[Objectives]To address the weeding challenges within the corn and soybean strip intercropping field and identify appropriate herbicide types and application methods suitable for the corn and soybean strip intercroppin...[Objectives]To address the weeding challenges within the corn and soybean strip intercropping field and identify appropriate herbicide types and application methods suitable for the corn and soybean strip intercropping fields in Siyang County.[Methods]The trial comprised six herbicide treatments and one blank control,with investigations conducted to assess efficacy,safety,and yield.[Results]Each herbicide treatment effectively controlled weeds,demonstrated high safety,and enhanced the yields of both soybeans and corn.The combined application of soil sealing with stem and leaf spray exhibited superior overall weed control compared to soil sealing alone.At 28 d following stem and leaf spray,the plant control effect and fresh weight control effect against weeds in the combined treatment of soil sealing with stem and leaf spray all exceeded 89%.[Conclusions]This study offers technical support for advancing the practice of strip intercropping between corn and soybeans.展开更多
Background The intensive use of herbicides in agriculture raises concerns about their residual impacts on non-target crops such as cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.),which is often rotated with cereals,sugar beet,and canol...Background The intensive use of herbicides in agriculture raises concerns about their residual impacts on non-target crops such as cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.),which is often rotated with cereals,sugar beet,and canola.Butisanstar(BUT)and clopyralid(CLO)are widely used for broadleaf weed control in these rotations.However,how residual herbicide activity influences cotton growth and development is not well understood.This study evaluated these residual effects by measuring multiple growth parameters in a greenhouse.Cotton was grown for 40 days in soil incubated for 90 days with herbicide treatments arranged in a factorial design(type:BUT,CLO,and their combination;dose:0,1/2,1,2,and 5×recommended field dose[RFD]).Results Herbicide residues reduced cotton growth in a dose-dependent manner,with greater inhibition at higher doses.The combined BUT+CLO treatment produced the strongest negative effects,followed by CLO and then BUT alone.Compared with controls,seedling emergence declined by 12%–83%,root length by 12%–87%,plant height by 10%–84%,and chlorophyll index by 12%–80%across treatments from 1/2×RFD BUT to 5×RFD BUT+CLO.Root and shoot biomass also decreased significantly.Under the 5×RFD combined treatment,shoot N,P,and K concentrations dropped by 48%,78%,and 70%,respectively,relative to the control.Conclusions Even low levels of residual BUT and CLO impair cotton growth.To mitigate these effects,it should avoid planting cotton on recently treated soils,leave sufficient intervals between herbicide application and cotton planting,and apply soil amendments to boost microbial degradation.These measures are essential for sustaining soil health and cotton productivity.展开更多
The photoperiod/thermo-sensitive genic male sterility(P/TGMS)system is crucial for hybrid rice production,but challenges persist in seed purity(due to fertility conversion and mixed male seeds)and mechanization.Here,w...The photoperiod/thermo-sensitive genic male sterility(P/TGMS)system is crucial for hybrid rice production,but challenges persist in seed purity(due to fertility conversion and mixed male seeds)and mechanization.Here,we developed a novel hybrid seed production scheme using herbicide-resistance alleles(OsALS and CYP81A6).P/TGMS lines were bred for imazamox sensitivity and bentazon resistance,while male parents were engineered for the opposite traits.This system enables mechanical harvesting and ensures hybrid purity by eliminating self-pollinated contaminants through herbicide application.We identified suitable sterile lines and developed complementary male parents via breeding and CRISPR/Cas9 editing,validated through herbicide assays.This strategy enhances hybrid seed purity and mechanization efficiency in two-line hybrid rice production.展开更多
Microporous organic networks(MONs)are attractive adsorbents for use in sample pretreatment owning to their unique structure and properties.However,methods for constructing functional MONs are still limited because the...Microporous organic networks(MONs)are attractive adsorbents for use in sample pretreatment owning to their unique structure and properties.However,methods for constructing functional MONs are still limited because the lack of monomers via direct synthesis and their complex procedures via postmodification.To address this issue,a facile one-pot in situ doping strategy was proposed herein for synthesis a novel phenylboronic acid-functionalized magnetic cyclodextrin-based microporous organic network([PBA]_(3/4)-MCD-MON-0.04).[PBA]_(3/4)MCD-MON-0.04 was used for the selective and efficient extraction of sulfonylurea herbicides(SUHs)from complex food and environmental water samples via the synergistic hydrogen bonding,host-vip,hydrophobic andπ-πinteractions and the specific B-N coordination.[PBA]_(3/4)-MCD-MON-0.04 had a large surface area,high saturation magnetism,good reusability,and remarkable stability.A rapid,sensitive,and selective method was proposed for monitoring SUHs from diverse matrices.This study provides a new strategy for synthesizing novel and multifunctional magnetic CD-MONs-based adsorbents and reveals the considerable potential of CD-MONs in sample pretreatment.展开更多
The active ingredient(a.i.)glyphosate is frequently detected in waterways at relatively high concentrations,posing a risk to aquatic organisms including freshwater mussels,North America’s most endangered animal group...The active ingredient(a.i.)glyphosate is frequently detected in waterways at relatively high concentrations,posing a risk to aquatic organisms including freshwater mussels,North America’s most endangered animal group.This research aims to evaluate for the first time the effect of a glyphosate-based herbicide on a freshwater mussel(Unionid)using a battery of biomarkers.Themussel Elliptio complanata was exposed for 21 days to CreditR Xtreme(at 0,50,100,and 150μg/L a.i.of glyphosate).An integrated biomarker response(IBRv2)was used to visualize the overall impact of each glyphosate-based herbicide concentration on mussels’health conditions.The biomarker results showed that glyphosate(used at 100μg/L and 150μg/L)induced lipid peroxidation in the gills and digestive gland and inhibited acetylcholinesterase in the foot and gills,indicating oxidative damage and neurotoxicity.Other biomarkerswere influenced at the lowest concentration of glyphosate tested(50μg/L):lipids(decrease),triglycerides(increase)and,to a lesser extent,vitellogenin(decrease).For the latter biomarkers,the sexeswere not affected similarly,and theywere only sensitive at 50μg/L,only females showed a trend toward a decrease for vitellogenin and a decrease for lipids.Using IBRv2,we found a clear discrimination between concentrations,and the index values increased with glyphosate concentration,attesting to the deterioration in biomarker-defined mussel health when exposed to Credit® Xtreme at realistic glyphosate concentrations in agricultural rivers.This study shows that glyphosate-based herbicides can alter neurological function,induce oxidative damage,and selectively modify the E.complanata metabolism at relatively low concentrations.展开更多
During times of war, it is rare to find a government willing and able to require the military to fund and support environmental impact studies. In the 1960s, many United States scientists expressed concerns about the ...During times of war, it is rare to find a government willing and able to require the military to fund and support environmental impact studies. In the 1960s, many United States scientists expressed concerns about the use of herbicides during the Vietnam War. This protest was led by Dr. Arthur Galston and eventually included scientists with the National Academy of Science. By 1970, the Department of Defense (DoD) was ordered to permit the scientists to visit South Vietnam during the war to document these impacts. In all 1500 scientist days were spent in South Vietnam. In addition, the US government and military funded research studies on the impact of herbicides on animals. The goal of military use of herbicides, as chemical weapons, was to defoliate jungle forests and destroy food crops as a strategy to win battles and the war. The primary objective of this research study is to describe how it is possible for a country to fund and carry out scientific studies during the conduct of a war rather than decades later. The environmental impact study findings often lack boots on the ground validation and can be inaccurate or misleading in some situations. The United States (US) and other countries, including Russia and Ukraine, need to learn the historical lessons from the US use of herbicides, containing dioxin TCDD and/or arsenic (As), as chemical weapons during the Vietnam War.展开更多
Herbicides(HBCs)are extensively used in modern agriculture.However,their potential negative impacts on environmental media have emerged as a significant environmental concern.In this study,we employed positivematrix f...Herbicides(HBCs)are extensively used in modern agriculture.However,their potential negative impacts on environmental media have emerged as a significant environmental concern.In this study,we employed positivematrix factorization(PMF)to identify the potential sources of HBCs.Furthermore,we utilized amulti-matrix ecological riskmodel to assess the risks associated with HBCs in both surface water and groundwater in the black soil region of Northeast China.The findings revealed that the levels of15HBCs in surface water and groundwater ranged from585.84 to 6466.96 ng/L and 4.80 to 11,774.64 ng/L,respectively.The PMF results indicated that surface runoff and erosion accounted for 50%of the total HBCs in water,serving as the primary sources.All tested HBCs exhibited acute risk values within acceptable levels.The risk index for the∑15HBCs was categorized as“moderate risk”in 31%of the surface waters and 13%of the groundwaters.However,4%of the groundwater sampling sites reached the“high risk”level.The chronic risk quotient of∑15HBCs in surface water and groundwater was 92%and 62%at the“high risk”level,respectively.Interestingly,noncarcinogenic HBCs contributed more significantly to the ecotoxicology of the aquatic system than carcinogenic HBCs.This study provides comprehensive information on the legacy of HBCs in water bodies and emphasizes the potential risks posed by HBCs to aquatic systems.The results obtained from this study could help relevant management authorities in developing and implementing effective regulations tomitigate the ecological and environmental risks associated with HBCs.展开更多
This paper summarizes the impact of herbicides on plant antioxidant enzyme systems and malondialdehyde(MDA)activity,and the role of glutathione(GSH)in response to abiotic stresses.Additionally,it provides a perspectiv...This paper summarizes the impact of herbicides on plant antioxidant enzyme systems and malondialdehyde(MDA)activity,and the role of glutathione(GSH)in response to abiotic stresses.Additionally,it provides a perspective on future research regarding the effects of soil herbicide stress on fruit trees.展开更多
A field plot experiment was conducted to explore the control effects and safety of different post-emergence herbicides on weeds in the field with soybeanmaize strip intercropping.The control effects of five post-emerg...A field plot experiment was conducted to explore the control effects and safety of different post-emergence herbicides on weeds in the field with soybeanmaize strip intercropping.The control effects of five post-emergence herbicides on weeds in soybean rows and five post-emergence herbicides for weeds in maize rows were determined.The results showed that after 14 d of application,the control effects of quizalofop-P-ethyl·fomesafen 35%EW and fluoroglycofen 10% EC on weeds in soybean rows were 85.61% and 84.34%,respectively.The control effects of starane 288 g/L EC and mesotrione·atrazine 30% OD were 90.04% and 87.34%,respectively.The phytotoxicity index decreased gradually over time,which indicated that the herbicides were safe for soybean and maize.Moreover,the herbicides increased the yield of soybean and maize by 11.18%-19.42%and 13.11%-25.77%,respectively.These four herbicides can effectively control annual and perennial weeds in the field with soybean-maize strip intercropping at the recommended dosage and can be widely applied in production.展开更多
The legacy of the human misery caused by the application of the herbicides including Agent Purple and Agent Orange contaminated with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD and Agent Blue, the arsenic-based herbicide, sprayed ...The legacy of the human misery caused by the application of the herbicides including Agent Purple and Agent Orange contaminated with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD and Agent Blue, the arsenic-based herbicide, sprayed over the jungles, rice fields, and hamlets of Vietnam is still haunting us today. Why did this happen? Could it have been prevented? Was it necessary United States military strategy? Was it an intentional decision to inflict this blight on the enemy soldiers and the Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Laotian civilians, to poison their land and cause generations of harm? Alternatively, was it an unpreventable accident in the march of military history? What patterns in the U.S. government’s thought process could be identified as the cause, which led to the decision to use these herbicides as tactical chemical weapons? If the introduction of herbicide (chemical) weapons had not been made, would the outcome of the Vietnam War and the Secret Wars in Laos and Cambodia have been any different? The objective of this treatise is to outline the role of world events and backgrounds and the role of the leaders, U.S. military, CIA, USDA, U.S. State Department, the U.S. President appointed Ambassadors to Vietnam and Laos, chemical companies, and President Diệm’s Republic of Vietnam (RVN) government and military. Their collective advice led to the decision to use herbicides as military and environmental chemical weapons in the Second Indochina War. Were the National interests achieved by U.S. military strategy in the RVN using herbicide weapons worth the long-term environmental and human health consequences in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos? Did it impact the outcome of the Second Indochina War?展开更多
As the important components of pesticide adjuvants, vegetable oil and its derivative adjuvants will be the focus of future development of herbicide adjuvants due to their superiority in good affinity with plants, stro...As the important components of pesticide adjuvants, vegetable oil and its derivative adjuvants will be the focus of future development of herbicide adjuvants due to their superiority in good affinity with plants, strong biological degradability, few risk of damage, environrnental safety and ability to improve the weed control efficient. The research progress and application status of the plant source herbicide adjuvants were summarized, as well as the weeding enhancement mechanism and the effects on the environment and non-target organisms, and the existing problems and development trends were reviewed.展开更多
[Objective] The paper was to resolve the poor efficacy or phytotoxicity problems in promotion of herbicide monosulfuron plus propazine 44% WP. [Method] Using orthogonal test and Duncan＇s new multiple range statistica...[Objective] The paper was to resolve the poor efficacy or phytotoxicity problems in promotion of herbicide monosulfuron plus propazine 44% WP. [Method] Using orthogonal test and Duncan＇s new multiple range statistical analysis with four factors four levels and three factors two levels, the effects of factors such as herbi- cide dose, irrigation water volume, quality of soil preparation and soil moisture content on chemical control of monosulfuron plus propazine 44% WP against weeds and millet yield were compared in the test. [Result] Seven factors all had great impact on control effect of monosulfuron plus propazine 44% WP against weeds, of which her- bicide dose, irrigation water volume, quality of soil preparation and soil moisture content were the most important factors affecting millet yield. According to millet yield and economic benefit, the optimal scheme to ensure safe, efficient and economic control of monosulfuron plus propazine 44% WP against weeds was as follows： the dose of monosulfuron plus propazine 44% WP was 1 800 g/hm2, the soil was treat- ed after sowing and before seedling emergence; the soil should be smooth and sol- id; the soil moisture should reach 15%; the fields should not be irrigated after herbi- cide application, and the damage of weeds in millet fields could be effectively con- trolled within 45 d during high efficacy duration, especially the damage of dicotyledonous weeds. [Conclusion] The study provided useful information for comprehensive technology of weeds control and ensuring high yield and good harvest of millet.展开更多
The development of microbial herbicide for weed control has been serious- ly regarded all over the world and has made rapid progress in recent years. This paper presents a comprehensive review on domestic and abroad r...The development of microbial herbicide for weed control has been serious- ly regarded all over the world and has made rapid progress in recent years. This paper presents a comprehensive review on domestic and abroad research progress of microbial herbicide and mainly introduces the microbial herbicide products and mi- crobial sources with commercialization potential, and then proposes an outlook for their development tendency and application prospect.展开更多
Glyphosate resistant giant ragweed is an increasing problem in glyphosate resistant cropping systems in southwestern Ontario. The postemergence herbicides registered for use in soybean in Ontario do not provide consis...Glyphosate resistant giant ragweed is an increasing problem in glyphosate resistant cropping systems in southwestern Ontario. The postemergence herbicides registered for use in soybean in Ontario do not provide consistent control of glyphosate resistant giant ragweed. There is limited research on the lowest effective rate of 2,4-D for the control of glyphosate resistant giant ragweed. Consequently, the objectives of this study were a) to determine the efficacy of herbicides applied postemergence for the control of glyphosate resistant giant ragweed in glyphosate resistant soybean, and b) to determine the lowest effective rate of 2,4-D for the control of glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed. Ten postemergence herbicide combinations and seven rates of 2,4-D were evaluated in field studies conducted in 2011 and 2012 at six locations confirmed with glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed. The post emergence herbicides evaluated did not provide acceptable/consistent control. Of the herbicides evaluated, glyphosate plus cloransulam-methyl provided 26% to 70% control 8 WAA of glyphosate resistant giant ragweed, which was the best of the herbicides combinations evaluated. The doses of 2,4-D required to reduce giant ragweed shoot dry weight by 50, 80 and 95% were 142, 310 and 1048 g a.e. ha-1, respectively.展开更多
Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world.Weeds seriously affect the rice yield and grain quality.In recent years,there are tremendous progresses in the research and application of herbicideresistant g...Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world.Weeds seriously affect the rice yield and grain quality.In recent years,there are tremendous progresses in the research and application of herbicideresistant genes in rice worldwide.This article reviews the working mechanisms of six herbicides(glyphosate,glufosinate,acetolactate synthase inhibitor herbicides,acetyl-Co A carboxylase inhibitor herbicides,hydroxyhenylpyruvate dioxygenase(HPPD)inhibitor herbicides and dinitroaniline herbicides),the resistance mutations of the corresponding herbicide-target genes,and the herbicide detoxification mechanisms by non-target genes.Examples are provided on herbicide-resistant rice materials obtained by transformation of exogenous resistance genes,by artificial mutagenesis and mutant screening,and by modifying the target genes through gene editing.This paper also introduces the current application of herbicide-resistant rice,points out problems that may be caused by utilization of herbicide resistant rice and solutions to the problems,and discusses the future prospects for the development of herbicideresistant rice.展开更多
Herbicide resistance in crop plants is valuable for integrated weed management in agriculture. Herbicide resistant rice, in particular, is important to management of weedy rice, a close relative of cultivated rice and...Herbicide resistance in crop plants is valuable for integrated weed management in agriculture. Herbicide resistant rice, in particular, is important to management of weedy rice, a close relative of cultivated rice and a noxious weed prevalent in rice fields that remains challenging to farmers worldwide. Herbicide resistant plants can be obtained through transgenic approach or by mutagenesis of regular plant and screening of mutants with elevated resistance to herbicide. In this study, we conducted ethyl methyl sulfonate mutagenesis(EMS) to elite indica cultivar Huanghuazhan(HHZ) and screened for mutants resistant to imazapic, a herbicide that can inhibit the acetolactate synthase(ALS) in plants. We obtained three mutants of Os ALS gene that have not been reported previously in rice. One of the mutants, with Trp_(548) changed to Met(W_(548)M), was analyzed in more details in this study. This mutation had no negative effect on the plant physiology and morphology as well as rice yield. Compared with the imidazolinone-resistant mutant S_(627)N(Ser_(627) changed to Asn) that has been deployed for Clearfield rice development, W_(548)M mutant showed high levels of resistance to a broad spectrum of five families of ALSinhibiting herbicides, in addition to a higher level of resistance to herbicides of the imidazolinone family.The herbicide-resistance was stably inherited by crossing into other rice lines. Thus, the W_(548)M mutation provides a valuable resource for breeding of herbicide resistant rice and weed management.展开更多
Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide originally introduced to the market in 1974 by the agrochemical company Monsanto. More than 40 years down the line, glyphosate has become one of the most economically meaningfu...Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide originally introduced to the market in 1974 by the agrochemical company Monsanto. More than 40 years down the line, glyphosate has become one of the most economically meaningful herbicides, with a global use of more than 1.8 million pounds in 2014 (Benbrook, 2016). In non resistant plants, glyphosate is widely believed to exert its herbicidal effect via inhibition of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, an enzyme of the shikimate pathway required for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants and most microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria and some protozoans.展开更多
In order to screen herbicides with ideal safety characteristics to control malignant weed nut grass in sugarcane field, 20% thifensulfuron methyl WP and 65% MCPA·ametryne·diuron WP were selected for the fiel...In order to screen herbicides with ideal safety characteristics to control malignant weed nut grass in sugarcane field, 20% thifensulfuron methyl WP and 65% MCPA·ametryne·diuron WP were selected for the field efficacy trial. The results showed that 20% thifensulfuron methyl WP and 65% MCPA·ametryne·diuron WP had good control effect on nut grass. The optimum dosage of 20% thifensulfuron methyl WP and 65% MCPA.ametryne-diuron WP was 1 125 g/hm^2 （effective ingredients 225 g） and 3 150 g/hm^2 （effective ingredients 2 047.5 g）, respectively. These two herbicides should be dissolved in 675 kg water per hectare and applied in the vigorous growth period of nut grass （height 10-15 cm） with oriented stem leaf spraying. The control effect after 15 days could be above 87.9%.展开更多
[ Objective] The paper was to explore the control effects of 3 kinds of herbicides against weeds in dogbane （Apocynum venetum） field. [ Method ] Using haloxyfop-R-mithyl and quizalofop-ethyl EC specifically killing ...[ Objective] The paper was to explore the control effects of 3 kinds of herbicides against weeds in dogbane （Apocynum venetum） field. [ Method ] Using haloxyfop-R-mithyl and quizalofop-ethyl EC specifically killing monagenns gramineous weeds and chipton specifically killing dicotyledonous broad-leaf weeds, the control test against weeds in 2-year-old dogbane field was carried out. [ Result ] Haloxyfop-R-mithyl had good control effect against gramincous weeds, and its control effect against both barnyard weed （ Echinochloa crusgalli） and green bristleweed （ Setaria viridis ） was greater than 35.0% ; the control effects of quizalofop- ethyl EC against barnyard weed and green bristleweed were 14.8% and 28.6%, respectively; chipt0n had good control effect against Chenopodium album, and the control effect reached 30.8%. Moreover, 3 herbicides did not cause damage to dogbane. [ Conclusion] The study provide theoretical basis for completing cultivation technique of dogbane.展开更多
A population of common ragweed in Ontario was confirmed to be resistant to glyphosate in 2011. Group 2 [acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors] resistant common ragweed was first confirmed in Ontario in 2000. Previous...A population of common ragweed in Ontario was confirmed to be resistant to glyphosate in 2011. Group 2 [acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors] resistant common ragweed was first confirmed in Ontario in 2000. Previously, glyphosate provided excellent control of common ragweed in glyphosate resistant soybean but with the confirmation of glyphosate resistant (GR) common ragweed, alternative herbicides need to be evaluated. Eight field trials with preplant herbicides were completed over two years (2013 and 2014) in fields with confirmed GR common ragweed. Tank-mixes of glyphosate and linuron or metribuzin provided 88% - 99% and 86% - 98% control 4 weeks after application (WAA) and 80% - 92% and 80% - 95% control 8 WAA, respectively. However, these herbicides also had among the highest environmental impact of the herbicides tested. Based on the results of these studies, GR common ragweed can be controlled with residual herbicides when applied preemergence in soybean. Currently, there are no post emergence herbicides that provide adequate control of GR common ragweed, therefore, preemergence herbicides with residual are essential for full season control.展开更多
文摘[Objectives]To address the weeding challenges within the corn and soybean strip intercropping field and identify appropriate herbicide types and application methods suitable for the corn and soybean strip intercropping fields in Siyang County.[Methods]The trial comprised six herbicide treatments and one blank control,with investigations conducted to assess efficacy,safety,and yield.[Results]Each herbicide treatment effectively controlled weeds,demonstrated high safety,and enhanced the yields of both soybeans and corn.The combined application of soil sealing with stem and leaf spray exhibited superior overall weed control compared to soil sealing alone.At 28 d following stem and leaf spray,the plant control effect and fresh weight control effect against weeds in the combined treatment of soil sealing with stem and leaf spray all exceeded 89%.[Conclusions]This study offers technical support for advancing the practice of strip intercropping between corn and soybeans.
文摘Background The intensive use of herbicides in agriculture raises concerns about their residual impacts on non-target crops such as cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.),which is often rotated with cereals,sugar beet,and canola.Butisanstar(BUT)and clopyralid(CLO)are widely used for broadleaf weed control in these rotations.However,how residual herbicide activity influences cotton growth and development is not well understood.This study evaluated these residual effects by measuring multiple growth parameters in a greenhouse.Cotton was grown for 40 days in soil incubated for 90 days with herbicide treatments arranged in a factorial design(type:BUT,CLO,and their combination;dose:0,1/2,1,2,and 5×recommended field dose[RFD]).Results Herbicide residues reduced cotton growth in a dose-dependent manner,with greater inhibition at higher doses.The combined BUT+CLO treatment produced the strongest negative effects,followed by CLO and then BUT alone.Compared with controls,seedling emergence declined by 12%–83%,root length by 12%–87%,plant height by 10%–84%,and chlorophyll index by 12%–80%across treatments from 1/2×RFD BUT to 5×RFD BUT+CLO.Root and shoot biomass also decreased significantly.Under the 5×RFD combined treatment,shoot N,P,and K concentrations dropped by 48%,78%,and 70%,respectively,relative to the control.Conclusions Even low levels of residual BUT and CLO impair cotton growth.To mitigate these effects,it should avoid planting cotton on recently treated soils,leave sufficient intervals between herbicide application and cotton planting,and apply soil amendments to boost microbial degradation.These measures are essential for sustaining soil health and cotton productivity.
基金supported by the Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory,China(Grant No.ZSBBL-KY2023-07)the Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund,China(Grant No.CX(22)3138)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32101736,32002124)the Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program,China(Grant No.BE2021360-2).
文摘The photoperiod/thermo-sensitive genic male sterility(P/TGMS)system is crucial for hybrid rice production,but challenges persist in seed purity(due to fertility conversion and mixed male seeds)and mechanization.Here,we developed a novel hybrid seed production scheme using herbicide-resistance alleles(OsALS and CYP81A6).P/TGMS lines were bred for imazamox sensitivity and bentazon resistance,while male parents were engineered for the opposite traits.This system enables mechanical harvesting and ensures hybrid purity by eliminating self-pollinated contaminants through herbicide application.We identified suitable sterile lines and developed complementary male parents via breeding and CRISPR/Cas9 editing,validated through herbicide assays.This strategy enhances hybrid seed purity and mechanization efficiency in two-line hybrid rice production.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22174071 and 22206114)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Nos.ZR2022YQ08 and ZR2022QB085)+2 种基金the Innovation Team of Shandong Higher School Youth Innovation Technology Program(No.2023KJ344)the Academic Promotion Program(No.2019LJ003)Joint Innovation Team for Clinical&Basic Research(No.202401)of Shandong First Medical University。
文摘Microporous organic networks(MONs)are attractive adsorbents for use in sample pretreatment owning to their unique structure and properties.However,methods for constructing functional MONs are still limited because the lack of monomers via direct synthesis and their complex procedures via postmodification.To address this issue,a facile one-pot in situ doping strategy was proposed herein for synthesis a novel phenylboronic acid-functionalized magnetic cyclodextrin-based microporous organic network([PBA]_(3/4)-MCD-MON-0.04).[PBA]_(3/4)MCD-MON-0.04 was used for the selective and efficient extraction of sulfonylurea herbicides(SUHs)from complex food and environmental water samples via the synergistic hydrogen bonding,host-vip,hydrophobic andπ-πinteractions and the specific B-N coordination.[PBA]_(3/4)-MCD-MON-0.04 had a large surface area,high saturation magnetism,good reusability,and remarkable stability.A rapid,sensitive,and selective method was proposed for monitoring SUHs from diverse matrices.This study provides a new strategy for synthesizing novel and multifunctional magnetic CD-MONs-based adsorbents and reveals the considerable potential of CD-MONs in sample pretreatment.
基金funded by Environment and Climate Change Canada(Fonds pour dommages a l’environnement)under a grant given to L.Vandelac and L.Parentthe Fondation UQAM(2020 to 2022)+2 种基金the Collectif de recherche Ecosante sur les pesticides,les politiques et les alternatives(CREPPA)the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC)under a grant given to M.Boily(No.RGPIN-2016–05142)the Centre de recherche en ecotoxicologie du Quebec(EcotoQ) and the Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en operationnalisation du developpement durable(CIRODD)for scholarships attributed to Y.Nombre.
文摘The active ingredient(a.i.)glyphosate is frequently detected in waterways at relatively high concentrations,posing a risk to aquatic organisms including freshwater mussels,North America’s most endangered animal group.This research aims to evaluate for the first time the effect of a glyphosate-based herbicide on a freshwater mussel(Unionid)using a battery of biomarkers.Themussel Elliptio complanata was exposed for 21 days to CreditR Xtreme(at 0,50,100,and 150μg/L a.i.of glyphosate).An integrated biomarker response(IBRv2)was used to visualize the overall impact of each glyphosate-based herbicide concentration on mussels’health conditions.The biomarker results showed that glyphosate(used at 100μg/L and 150μg/L)induced lipid peroxidation in the gills and digestive gland and inhibited acetylcholinesterase in the foot and gills,indicating oxidative damage and neurotoxicity.Other biomarkerswere influenced at the lowest concentration of glyphosate tested(50μg/L):lipids(decrease),triglycerides(increase)and,to a lesser extent,vitellogenin(decrease).For the latter biomarkers,the sexeswere not affected similarly,and theywere only sensitive at 50μg/L,only females showed a trend toward a decrease for vitellogenin and a decrease for lipids.Using IBRv2,we found a clear discrimination between concentrations,and the index values increased with glyphosate concentration,attesting to the deterioration in biomarker-defined mussel health when exposed to Credit® Xtreme at realistic glyphosate concentrations in agricultural rivers.This study shows that glyphosate-based herbicides can alter neurological function,induce oxidative damage,and selectively modify the E.complanata metabolism at relatively low concentrations.
文摘During times of war, it is rare to find a government willing and able to require the military to fund and support environmental impact studies. In the 1960s, many United States scientists expressed concerns about the use of herbicides during the Vietnam War. This protest was led by Dr. Arthur Galston and eventually included scientists with the National Academy of Science. By 1970, the Department of Defense (DoD) was ordered to permit the scientists to visit South Vietnam during the war to document these impacts. In all 1500 scientist days were spent in South Vietnam. In addition, the US government and military funded research studies on the impact of herbicides on animals. The goal of military use of herbicides, as chemical weapons, was to defoliate jungle forests and destroy food crops as a strategy to win battles and the war. The primary objective of this research study is to describe how it is possible for a country to fund and carry out scientific studies during the conduct of a war rather than decades later. The environmental impact study findings often lack boots on the ground validation and can be inaccurate or misleading in some situations. The United States (US) and other countries, including Russia and Ukraine, need to learn the historical lessons from the US use of herbicides, containing dioxin TCDD and/or arsenic (As), as chemical weapons during the Vietnam War.
基金supported by the“Strategic Priority Research Program”of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA28010501)the National Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talents Program(No.SQ2022RA24910167)the Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project of Hunan Province(No.CX20220514).
文摘Herbicides(HBCs)are extensively used in modern agriculture.However,their potential negative impacts on environmental media have emerged as a significant environmental concern.In this study,we employed positivematrix factorization(PMF)to identify the potential sources of HBCs.Furthermore,we utilized amulti-matrix ecological riskmodel to assess the risks associated with HBCs in both surface water and groundwater in the black soil region of Northeast China.The findings revealed that the levels of15HBCs in surface water and groundwater ranged from585.84 to 6466.96 ng/L and 4.80 to 11,774.64 ng/L,respectively.The PMF results indicated that surface runoff and erosion accounted for 50%of the total HBCs in water,serving as the primary sources.All tested HBCs exhibited acute risk values within acceptable levels.The risk index for the∑15HBCs was categorized as“moderate risk”in 31%of the surface waters and 13%of the groundwaters.However,4%of the groundwater sampling sites reached the“high risk”level.The chronic risk quotient of∑15HBCs in surface water and groundwater was 92%and 62%at the“high risk”level,respectively.Interestingly,noncarcinogenic HBCs contributed more significantly to the ecotoxicology of the aquatic system than carcinogenic HBCs.This study provides comprehensive information on the legacy of HBCs in water bodies and emphasizes the potential risks posed by HBCs to aquatic systems.The results obtained from this study could help relevant management authorities in developing and implementing effective regulations tomitigate the ecological and environmental risks associated with HBCs.
基金Supported by Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-26)Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(202310580006).
文摘This paper summarizes the impact of herbicides on plant antioxidant enzyme systems and malondialdehyde(MDA)activity,and the role of glutathione(GSH)in response to abiotic stresses.Additionally,it provides a perspective on future research regarding the effects of soil herbicide stress on fruit trees.
文摘A field plot experiment was conducted to explore the control effects and safety of different post-emergence herbicides on weeds in the field with soybeanmaize strip intercropping.The control effects of five post-emergence herbicides on weeds in soybean rows and five post-emergence herbicides for weeds in maize rows were determined.The results showed that after 14 d of application,the control effects of quizalofop-P-ethyl·fomesafen 35%EW and fluoroglycofen 10% EC on weeds in soybean rows were 85.61% and 84.34%,respectively.The control effects of starane 288 g/L EC and mesotrione·atrazine 30% OD were 90.04% and 87.34%,respectively.The phytotoxicity index decreased gradually over time,which indicated that the herbicides were safe for soybean and maize.Moreover,the herbicides increased the yield of soybean and maize by 11.18%-19.42%and 13.11%-25.77%,respectively.These four herbicides can effectively control annual and perennial weeds in the field with soybean-maize strip intercropping at the recommended dosage and can be widely applied in production.
文摘The legacy of the human misery caused by the application of the herbicides including Agent Purple and Agent Orange contaminated with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD and Agent Blue, the arsenic-based herbicide, sprayed over the jungles, rice fields, and hamlets of Vietnam is still haunting us today. Why did this happen? Could it have been prevented? Was it necessary United States military strategy? Was it an intentional decision to inflict this blight on the enemy soldiers and the Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Laotian civilians, to poison their land and cause generations of harm? Alternatively, was it an unpreventable accident in the march of military history? What patterns in the U.S. government’s thought process could be identified as the cause, which led to the decision to use these herbicides as tactical chemical weapons? If the introduction of herbicide (chemical) weapons had not been made, would the outcome of the Vietnam War and the Secret Wars in Laos and Cambodia have been any different? The objective of this treatise is to outline the role of world events and backgrounds and the role of the leaders, U.S. military, CIA, USDA, U.S. State Department, the U.S. President appointed Ambassadors to Vietnam and Laos, chemical companies, and President Diệm’s Republic of Vietnam (RVN) government and military. Their collective advice led to the decision to use herbicides as military and environmental chemical weapons in the Second Indochina War. Were the National interests achieved by U.S. military strategy in the RVN using herbicide weapons worth the long-term environmental and human health consequences in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos? Did it impact the outcome of the Second Indochina War?
基金Supported by the Open-end Fund for the Key Laboratory of Hunan Provincial Education Department(15K067)the Key Laboratory for the Harmless Application of Pesticides of Colleges and Universities of Hunan Province~~
文摘As the important components of pesticide adjuvants, vegetable oil and its derivative adjuvants will be the focus of future development of herbicide adjuvants due to their superiority in good affinity with plants, strong biological degradability, few risk of damage, environrnental safety and ability to improve the weed control efficient. The research progress and application status of the plant source herbicide adjuvants were summarized, as well as the weeding enhancement mechanism and the effects on the environment and non-target organisms, and the existing problems and development trends were reviewed.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Support Program of Hebei Province "Use Technology,Promotion and Application of Broad Spectrum Special Herbicide Monosulfuron Plus Propazine in Millet Fields" (09250307D)Special Foud for Agroscientific Research in the Public Interest (20120304201)~~
文摘[Objective] The paper was to resolve the poor efficacy or phytotoxicity problems in promotion of herbicide monosulfuron plus propazine 44% WP. [Method] Using orthogonal test and Duncan＇s new multiple range statistical analysis with four factors four levels and three factors two levels, the effects of factors such as herbi- cide dose, irrigation water volume, quality of soil preparation and soil moisture content on chemical control of monosulfuron plus propazine 44% WP against weeds and millet yield were compared in the test. [Result] Seven factors all had great impact on control effect of monosulfuron plus propazine 44% WP against weeds, of which her- bicide dose, irrigation water volume, quality of soil preparation and soil moisture content were the most important factors affecting millet yield. According to millet yield and economic benefit, the optimal scheme to ensure safe, efficient and economic control of monosulfuron plus propazine 44% WP against weeds was as follows： the dose of monosulfuron plus propazine 44% WP was 1 800 g/hm2, the soil was treat- ed after sowing and before seedling emergence; the soil should be smooth and sol- id; the soil moisture should reach 15%; the fields should not be irrigated after herbi- cide application, and the damage of weeds in millet fields could be effectively con- trolled within 45 d during high efficacy duration, especially the damage of dicotyledonous weeds. [Conclusion] The study provided useful information for comprehensive technology of weeds control and ensuring high yield and good harvest of millet.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31101483)Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(No.201303031)Project of Youth Fund of Hunan Agricultural University(No.12QN09)~~
文摘The development of microbial herbicide for weed control has been serious- ly regarded all over the world and has made rapid progress in recent years. This paper presents a comprehensive review on domestic and abroad research progress of microbial herbicide and mainly introduces the microbial herbicide products and mi- crobial sources with commercialization potential, and then proposes an outlook for their development tendency and application prospect.
基金Funding for this project was provided in part by Monsanto Canada Inc.,the Grain Farmers of Ontario and the Agricultural Adaptation Council through the Canadian Agricultural Adaptation Program.
文摘Glyphosate resistant giant ragweed is an increasing problem in glyphosate resistant cropping systems in southwestern Ontario. The postemergence herbicides registered for use in soybean in Ontario do not provide consistent control of glyphosate resistant giant ragweed. There is limited research on the lowest effective rate of 2,4-D for the control of glyphosate resistant giant ragweed. Consequently, the objectives of this study were a) to determine the efficacy of herbicides applied postemergence for the control of glyphosate resistant giant ragweed in glyphosate resistant soybean, and b) to determine the lowest effective rate of 2,4-D for the control of glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed. Ten postemergence herbicide combinations and seven rates of 2,4-D were evaluated in field studies conducted in 2011 and 2012 at six locations confirmed with glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed. The post emergence herbicides evaluated did not provide acceptable/consistent control. Of the herbicides evaluated, glyphosate plus cloransulam-methyl provided 26% to 70% control 8 WAA of glyphosate resistant giant ragweed, which was the best of the herbicides combinations evaluated. The doses of 2,4-D required to reduce giant ragweed shoot dry weight by 50, 80 and 95% were 142, 310 and 1048 g a.e. ha-1, respectively.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2018B030308008)National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1901203 and 31901532)+2 种基金Major Program of Guangdong Basic and Applied Research(2019B030302006)Shenzhen Commission on Innovation and Technology Programs JCYJ20180507181837997)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018 M633069 and 2019 M652920)。
文摘Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world.Weeds seriously affect the rice yield and grain quality.In recent years,there are tremendous progresses in the research and application of herbicideresistant genes in rice worldwide.This article reviews the working mechanisms of six herbicides(glyphosate,glufosinate,acetolactate synthase inhibitor herbicides,acetyl-Co A carboxylase inhibitor herbicides,hydroxyhenylpyruvate dioxygenase(HPPD)inhibitor herbicides and dinitroaniline herbicides),the resistance mutations of the corresponding herbicide-target genes,and the herbicide detoxification mechanisms by non-target genes.Examples are provided on herbicide-resistant rice materials obtained by transformation of exogenous resistance genes,by artificial mutagenesis and mutant screening,and by modifying the target genes through gene editing.This paper also introduces the current application of herbicide-resistant rice,points out problems that may be caused by utilization of herbicide resistant rice and solutions to the problems,and discusses the future prospects for the development of herbicideresistant rice.
基金supported by Major Program of Guangdong Basic and Applied Research(2019B030302006)National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1901203 and 31901532)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2018B030308008 and 2018A0303130270)Shenzhen Commission on Innovation and Technology Programs(JCYJ20180507181837997)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018M633069 and 2019M652920)。
文摘Herbicide resistance in crop plants is valuable for integrated weed management in agriculture. Herbicide resistant rice, in particular, is important to management of weedy rice, a close relative of cultivated rice and a noxious weed prevalent in rice fields that remains challenging to farmers worldwide. Herbicide resistant plants can be obtained through transgenic approach or by mutagenesis of regular plant and screening of mutants with elevated resistance to herbicide. In this study, we conducted ethyl methyl sulfonate mutagenesis(EMS) to elite indica cultivar Huanghuazhan(HHZ) and screened for mutants resistant to imazapic, a herbicide that can inhibit the acetolactate synthase(ALS) in plants. We obtained three mutants of Os ALS gene that have not been reported previously in rice. One of the mutants, with Trp_(548) changed to Met(W_(548)M), was analyzed in more details in this study. This mutation had no negative effect on the plant physiology and morphology as well as rice yield. Compared with the imidazolinone-resistant mutant S_(627)N(Ser_(627) changed to Asn) that has been deployed for Clearfield rice development, W_(548)M mutant showed high levels of resistance to a broad spectrum of five families of ALSinhibiting herbicides, in addition to a higher level of resistance to herbicides of the imidazolinone family.The herbicide-resistance was stably inherited by crossing into other rice lines. Thus, the W_(548)M mutation provides a valuable resource for breeding of herbicide resistant rice and weed management.
文摘Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide originally introduced to the market in 1974 by the agrochemical company Monsanto. More than 40 years down the line, glyphosate has become one of the most economically meaningful herbicides, with a global use of more than 1.8 million pounds in 2014 (Benbrook, 2016). In non resistant plants, glyphosate is widely believed to exert its herbicidal effect via inhibition of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, an enzyme of the shikimate pathway required for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants and most microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria and some protozoans.
基金Supported by Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-20-2-2)Project for Yunnan Provincial Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(YNGZTX-4-92)~~
文摘In order to screen herbicides with ideal safety characteristics to control malignant weed nut grass in sugarcane field, 20% thifensulfuron methyl WP and 65% MCPA·ametryne·diuron WP were selected for the field efficacy trial. The results showed that 20% thifensulfuron methyl WP and 65% MCPA·ametryne·diuron WP had good control effect on nut grass. The optimum dosage of 20% thifensulfuron methyl WP and 65% MCPA.ametryne-diuron WP was 1 125 g/hm^2 （effective ingredients 225 g） and 3 150 g/hm^2 （effective ingredients 2 047.5 g）, respectively. These two herbicides should be dissolved in 675 kg water per hectare and applied in the vigorous growth period of nut grass （height 10-15 cm） with oriented stem leaf spraying. The control effect after 15 days could be above 87.9%.
基金Supported by "948" Project of National Forestry Bureau ( 2004-04-10)~~
文摘[ Objective] The paper was to explore the control effects of 3 kinds of herbicides against weeds in dogbane （Apocynum venetum） field. [ Method ] Using haloxyfop-R-mithyl and quizalofop-ethyl EC specifically killing monagenns gramineous weeds and chipton specifically killing dicotyledonous broad-leaf weeds, the control test against weeds in 2-year-old dogbane field was carried out. [ Result ] Haloxyfop-R-mithyl had good control effect against gramincous weeds, and its control effect against both barnyard weed （ Echinochloa crusgalli） and green bristleweed （ Setaria viridis ） was greater than 35.0% ; the control effects of quizalofop- ethyl EC against barnyard weed and green bristleweed were 14.8% and 28.6%, respectively; chipt0n had good control effect against Chenopodium album, and the control effect reached 30.8%. Moreover, 3 herbicides did not cause damage to dogbane. [ Conclusion] The study provide theoretical basis for completing cultivation technique of dogbane.
文摘A population of common ragweed in Ontario was confirmed to be resistant to glyphosate in 2011. Group 2 [acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors] resistant common ragweed was first confirmed in Ontario in 2000. Previously, glyphosate provided excellent control of common ragweed in glyphosate resistant soybean but with the confirmation of glyphosate resistant (GR) common ragweed, alternative herbicides need to be evaluated. Eight field trials with preplant herbicides were completed over two years (2013 and 2014) in fields with confirmed GR common ragweed. Tank-mixes of glyphosate and linuron or metribuzin provided 88% - 99% and 86% - 98% control 4 weeks after application (WAA) and 80% - 92% and 80% - 95% control 8 WAA, respectively. However, these herbicides also had among the highest environmental impact of the herbicides tested. Based on the results of these studies, GR common ragweed can be controlled with residual herbicides when applied preemergence in soybean. Currently, there are no post emergence herbicides that provide adequate control of GR common ragweed, therefore, preemergence herbicides with residual are essential for full season control.
