clock along with the adrenal clock synergistically maintains the metabolic requirements to ensure basic survival in hibernating Asiatic toads.
文摘Dear readers:Spring has set in as the Chinese Spring Festival marks the beginning of the charming and life-booming season of the year when the hibernates wake up and the plants come back to life to the summon of the Mother Nature,where tree leafs turn green,rivers break the ice to run,the landscape is burgeoning with vigorous fauna and flora,the blessings that we feel very thankful for.But it is not the seasonal warmth that we are now feeling in the economic climate of the troubled world.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32001110)Training Program for Cultivating Highlevel Talents by the China Scholarship Council(2021lxjjw01)Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture,Qinghai University(2021-KF-004)。
文摘Changes in protein abundance and reversible protein phosphorylation(RPP)play important roles in regulating hypometabolism but have never been documented in overwintering frogs at high altitudes.To test the hypothesis that protein abundance and phosphorylation change in response to winter hibernation,we conducted a comprehensive and quantitative proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis of the liver of the Xizang plateau frog,Nanorana parkeri,living on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.In total,5170 proteins and 5695 phosphorylation sites in 1938 proteins were quantified.Based on proteomic analysis,674 differentially expressed proteins(438 up-regulated,236 down-regulated)were screened in hibernating N.parkeri versus summer individuals.Functional enrichment analysis revealed that higher expressed proteins in winter were significantly enriched in immune-related signaling pathways,whereas lower expressed proteins were mainly involved in metabolic processes.A total of 4251 modified sites(4147 up-regulated,104 down-regulated)belonging to 1638 phosphoproteins(1555 up-regulated,83 down-regulated)were significantly changed in the liver.During hibernation,RPP regulated a diverse array of proteins involved in multiple functions,including metabolic enzymatic activity,ion transport,protein turnover,signal transduction,and alternative splicing.These changes contribute to enhancing protection,suppressing energy-consuming processes,and inducing metabolic depression.Moreover,the activities of phosphofructokinase,glutamate dehydrogenase,and ATPase were all significantly lower in winter compared to summer.In conclusion,our results support the hypothesis and demonstrate the importance of RPP as a regulatory mechanism when animals transition into a hypometabolic state.
