Background: Commonly, skin and clothing surface contamination screening (radiation survey) is performed for residents of an area to confirm the levels of residual contamination after nuclear power disasters. Examiners...Background: Commonly, skin and clothing surface contamination screening (radiation survey) is performed for residents of an area to confirm the levels of residual contamination after nuclear power disasters. Examiners for such a screening often wear white radiation hazmat suits. However, it has been reported that examinees tend to feel tension or anxiety. In this study, we focus on the color of the radiation hazmat suit as one measure to reduce residents’ tension or anxiety. This study aims to determine the common conceptions of radiation hazmat suits based on color. Methods: An anonymous self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted with a total of 262 participants consisting of nursing students, administrative staff of a university, general citizens, and mothers raising their children in the Tohoku region in Japan. The common impressions of radiation hazmat suits, which are typically white, were measured using the Multiple Affective States Scale. This scale can measure the affective state brought about by clothing. The color of white (W) was defined as a standard color commonly used for hazmat suits;in order to determine the common impressions of radiation hazmat suits based on color, the following additional colors were shown to the participants: salmon pink (P), ivory (I), and light green (G). Results: There were no sex differences regarding common impressions of radiation hazmat suits. For white radiation hazmat suits, a high score reflecting the characteristic of “capable” was obtained, while the scores for “cheerful” and “calm” were low, and those for “depressed” and “tense” were high. The colors that showed the highest score for “calm” as a positive affirmative state were I and P. W and P reflected a high “ashamed” score, and the “tense” score for G was higher for the participants in their 20s than for those in their 30s and older. Conclusions: Results show that the color of hazmat suits provokes far greater feelings of anxiety and tension on participants than previously thought. Radiation hazmat suits may be further improved based on the results of this study.展开更多
Introduction: This article describes some possibilities of drone applications for pre-venting and responding hazardous materials disasters. Methods: Apart from reviewing the little professional literature available, t...Introduction: This article describes some possibilities of drone applications for pre-venting and responding hazardous materials disasters. Methods: Apart from reviewing the little professional literature available, the author relied on his own practical expe-rience and adopted other researchers’ related findings. He also applied logical reason-ing, systematization as well as adopting an economic approach—to assess efficiency. Results: There are two basic possibilities for the use of drones in the field of chemical disasters: one is for prevention to support the work of authorities, while the other is connected to the response to accidents or disasters. To summarize the research find-ings, the author explored the typical possibilities for use, illustrating with actual exam-ples to prove their usefulness, identified certain risks and made recommendations on further researches.展开更多
Hazmat transportation in cities faces significant risks that may cause catastrophic losses to humans.From the perspective of the regulator,the main responsibility is to mitigate hazmat transport risk by determining th...Hazmat transportation in cities faces significant risks that may cause catastrophic losses to humans.From the perspective of the regulator,the main responsibility is to mitigate hazmat transport risk by determining the availability of road networks to hazmat carriers.Based on the time-variant population distribution,the hazmat transport risk was assessed via the total population exposure associated with the resident and variable populations at different times.We propose a risk-minimizing urban hazmat road network design model for multiple types of hazmats,considering time-varying traffic.The model was applied to a realistic case study of hazmat transportation in a densely populated urban area with complex traffic in Shanghai,China.展开更多
Professional drivers are more frequently exposed to longer driving distance and travel time,leading to a higher possibility of safety risk for distraction and fatigue.The widespread and common use of commercial driver...Professional drivers are more frequently exposed to longer driving distance and travel time,leading to a higher possibility of safety risk for distraction and fatigue.The widespread and common use of commercial driver monitoring systems(DMS)provides a potential for data collection.It increases the amount of data characterizing driver behavior that can be used for further safety research.This study utilized DMS warning-based data and applied an association rule mining approach to explore risk factors contributing to hazardous materials(HAZMAT)truck driver inattention.A total of 499 HAZMAT truck driver inattentive warning events were used to find rules that will predict the occurrence of driver’s fatigue and distraction.First,Fisher’s exact tests were performed to examine the association between the frequency of driver inattentive behavior warnings and risk factors.Second,support,confidence,and lift values were used as measurements to quantify the relative strength of the association rules generated by the Apriori algorithm.Results show that speed between 40and 49 km/h,relatively longer travel time(3-6 h),freeway,tangent section,off-peak hour and clear weather condition are found to be highly associated with fatigue driving,while nighttime during 18:00 to 23:59,speed between 70 and 80 km/h,travel time between 1 and 3 h,freeways,acceleration less than 0.5 m/s^(2),visibility greater than 1000 m,and tangent roadway section are found to be highly associated with distracted driving.By focusing on the specific feature groups,these association rules would help in the development of mitigating distraction and fatigue driving countermeasures and enforcement approaches.展开更多
文摘Background: Commonly, skin and clothing surface contamination screening (radiation survey) is performed for residents of an area to confirm the levels of residual contamination after nuclear power disasters. Examiners for such a screening often wear white radiation hazmat suits. However, it has been reported that examinees tend to feel tension or anxiety. In this study, we focus on the color of the radiation hazmat suit as one measure to reduce residents’ tension or anxiety. This study aims to determine the common conceptions of radiation hazmat suits based on color. Methods: An anonymous self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted with a total of 262 participants consisting of nursing students, administrative staff of a university, general citizens, and mothers raising their children in the Tohoku region in Japan. The common impressions of radiation hazmat suits, which are typically white, were measured using the Multiple Affective States Scale. This scale can measure the affective state brought about by clothing. The color of white (W) was defined as a standard color commonly used for hazmat suits;in order to determine the common impressions of radiation hazmat suits based on color, the following additional colors were shown to the participants: salmon pink (P), ivory (I), and light green (G). Results: There were no sex differences regarding common impressions of radiation hazmat suits. For white radiation hazmat suits, a high score reflecting the characteristic of “capable” was obtained, while the scores for “cheerful” and “calm” were low, and those for “depressed” and “tense” were high. The colors that showed the highest score for “calm” as a positive affirmative state were I and P. W and P reflected a high “ashamed” score, and the “tense” score for G was higher for the participants in their 20s than for those in their 30s and older. Conclusions: Results show that the color of hazmat suits provokes far greater feelings of anxiety and tension on participants than previously thought. Radiation hazmat suits may be further improved based on the results of this study.
文摘Introduction: This article describes some possibilities of drone applications for pre-venting and responding hazardous materials disasters. Methods: Apart from reviewing the little professional literature available, the author relied on his own practical expe-rience and adopted other researchers’ related findings. He also applied logical reason-ing, systematization as well as adopting an economic approach—to assess efficiency. Results: There are two basic possibilities for the use of drones in the field of chemical disasters: one is for prevention to support the work of authorities, while the other is connected to the response to accidents or disasters. To summarize the research find-ings, the author explored the typical possibilities for use, illustrating with actual exam-ples to prove their usefulness, identified certain risks and made recommendations on further researches.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 72032001 and 71972071)and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘Hazmat transportation in cities faces significant risks that may cause catastrophic losses to humans.From the perspective of the regulator,the main responsibility is to mitigate hazmat transport risk by determining the availability of road networks to hazmat carriers.Based on the time-variant population distribution,the hazmat transport risk was assessed via the total population exposure associated with the resident and variable populations at different times.We propose a risk-minimizing urban hazmat road network design model for multiple types of hazmats,considering time-varying traffic.The model was applied to a realistic case study of hazmat transportation in a densely populated urban area with complex traffic in Shanghai,China.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFC3001500).
文摘Professional drivers are more frequently exposed to longer driving distance and travel time,leading to a higher possibility of safety risk for distraction and fatigue.The widespread and common use of commercial driver monitoring systems(DMS)provides a potential for data collection.It increases the amount of data characterizing driver behavior that can be used for further safety research.This study utilized DMS warning-based data and applied an association rule mining approach to explore risk factors contributing to hazardous materials(HAZMAT)truck driver inattention.A total of 499 HAZMAT truck driver inattentive warning events were used to find rules that will predict the occurrence of driver’s fatigue and distraction.First,Fisher’s exact tests were performed to examine the association between the frequency of driver inattentive behavior warnings and risk factors.Second,support,confidence,and lift values were used as measurements to quantify the relative strength of the association rules generated by the Apriori algorithm.Results show that speed between 40and 49 km/h,relatively longer travel time(3-6 h),freeway,tangent section,off-peak hour and clear weather condition are found to be highly associated with fatigue driving,while nighttime during 18:00 to 23:59,speed between 70 and 80 km/h,travel time between 1 and 3 h,freeways,acceleration less than 0.5 m/s^(2),visibility greater than 1000 m,and tangent roadway section are found to be highly associated with distracted driving.By focusing on the specific feature groups,these association rules would help in the development of mitigating distraction and fatigue driving countermeasures and enforcement approaches.
