We studied the formation of heartwood in Ery- throphleumfordii Oliv., an endangered rosewood species, by cross-section analysis on 52 stumps aged 28-57 years and arbitrarily sampled from natural forests in South China...We studied the formation of heartwood in Ery- throphleumfordii Oliv., an endangered rosewood species, by cross-section analysis on 52 stumps aged 28-57 years and arbitrarily sampled from natural forests in South China. Width and area of heartwood were positively correlated with age and xylem width （XW）, and were independent of annual radial growth. The proportions of heartwood and sapwood areas were equal at about 40 years. The heartwood formation pro- cess was simulated by linear regression of age and XW.展开更多
Caesalpinia sappan L.(CS) is a plant of Leguminosae family,commonly known as Brazil or Sappan wood.CS is distributed in Southeast Asia and its dried heartwood has been used as traditional ingredient of food or beverag...Caesalpinia sappan L.(CS) is a plant of Leguminosae family,commonly known as Brazil or Sappan wood.CS is distributed in Southeast Asia and its dried heartwood has been used as traditional ingredient of food or beverages and has a wide variety of medicinal properties.Higher extraction yield of CS wood was achieved with 95% ethanol for 2 h.Chemical constituent's investigation of sappan wood resulled in the isolation of various structural types of phenolic components including one xanihone,one coumarin,three chalcones,two flavones three homoisoflavonoids and brazilin.Brazilin[(6a S-cis)-7,11b-dihydrobcnz[b]indeno[1.2-d]pyran-3.6a.9.10(6H)- tetroll.a major and active compound found in CS heartwood.Most of the folkloric uses of brazilin were validated by the scientific studies such as antioxidant,antibacterial,anti-inflammatory,anti-photoaging.hypoglycemic,vasorelaxant,hepatoproteetive and anti-acne activity.CS heartwood extract is safe and did not produce any acute or subacute toxicity in both male and female rats.Brazilin is the safe natural compound having potential to develop as a medicinal compound with application in food,beverage,cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries to screen its clinical use in modern medicine.The information gained could provide the important and potential approach for pharmaceutical researcher to implicate the knowledge of brazilin in the formulation of new drug and to reveal therapeutic and gaps requiring future research opportunities.More studies are needed to evaluate the potential application of brazilin as preservative and coloring agent in food processing industries.展开更多
The relative potentials of either heartwood extracts (air dry extracts in 60 percent methanol) of very durable woods (Afzelia africana J.E. Smith; Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill & Perr.) Brenam. Syn. E guinensis ...The relative potentials of either heartwood extracts (air dry extracts in 60 percent methanol) of very durable woods (Afzelia africana J.E. Smith; Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill & Perr.) Brenam. Syn. E guinensis G.Don. or Milicia excelsa (Welw) C.C. Berg. Syn. Chlorophora excelsa (Welw) Benth.) or any of two proprietary wood preservatives (AWPA type 揅? Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) or 5 percent solution of AWPA Standard Designation P ??type 揅? Pentanchlorophenol (Penta) in light oil solvent) to suppress attack on pressure treated Antiaris toxicaria Lesch Sapwood by either any of three species of decaying fungi (Coridopsis Polyzona Klotzch; Lenzites trabea; or Trametes cingulata Fr.) under soil block exposure conditions were investigated and threshold values determined. Extract/preservative dosages were either 8.009; 24.778; 48.056; 96.111 or 144.167 kg穖-3 (0.5; 1.5; 3.0; 6.0 or 9.0 1b/ft3). Exposure was for either 14 or 28 weeks and in accordance with ASTM D1413 72 Provisions. Conclusions reached were that at threshold values the ability of either any of the heartwood extracts or proprietary wood preservatives to suppress attack under conditions in this study was significant at 0.01. Relative efficacy of those biocides was dependent on fungal species. Neither any of the heartwood extracts nor any of the proprietary wood preservatives (except in the case of Trametes cingulata attack on CCA treated wood at highest retention level) was able to confer 搗ery durable?rating on treated wood. Possible reasons for the reduced relative durability of extracts visa vis native heartwood were advanced. At the highest retention level (144.167 kg穖-3) there was no significant difference (at 0.05 level) between efficacy of each of the heartwood extracts and any of the proprietary wood preservatives (CCA or Penta).展开更多
Erythrophleum fordii Oliv.(Caesalpiniaceae)is a rosewood species naturally distributed in southeast Asia and south China,and the heartwood is commonly used for high-quality crafts and furniture.While there are differe...Erythrophleum fordii Oliv.(Caesalpiniaceae)is a rosewood species naturally distributed in southeast Asia and south China,and the heartwood is commonly used for high-quality crafts and furniture.While there are differences in heartwood development among single trees with distinct social status,the relationship between heartwood development and growth performance remains unclear.This information is essential to improve plantation management for high-yield heartwood production.Forty dominant,intermediate and suppressed trees were sampled from E.fordii plantations aged in 32-35 years in Pingxiang City,Guangxi,China.Stem analysis was carried out to determine horizontal and vertical variations of heartwood and sapwood.Number of annual rings,diameter and area of heartwood and sapwood as well as ratios of heartwood diameter and area at breast height were all significantly influenced by the social status of trees in stands(P<0.05).In these mid-aged plantations,E.fordii stems developed heartwood once the xylem diameter reached 5-10 cm,and then heartwood diameter and area increased with increasing xylem diameter.Heartwood ring numbers,diameter and area as well as their ratios decreased with increasing height,while sapwood ring numbers and diameter were relatively constant within the section where heartwood occurred.Heartwood and sapwood diameters were equal at heights of approximately 6-m for dominant,5-m for intermediate and 3-m for suppressed trees.Dominant trees differed considerably from intermediate and suppressed trees in heartwood volume,while heartwood volume ratios were all below 30%,and near 90%in the stem section below 8-m height regardless of social status.Relationship analysis showed that DBH was the most important factor influencing heartwood in even-aged stands.The findings provide evidence for crop tree selection,thinning regimes and reasonable management of plantations of E.fordii.展开更多
The chemical components of dichloromethane extractives for Sawara Falsecypress heartwood were analyzed with GC/MS except for basic chemical composition analysis for heartwood with Chinese standard method. 14 kinds of ...The chemical components of dichloromethane extractives for Sawara Falsecypress heartwood were analyzed with GC/MS except for basic chemical composition analysis for heartwood with Chinese standard method. 14 kinds of compounds were idenfifjed according to the computer compounds library data. The major compounds in dichloromethane extractives comprised of terpene and naphthalene derivafives. The experiments of antifungal effects of the dichloromethane extractive on Aspergillus niger were also carded out. The result showed that the dichloromethane extractive from Sawara Falsecypress has no or weak antifungal capability.展开更多
In this study, the Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook.） specimens with different ratios of heartwood thickness to sapwood thickness （HS） were radially compressed at different compression speeds, and then ab...In this study, the Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook.） specimens with different ratios of heartwood thickness to sapwood thickness （HS） were radially compressed at different compression speeds, and then absorbed amine copper quat-type D （ACQ-D） preservative solution under the negative-pressure produced by the recovery of compression deformation. The liquid uptake （Al）, the recovery rate of compression deformation （Rs） and the chemical absorption （Ac） of samples were determined, as well as the overall distribution of density and effective component of ACQ-D （i.e., copper in wood）, the mechanical properties such as surface hardness were also measured. The Al, Rs, Ac values of compressed samples including the whole heartwood ones were higher than those of uncompressed samples, showing that radial compression had an obvious positive effect on improving the liquid absorption of heartwood. Higher compression speed of 3 mm.min^-1 is preferable since the samples with that speed could reach the highest Al and Ac; in addition, more deformation fixation has been produced possibly because of the faster heat and moisture transmission at the higher compressed speed, and more bonds of hydrophobic nature were formed, leading to the higher surface hardness and density. A consistent tendency of the density distribution and the copper retentions along the thickness direction could be explained that the layers with higher density have smaller volumes of void areas, and more chemicals were absorbed and fixed, resulting in the higher copper retentions.展开更多
Red sandalwood(Pterocarpus santalinus)is the most precious species of Pterocarpus,and the long maturity period of its heartwood is an important factor limiting its development.The 1-year-old plants of P.macarocarpus w...Red sandalwood(Pterocarpus santalinus)is the most precious species of Pterocarpus,and the long maturity period of its heartwood is an important factor limiting its development.The 1-year-old plants of P.macarocarpus were chosen as the rootstocks to graft red sandalwood with single-bud scions of 1-year-old shoots in spring.The 5-month survival rate reached over 80%,and the grafted plants grew well.Moreover,the grafting significantly promoted the formation and development of the heartwood of red sandlawood.At 18^(th)month after grafting,compared with the seedling plants,the diameter of heartwood was increased by 82.8%and 29.6%,respectively,and the ratio of heartwood increased by 64.8%and 29.6%,respectively.The propagation technology had outstanding practical value and scientific significance,which has not been reported at home and abroad.展开更多
The formation mechanism of heartwood is a scientific problem which has not been fully revealed in wood science.Effective regulation of heartwood formation is a scientific problem that is rarely studied and has not yet...The formation mechanism of heartwood is a scientific problem which has not been fully revealed in wood science.Effective regulation of heartwood formation is a scientific problem that is rarely studied and has not yet achieved a breakthrough in the field of forest cultivation.It is very beneficial to regulate the chemical properties of wood and directional and efficient cultivation of trees by fully understanding the formation mechanism of heartwood.Based on the author s research and practice,the recent research progress on the formation mechanism and regulation technology of heartwood is summarized,especially the research on the heartwood formation of Hongmu species.展开更多
This study evaluated boron diff usion from raw boron minerals ulexite and colemanite with low water solubility in comparison to disodium octaborate tetrahydrate(DOT).Tests were conducted using sugi(Cryptomeria japonic...This study evaluated boron diff usion from raw boron minerals ulexite and colemanite with low water solubility in comparison to disodium octaborate tetrahydrate(DOT).Tests were conducted using sugi(Cryptomeria japonica(L.)f.D.Don)sapwood and heartwood blocks conditioned to 30,60,and 90%target moisture content.The blocks were fi lled with the boron compounds through treatment holes and diff usion was observed at three assay zones across the blocks after 7,30,60 or 90-day incubation period at room temperatures.For comparison,ethylene glycol was also introduced into the holes to elevate boron diff usion.As expected,diff usion increased with increased moisture content and levels were higher at the 60%and 90%moisture levels compared to the 30%level.With some exceptions,boron levels did not follow consistent gradients with distance away from the treatment hole.Incorporation of ethylene glycol helped increase boron levels,even in heartwood blocks.Boron levels were higher from the ulexite source than from colemanite;however,DOT treatments resulted in the highest boron diff usion rates as a result of greater water solubility compared to both raw boron minerals.The results suggest that ulexite together with ethylene glycol may be useful in both sapwood and heartwood materials when kept at high moisture levels for extended periods.展开更多
基金financially supported by the Special Research Program for Public-welfare Forestry(No.201204301-2)National Nonprofit Institute Research Grant of RITF(No.RITFKYYW2010-05)
文摘We studied the formation of heartwood in Ery- throphleumfordii Oliv., an endangered rosewood species, by cross-section analysis on 52 stumps aged 28-57 years and arbitrarily sampled from natural forests in South China. Width and area of heartwood were positively correlated with age and xylem width （XW）, and were independent of annual radial growth. The proportions of heartwood and sapwood areas were equal at about 40 years. The heartwood formation pro- cess was simulated by linear regression of age and XW.
文摘Caesalpinia sappan L.(CS) is a plant of Leguminosae family,commonly known as Brazil or Sappan wood.CS is distributed in Southeast Asia and its dried heartwood has been used as traditional ingredient of food or beverages and has a wide variety of medicinal properties.Higher extraction yield of CS wood was achieved with 95% ethanol for 2 h.Chemical constituent's investigation of sappan wood resulled in the isolation of various structural types of phenolic components including one xanihone,one coumarin,three chalcones,two flavones three homoisoflavonoids and brazilin.Brazilin[(6a S-cis)-7,11b-dihydrobcnz[b]indeno[1.2-d]pyran-3.6a.9.10(6H)- tetroll.a major and active compound found in CS heartwood.Most of the folkloric uses of brazilin were validated by the scientific studies such as antioxidant,antibacterial,anti-inflammatory,anti-photoaging.hypoglycemic,vasorelaxant,hepatoproteetive and anti-acne activity.CS heartwood extract is safe and did not produce any acute or subacute toxicity in both male and female rats.Brazilin is the safe natural compound having potential to develop as a medicinal compound with application in food,beverage,cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries to screen its clinical use in modern medicine.The information gained could provide the important and potential approach for pharmaceutical researcher to implicate the knowledge of brazilin in the formulation of new drug and to reveal therapeutic and gaps requiring future research opportunities.More studies are needed to evaluate the potential application of brazilin as preservative and coloring agent in food processing industries.
文摘The relative potentials of either heartwood extracts (air dry extracts in 60 percent methanol) of very durable woods (Afzelia africana J.E. Smith; Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill & Perr.) Brenam. Syn. E guinensis G.Don. or Milicia excelsa (Welw) C.C. Berg. Syn. Chlorophora excelsa (Welw) Benth.) or any of two proprietary wood preservatives (AWPA type 揅? Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) or 5 percent solution of AWPA Standard Designation P ??type 揅? Pentanchlorophenol (Penta) in light oil solvent) to suppress attack on pressure treated Antiaris toxicaria Lesch Sapwood by either any of three species of decaying fungi (Coridopsis Polyzona Klotzch; Lenzites trabea; or Trametes cingulata Fr.) under soil block exposure conditions were investigated and threshold values determined. Extract/preservative dosages were either 8.009; 24.778; 48.056; 96.111 or 144.167 kg穖-3 (0.5; 1.5; 3.0; 6.0 or 9.0 1b/ft3). Exposure was for either 14 or 28 weeks and in accordance with ASTM D1413 72 Provisions. Conclusions reached were that at threshold values the ability of either any of the heartwood extracts or proprietary wood preservatives to suppress attack under conditions in this study was significant at 0.01. Relative efficacy of those biocides was dependent on fungal species. Neither any of the heartwood extracts nor any of the proprietary wood preservatives (except in the case of Trametes cingulata attack on CCA treated wood at highest retention level) was able to confer 搗ery durable?rating on treated wood. Possible reasons for the reduced relative durability of extracts visa vis native heartwood were advanced. At the highest retention level (144.167 kg穖-3) there was no significant difference (at 0.05 level) between efficacy of each of the heartwood extracts and any of the proprietary wood preservatives (CCA or Penta).
基金This study is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Non-profit Research Institution of CAF(Grant No.CAFYBB2017MB019).
文摘Erythrophleum fordii Oliv.(Caesalpiniaceae)is a rosewood species naturally distributed in southeast Asia and south China,and the heartwood is commonly used for high-quality crafts and furniture.While there are differences in heartwood development among single trees with distinct social status,the relationship between heartwood development and growth performance remains unclear.This information is essential to improve plantation management for high-yield heartwood production.Forty dominant,intermediate and suppressed trees were sampled from E.fordii plantations aged in 32-35 years in Pingxiang City,Guangxi,China.Stem analysis was carried out to determine horizontal and vertical variations of heartwood and sapwood.Number of annual rings,diameter and area of heartwood and sapwood as well as ratios of heartwood diameter and area at breast height were all significantly influenced by the social status of trees in stands(P<0.05).In these mid-aged plantations,E.fordii stems developed heartwood once the xylem diameter reached 5-10 cm,and then heartwood diameter and area increased with increasing xylem diameter.Heartwood ring numbers,diameter and area as well as their ratios decreased with increasing height,while sapwood ring numbers and diameter were relatively constant within the section where heartwood occurred.Heartwood and sapwood diameters were equal at heights of approximately 6-m for dominant,5-m for intermediate and 3-m for suppressed trees.Dominant trees differed considerably from intermediate and suppressed trees in heartwood volume,while heartwood volume ratios were all below 30%,and near 90%in the stem section below 8-m height regardless of social status.Relationship analysis showed that DBH was the most important factor influencing heartwood in even-aged stands.The findings provide evidence for crop tree selection,thinning regimes and reasonable management of plantations of E.fordii.
基金This work was supported by the Foundation of Postdoctoral Research of Heilongjiang and Innovation Fund of Northeast Forestry University (DLCX2004019)
文摘The chemical components of dichloromethane extractives for Sawara Falsecypress heartwood were analyzed with GC/MS except for basic chemical composition analysis for heartwood with Chinese standard method. 14 kinds of compounds were idenfifjed according to the computer compounds library data. The major compounds in dichloromethane extractives comprised of terpene and naphthalene derivafives. The experiments of antifungal effects of the dichloromethane extractive on Aspergillus niger were also carded out. The result showed that the dichloromethane extractive from Sawara Falsecypress has no or weak antifungal capability.
文摘In this study, the Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook.） specimens with different ratios of heartwood thickness to sapwood thickness （HS） were radially compressed at different compression speeds, and then absorbed amine copper quat-type D （ACQ-D） preservative solution under the negative-pressure produced by the recovery of compression deformation. The liquid uptake （Al）, the recovery rate of compression deformation （Rs） and the chemical absorption （Ac） of samples were determined, as well as the overall distribution of density and effective component of ACQ-D （i.e., copper in wood）, the mechanical properties such as surface hardness were also measured. The Al, Rs, Ac values of compressed samples including the whole heartwood ones were higher than those of uncompressed samples, showing that radial compression had an obvious positive effect on improving the liquid absorption of heartwood. Higher compression speed of 3 mm.min^-1 is preferable since the samples with that speed could reach the highest Al and Ac; in addition, more deformation fixation has been produced possibly because of the faster heat and moisture transmission at the higher compressed speed, and more bonds of hydrophobic nature were formed, leading to the higher surface hardness and density. A consistent tendency of the density distribution and the copper retentions along the thickness direction could be explained that the layers with higher density have smaller volumes of void areas, and more chemicals were absorbed and fixed, resulting in the higher copper retentions.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31270674)the Platform Project for Key Research Platform Project for Innovative School of Zhaoqing University(CQ201607)
文摘Red sandalwood(Pterocarpus santalinus)is the most precious species of Pterocarpus,and the long maturity period of its heartwood is an important factor limiting its development.The 1-year-old plants of P.macarocarpus were chosen as the rootstocks to graft red sandalwood with single-bud scions of 1-year-old shoots in spring.The 5-month survival rate reached over 80%,and the grafted plants grew well.Moreover,the grafting significantly promoted the formation and development of the heartwood of red sandlawood.At 18^(th)month after grafting,compared with the seedling plants,the diameter of heartwood was increased by 82.8%and 29.6%,respectively,and the ratio of heartwood increased by 64.8%and 29.6%,respectively.The propagation technology had outstanding practical value and scientific significance,which has not been reported at home and abroad.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31270674)Zhaoqing Science and Technology Plan of Guangdong Province(2019N012)+2 种基金"Climbing Plan"of Special Fund for Science and Technology Innovation Cultivation of College Students in Guangdong(pdjh2020b0640)National Special Fund for Science and Technology Innovation Cultivation of College Students in Guangdong(202010580009)Provincial Special Fund for Science and Technology Innovation Cultivation of College Students in Guangdong(S202010580042).
文摘The formation mechanism of heartwood is a scientific problem which has not been fully revealed in wood science.Effective regulation of heartwood formation is a scientific problem that is rarely studied and has not yet achieved a breakthrough in the field of forest cultivation.It is very beneficial to regulate the chemical properties of wood and directional and efficient cultivation of trees by fully understanding the formation mechanism of heartwood.Based on the author s research and practice,the recent research progress on the formation mechanism and regulation technology of heartwood is summarized,especially the research on the heartwood formation of Hongmu species.
基金The authors acknowledge Eti Maden Operations General Directorate,Ankara,Turkey for the boron minerals and DOT used in the study.
文摘This study evaluated boron diff usion from raw boron minerals ulexite and colemanite with low water solubility in comparison to disodium octaborate tetrahydrate(DOT).Tests were conducted using sugi(Cryptomeria japonica(L.)f.D.Don)sapwood and heartwood blocks conditioned to 30,60,and 90%target moisture content.The blocks were fi lled with the boron compounds through treatment holes and diff usion was observed at three assay zones across the blocks after 7,30,60 or 90-day incubation period at room temperatures.For comparison,ethylene glycol was also introduced into the holes to elevate boron diff usion.As expected,diff usion increased with increased moisture content and levels were higher at the 60%and 90%moisture levels compared to the 30%level.With some exceptions,boron levels did not follow consistent gradients with distance away from the treatment hole.Incorporation of ethylene glycol helped increase boron levels,even in heartwood blocks.Boron levels were higher from the ulexite source than from colemanite;however,DOT treatments resulted in the highest boron diff usion rates as a result of greater water solubility compared to both raw boron minerals.The results suggest that ulexite together with ethylene glycol may be useful in both sapwood and heartwood materials when kept at high moisture levels for extended periods.
