This study investigates the variability in cancer diagnosis across different tissues and organs, with a focus on the role of diagnostic methods such as Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry...This study investigates the variability in cancer diagnosis across different tissues and organs, with a focus on the role of diagnostic methods such as Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The predominance of female breast cancer (30%) aligns with global trends, underscoring the need for robust diagnostic protocols, particularly in developing regions. Other prevalent cancers, including skin, stomach, and cervix uteri, reflect a mix of environmental, genetic, and infectious factors. The underrepresentation of gallbladder and thyroid cancers (<1%) suggests potential underdiagnosis or lower prevalence. Age distribution data indicate peak cancer incidence in individuals aged 31 - 45 years, with gender-specific cancers like breast and cervical cancer predominantly affecting females (63.4%). The analysis also highlights significant diagnostic gaps, as 61.2% of cases did not undergo IHC testing due to resource constraints, leading to potential biases in cancer prevalence and diagnostic accuracy. The study emphasizes the complementary role of IHC in confirming ambiguous H&E findings, with strong alignment observed when both methods were used. However, the absence of IHC in many cases limits the robustness of conclusions, suggesting the need for increased access to IHC testing. The findings advocate for integrating IHC into routine diagnostics, expanding diagnostic capabilities, and improving sample sizes to ensure more reliable and comprehensive cancer data.展开更多
This paper reconstructs in detail the course leading to the inception of the Chinese material medica(CMM)research at the Peking Union Medical College(PUMC)in 1920.By analyzing the primary materials from several archiv...This paper reconstructs in detail the course leading to the inception of the Chinese material medica(CMM)research at the Peking Union Medical College(PUMC)in 1920.By analyzing the primary materials from several archives,it provides,for the first time,a historiographical account of the major events and key figures in the process.These include the China Medical Board(CMB)Commission to East Asia in 1915 that shaped the attitudes of Drs.William H.Welch and Simon Flexner,the PUMC’s chief scientific architects,toward CMM and its scientific investigation;the influence of medical missionaries and Japanese scientists on these attitudes;the medical leaders’decisive roles in recruiting Ralph G.Mills and Bernard E.Read,two of medical missionaries with strong interests in and actual studies on CMM,to the PUMC,which serendipitously made them central figures associated with the CMM research at the College;and finally the critical role of Mills and other medical missionaries in introducing CMM research,both concept and material,to the CMB executives and in their reconciliating the research subject with the institutional aims.The findings of the study contextualize the inception of CMM research at PUMC from the perspective of broader narrative of transnational circulation and recognition of medical knowledge and highlight the intermediatory roles played by medical missionaries that were critical in the intersection between traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and scientific medicine.The study also reveals multiple serendipitous occurrences associated with the eventual inception of the program,thus offers a fresh interpretation of the beginning of the most impactful research program of scientizing TCM in the first half of the 20th century.展开更多
文摘This study investigates the variability in cancer diagnosis across different tissues and organs, with a focus on the role of diagnostic methods such as Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The predominance of female breast cancer (30%) aligns with global trends, underscoring the need for robust diagnostic protocols, particularly in developing regions. Other prevalent cancers, including skin, stomach, and cervix uteri, reflect a mix of environmental, genetic, and infectious factors. The underrepresentation of gallbladder and thyroid cancers (<1%) suggests potential underdiagnosis or lower prevalence. Age distribution data indicate peak cancer incidence in individuals aged 31 - 45 years, with gender-specific cancers like breast and cervical cancer predominantly affecting females (63.4%). The analysis also highlights significant diagnostic gaps, as 61.2% of cases did not undergo IHC testing due to resource constraints, leading to potential biases in cancer prevalence and diagnostic accuracy. The study emphasizes the complementary role of IHC in confirming ambiguous H&E findings, with strong alignment observed when both methods were used. However, the absence of IHC in many cases limits the robustness of conclusions, suggesting the need for increased access to IHC testing. The findings advocate for integrating IHC into routine diagnostics, expanding diagnostic capabilities, and improving sample sizes to ensure more reliable and comprehensive cancer data.
文摘This paper reconstructs in detail the course leading to the inception of the Chinese material medica(CMM)research at the Peking Union Medical College(PUMC)in 1920.By analyzing the primary materials from several archives,it provides,for the first time,a historiographical account of the major events and key figures in the process.These include the China Medical Board(CMB)Commission to East Asia in 1915 that shaped the attitudes of Drs.William H.Welch and Simon Flexner,the PUMC’s chief scientific architects,toward CMM and its scientific investigation;the influence of medical missionaries and Japanese scientists on these attitudes;the medical leaders’decisive roles in recruiting Ralph G.Mills and Bernard E.Read,two of medical missionaries with strong interests in and actual studies on CMM,to the PUMC,which serendipitously made them central figures associated with the CMM research at the College;and finally the critical role of Mills and other medical missionaries in introducing CMM research,both concept and material,to the CMB executives and in their reconciliating the research subject with the institutional aims.The findings of the study contextualize the inception of CMM research at PUMC from the perspective of broader narrative of transnational circulation and recognition of medical knowledge and highlight the intermediatory roles played by medical missionaries that were critical in the intersection between traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and scientific medicine.The study also reveals multiple serendipitous occurrences associated with the eventual inception of the program,thus offers a fresh interpretation of the beginning of the most impactful research program of scientizing TCM in the first half of the 20th century.
