Soil organic carbon in forest affects nutrient availability,microbial processes,and organic matter inputs.Dominant tree species have increasingly shifted from ectomycorrhizal to arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in ...Soil organic carbon in forest affects nutrient availability,microbial processes,and organic matter inputs.Dominant tree species have increasingly shifted from ectomycorrhizal to arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in subtropical forests.However,the consequences of this shift for soil organic carbon is poorly understood.To address this,a field study was conducted across a natural gradient of arbuscular tree associations to investigate how different mycorrhizal associations affect soil organic carbon quantity,composition,chemical stability,and related soil properties.Soil organic carbon fractions,functional groups,microbial enzyme activities were analyzed.Results showed that increasing arbuscular mycorrhizal dominance was associated with declines in total soil organic carbon,particularly in recalcitrant and aromatic carbon forms.Ectomycorrhizaldominated forests exhibited higher nitrogen availability and elevated nitrogen-hydrolyzing enzyme activity,suggesting enhanced nitrogen acquisition strategies that suppress soil organic carbon decomposition and promote carbon retention.These findings indicate that mycorrhizal-mediated shifts in tree composition may significantly alter soil carbon sequestration potential.Incorporating mycorrhizal functional traits into forest management and carbon modeling could improve predictions of soil organic carbon responses under future environmental change.展开更多
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation has been widely adopted for plant genetic engineering and the study of gene function(Krenek et al.,2015).This method is prevalent in the genetic transformation of herb...Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation has been widely adopted for plant genetic engineering and the study of gene function(Krenek et al.,2015).This method is prevalent in the genetic transformation of herbaceous plants,with notable applications in species such as Arabidopsis(Yin et al.,2024),soybean(Zhang et al.,2024),rice(Zhang et al.,2020),and Chinese cabbage(Li et al.,2021).However,its application in fruit trees is limited.This is primarily due to their long growth cycles and lack of rapid,efficient,and stable transgenic systems,which severely hinders foundational research involving plant genetic transformation(Mei et al.,2024).Furthermore,for subtropical fruit trees,the presence of recalcitrant seeds adds an extra layer of difficulty to genetic transformation(Umarani et al.,2015),as most methods rely on seed germination as a basis for transformation.展开更多
Tree endophytic fungi play an important role in reducing insect herbivory,either by repelling them or kill-ing them directly.Identifying which fungi show such activ-ity could lead to new environmentally friendly pesti...Tree endophytic fungi play an important role in reducing insect herbivory,either by repelling them or kill-ing them directly.Identifying which fungi show such activ-ity could lead to new environmentally friendly pesticides.In this study,the Mediterranean basin climate conditions are projected to harshen in the next decades,will increase vulnerability of tree species to pest invasions.Endophytic fungi were isolated from wood and leaves of Quercus pyr-enaica,Q.ilex and Q.suber and tested for virulence against adults of the mealworm beetle,Tenebrio molitor L.using a direct contact method.Only 3 of 111 sporulating isolates had entomopathogenic activity,all identified as Lecanicillium lecanii.The pathogenicity of L.lecanii on T.molitor resulted in a median lethal time(TL50)of 14-16 d.Compared with commercial products,L.lecanii caused faster insect death than the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae and nuclear polyhedrosis virus(no effect on T.molitor survival),and slower than Beauveria bassiana(TL50=5),Beauveria pseu-dobassiana(TL50=8d)and Bacillus thuriengensis(80%mortality first day after inoculation).Mortality was also accelerated under water stress,reducing TL50 by an addi-tional 33%.Remarkably,water stress alone had a comparable effect on mortality to that of L.lecanii isolates.This study confirms T.molitor as a good model insect for pathogenicity testing and agrees with management policies proposed in the EU Green Deal.展开更多
Rapid urbanization has caused significant changes along the urban-rural gradient,leading to a variety of landscapes that are mainly shaped by human activities.This dynamic interplay also influences the distribution an...Rapid urbanization has caused significant changes along the urban-rural gradient,leading to a variety of landscapes that are mainly shaped by human activities.This dynamic interplay also influences the distribution and characteristics of trees outside forests(TOF).Understanding the pattern of these trees will support informed decision-making in urban planning,in conservation strategies,and altogether in sustainable land management practices in the urban context.In this study,we employed a deep learning-based object detection model and high resolution satellite imagery to identify 1.3 million trees with bounding boxes within a 250 km^(2)research transect spanning the urban-rural gradient of Bengaluru,a megacity in Southern India.Additionally,we developed an allometric equation to estimate diameter at breast height(DBH)from the tree crown diameter(CD)derived from the detected bounding boxes.Our study focused on analyzing variations in tree density and tree size along this gradient.The findings revealed distinct patterns:the urban domain displayed larger tree crown diameters(mean:8.87 m)and DBH(mean:43.78 cm)but having relatively low tree density(32 trees per hectare).Furthermore,with increasing distance from the city center,tree density increased,while the mean tree crown diameter and mean tree basal area decreased,showing clear differences of tree density and size between the urban and rural domains in Bengaluru.This study offers an efficient methodology that helps generating instructive insights into the dynamics of TOF along the urban-rural gradient.This may inform urban planning and management strategies for enhancing green infrastructure and biodiversity conservation in rapidly urbanizing cities like Bengaluru.展开更多
Mekong River Delta has many home-gardens,here,everybody organizes the tourisms.We observed the real situations and substances,evaluation,a choice at some households in the Mekong River Delta in order to have a purpose...Mekong River Delta has many home-gardens,here,everybody organizes the tourisms.We observed the real situations and substances,evaluation,a choice at some households in the Mekong River Delta in order to have a purpose of search,here,they have the home-gardens;the farmers plant fruit trees at the villages of provinces,that is a place which is influenced by the climate change.We went to the villages such as:Hiep Thanh village,Chau Thanh district,Long An province;Tan Phu village,Tan Phu Dong district,Tien Giang province;Tieu Can village,Tieu Can district,Tra Vinh province to observe the landscape(here 10 households for 1 village),and we took the sample to analyze.We knew the factors such as:drought,deficiency of water,salt water intrusion,flood.These factors influence the trees,assets,diseases,lives of the persons who stay here,and cause many damages.We compare many home-gardens having a climate change with the normal home-gardens.Thus,we propose the reasonable methods in order to fix the consequence and prevent the salt intrusion,flood,important damages…And we present some illustrations.展开更多
1 Trees don't create their own heat like mammals do,and they don't have warm shelters or fur coats.So how do they survive the deep freeze of winter?In a way they do hibernate(冬眠)like bears—but in trees this...1 Trees don't create their own heat like mammals do,and they don't have warm shelters or fur coats.So how do they survive the deep freeze of winter?In a way they do hibernate(冬眠)like bears—but in trees this is called dormancy and it's pretty amazing.展开更多
Terpenoids are vital secondary metabolites in plants that function as agents for defense and stress resistance.These genes not only play crucial roles in plant growth and development but also function in diverse biolo...Terpenoids are vital secondary metabolites in plants that function as agents for defense and stress resistance.These genes not only play crucial roles in plant growth and development but also function in diverse biological group interactions.Terpenoids released by fruit trees possess defensive properties and constitute a class of aromatic compounds.For some fruits,terpenoids are indispensable indicators for evaluating fruit quality and the economic value.Significant research progress has been made in terpenoids biosynthesis and regulation.In this review,we introduce the main terpenoids of fruit trees,emphasize synthetic enzymes and regulatory factors involved in the mevalonate pathway and the methylerythritol pathway,and analyze TPS gene family identification and diversity in several fruit tree species.Moreover,the regulation of terpenes biosynthesis,including the molecular interaction mechanisms of environmental factors and hormone signaling pathways,are comprehensively described.Our objective is to summarize the molecular regulatory network and research foundation of terpenoids biosynthesis,providing a reference for investigations of metabolic pathways and promoting the development of techniques for the regulation and breeding of terpenoids in fruit trees.展开更多
A tree's basal area(BA)and wood volume scale exponentially with tree diameter in species-specifc patterns.Recent observed increases in tree growth suggest these allometric relationships are shifting in response to...A tree's basal area(BA)and wood volume scale exponentially with tree diameter in species-specifc patterns.Recent observed increases in tree growth suggest these allometric relationships are shifting in response to climate change,rising CO_(2) levels,and/or changes in forest management.We analyzed 9,214 cores from nine conifer and 11 broadleaf species grown in managed mixed-species stands in the upper Midwest to quantify how well diameter(diameter at breast height(DBH))serves to predict BA growth and above-ground wood and carbon(C).These samples include many large trees.We ft mixed models to predict BA growth and above-ground biomass/C from diameter,tree height,and the BA of nearby trees while controlling for site effects.Models account for 55%–83%of the variance in log(recent growth),improving predictions over earlier models.Growth-diameter scaling exponents covary with certain leaf and stem(but not wood)functional traits,reflecting growth strategies.LogBA increment scales linearly with log(diameter)as trees grow bigger in 16/20 species and growth actually accelerates in Quercus rubra L.Three other species plateau in growth.Growth only decelerates in red pine,Pinus resinosa Ait.Growth in whole-tree,above-ground biomass,and C accelerate even more strongly with diameter(mean exponent:2.08 vs.1.30 for BA growth).Sustained BA growth and accelerating wood/C growth contradict the common assumption that tree growth declines in bigger trees.Yield tables and silvicultural guidelines should be updated to reflect these current relationships.Such revisions will favor delaying harvests in many managed stands to increase wood production and enhance ecosystem values including C fxation and storage.Further research may resolve the relative roles of thinning,climatic conditions,nitrogen inputs,and rising CO2 levels on changing patterns of tree growth.展开更多
CRISPR/Cas9 technology, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, has rapidly garnered attention in plant science owing to its simplicity, high editing efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Besides, it offers unprecedented pre...CRISPR/Cas9 technology, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, has rapidly garnered attention in plant science owing to its simplicity, high editing efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Besides, it offers unprecedented precision and efficiency in the genetic improvement of fruit trees. To date, this technology has been widely utilized to enhance fruit quality, improve stress resistance, and mediate growth and development. These applications demonstrate its immense potential in fruit tree breeding. Looking ahead, advancements in editing efficiency, expanded application scopes, comprehensive safety assessments, and improved regulatory frameworks are expected to further broaden the role of CRISPR/Cas9 in fruit tree breeding, thereby driving the fruit tree industry toward higher yield, superior quality, enhanced stress resilience, higher efficiency, and contributing to global food security and sustainable agricultural development. This article outlines the fundamental principles of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, its applications in plants (including fruit trees), and its pivotal role in genetic improvement and germplasm innovation.展开更多
System upgrades in unmanned systems have made Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)-based patrolling and monitoring a preferred solution for ocean surveillance.However,dynamic environments and large-scale deployments pose sign...System upgrades in unmanned systems have made Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)-based patrolling and monitoring a preferred solution for ocean surveillance.However,dynamic environments and large-scale deployments pose significant challenges for efficient decision-making,necessitating a modular multiagent control system.Deep Reinforcement Learning(DRL)and Decision Tree(DT)have been utilized for these complex decision-making tasks,but each has its limitations:DRL is highly adaptive but lacks interpretability,while DT is inherently interpretable but has limited adaptability.To overcome these challenges,we propose the Adaptive Interpretable Decision Tree(AIDT),an evolutionary-based algorithm that is both adaptable to diverse environmental settings and highly interpretable in its decision-making processes.We first construct a Markov decision process(MDP)-based simulation environment using the Cooperative Submarine Search task as a representative scenario for training and testing the proposed method.Specifically,we use the heat map as a state variable to address the issue of multi-agent input state proliferation.Next,we introduce the curiosity-guiding intrinsic reward to encourage comprehensive exploration and enhance algorithm performance.Additionally,we incorporate decision tree size as an influence factor in the adaptation process to balance task completion with computational efficiency.To further improve the generalization capability of the decision tree,we apply a normalization method to ensure consistent processing of input states.Finally,we validate the proposed algorithm in different environmental settings,and the results demonstrate both its adaptability and interpretability.展开更多
Background The full lifespan of long-lived trees includes a seedling phase,during which a seed germinates and grows to a size large enough to be measured in forest inventories.Seedling populations are usually studied ...Background The full lifespan of long-lived trees includes a seedling phase,during which a seed germinates and grows to a size large enough to be measured in forest inventories.Seedling populations are usually studied separately from adult trees,and the seedling lifespan,from seed to sapling,is poorly known.In the 50-ha Barro Colorado forest plot,we started intensive censuses of seeds and seedlings in 1994 in order to merge seedling and adult demography and document complete lifespans.Methods In 17 species abundant in seedling censuses,we subdivided populations into six size classes from seed to 1cm dbh,including seeds plus five seedling stages.The smallest seedling class was subdivided by age.Censuses in two consecutive years provided transition matrices describing the probability that a seedling in one stage moved to another one year later.For each species,we averaged the transition matrix across 25 censuses and used it to project the seedling lifespan,from seed until 1cm dbh or death.Results The predicted mean survival rate of seeds to 1cm dbh varied 1000-fold across species,from 2.9×10^(−6)to 4.4×10^(−3);the median was 2.0×10^(−4).The seedling lifespan,or the average time it takes a seed to grow to 1cm dbh,varied across species from 5.1 to 53.1 years,with a median of 20.3 years.In the median species,the 10%fastest-growing seeds would reach 1cm dbh in 9.0 years,and the slowest 10%in 34.6 years.Conclusions Combining seedling results with our previous study of lifespan after 1cm dbh,we estimate that the focal species have full lifespans varying from 41 years in a gap-demanding pioneer to 320 years in one shade-tolerant species.Lifetime demography can contribute precise survival rates and lifespans to forestry models.展开更多
Background:The heartwood(HW)proportion in the trunk of mature trees is an important characteristic not only for wood quality but also for assessing the role of forests in carbon sequestration.We have for the first tim...Background:The heartwood(HW)proportion in the trunk of mature trees is an important characteristic not only for wood quality but also for assessing the role of forests in carbon sequestration.We have for the first time studied the proportion of HW in the trunk and the distribution of carbon and extractives in sapwood(SW)and HW of 70–80 year old Pinus sylvestris L.trees under different growing conditions in the pine forests of North-West Russia.Method:We have examined the influence of conditions and tree position in stand(dominant,intermediate and suppressed trees)in the ecological series:blueberry pine forest(Blu)–lingonberry pine forest(Lin)–lichen pine forest(Lic).We have analyzed the influence of climate conditions in the biogeographical series of Lin:the middle taiga subzone–the northern taiga subzone–the transition area of the northern taiga subzone and tundra.Results:We found that the carbon concentration in HW was 1.6%–3.4%higher than in SW,and the difference depended on growing conditions.Carbon concentration in HW increased with a decrease in stand productivity(Blu-Lin-Lic).In medium-productive stands,the carbon concentration in SW was higher in intermediate and supressed trees compared to dominant trees.In the series from south to north,carbon concentration in HW increased by up to 2%,while in SW,it rose by 2.7%–3.8%.Conclusions:Our results once again emphasized the need for an empirical assessment of the accurate carbon content in aboveground wood biomass,including various forest growing conditions,to better understand the role of boreal forests in carbon storage.展开更多
Allometric equations are fundamental tools in ecological research and forestry management,widely used for estimating above-ground biomass and production,serving as the core foundations of dynamic vegetation models.Usi...Allometric equations are fundamental tools in ecological research and forestry management,widely used for estimating above-ground biomass and production,serving as the core foundations of dynamic vegetation models.Using global datasets from Tallo(a tree allometry and crown architecture database encompassing thousands of species)and TRY(a plant traits database),we fit B ayesian hierarchical models with three alternative functional forms(powerlaw,generalized Michaelis-Menten(gMM),and Weibull)to characterize how diameter at breast height(DBH),tree height(H),and crown radius(CR)scale with and without wood density as a species-level predictor.Our analysis revealed that the saturating Weibull function best captured the relationship between tree height and DBH in both functional groups,whereas the CR-DBH relationship was best predicted by a power-law function in angiosperms and by the gMM function in gymnosperms.Although including wood density did not significantly improve predictive performance,it revealed important ecological trade-offs:lighter-wood angiosperms achieve taller mature heights more rapidly,and denser wood promotes wider crown expansion across clades.We also found that accurately estimating DBH required considering both height and crown size,highlighting how these variables together distinguish trees of similar height but differing trunk diameters.Our results emphasize the importance of applying saturating functions for large trees to improve forest biomass estimates and show that wood density,though not always predictive at broad scales,helps illuminate the biomechanical and ecological constraints underlying diverse tree architectures.These findings offer practical pathways for integrating height-and crown-based metrics into existing carbon monitoring programs worldwide.展开更多
Background 3D botanical tree reconstruction from a single image plays a vital role in the field of computer graphics.However,accurately capturing the intricate branching patterns and detailed morphologies of trees rem...Background 3D botanical tree reconstruction from a single image plays a vital role in the field of computer graphics.However,accurately capturing the intricate branching patterns and detailed morphologies of trees remains a challenge.Methods In this study,we proposed a novel approach for single-image tree reconstruction using a conditional generative adversarial network to infer the 3D skeleton of a tree in the form of a 2D skeleton depth map.Based on the 2D skeleton depth map,a corresponding branching structure(3D skeleton)that inherits the tree shape in the input image and leaves can be generated using a procedural modeling technique.Result Experimental results show that the proposed method accurately reconstructs diverse tree structures across species.Both quantitative and qualitative evaluations demonstrate improved skeleton completeness,branching accuracy,and visual realism over baseline methods,while requiring no user input.Conclusions Our proposed approach for generating lifelike 3D tree models from a single image with no user input shows its proficiency in achieving efficient and reliable reconstruction.These results showcase the capability of the proposed model to recreate complex tree architectures while capturing their visual authenticity.展开更多
This paper investigates the reliability of internal marine combustion engines using an integrated approach that combines Fault Tree Analysis(FTA)and Bayesian Networks(BN).FTA provides a structured,top-down method for ...This paper investigates the reliability of internal marine combustion engines using an integrated approach that combines Fault Tree Analysis(FTA)and Bayesian Networks(BN).FTA provides a structured,top-down method for identifying critical failure modes and their root causes,while BN introduces flexibility in probabilistic reasoning,enabling dynamic updates based on new evidence.This dual methodology overcomes the limitations of static FTA models,offering a comprehensive framework for system reliability analysis.Critical failures,including External Leakage(ELU),Failure to Start(FTS),and Overheating(OHE),were identified as key risks.By incorporating redundancy into high-risk components such as pumps and batteries,the likelihood of these failures was significantly reduced.For instance,redundant pumps reduced the probability of ELU by 31.88%,while additional batteries decreased the occurrence of FTS by 36.45%.The results underscore the practical benefits of combining FTA and BN for enhancing system reliability,particularly in maritime applications where operational safety and efficiency are critical.This research provides valuable insights for maintenance planning and highlights the importance of redundancy in critical systems,especially as the industry transitions toward more autonomous vessels.展开更多
Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify...Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify TSEMF in response to environmental changes.However,there has been limited exploration of multitrait combinations for predicting TS-EMF across seasons and of trait thresholds that enhance TS-EMF.Here,for 10 dominant tree species in urban forests of Northeast China,14 traits were measured and four aboveground and three belowground ecological functions assessed in three seasons.Ecological functions and TS-EMF differed significantly throughout the seasons(P<0.05).Synergistic relationships were found between carbon sequestration and oxygen release,between cooling and humidification,and between organic carbon accumulation and nutrient cycling.Notably,aboveground multifunctionality played a leading role in TS-EMF.With seasonal changes,resource allocation shifted toward traits related to resource acquisition rather than conservation to maintain TS-EMF.The combination of traits that predicted TS-EMF varied by type,accounting for up to 66.45%of the variation.TS-EMF was primarily driven by leaf structure in spring and by nutrient accumulation in autumn.Leaf carbon content(LCC)consistently served as a stabilizing factor for predicting TS-EMF across seasons.At 36.5-36.8 mg g^(-1),LCC had its optimal effect on TS-EMF.Other traits in combination that positively influence total TS-EMF include leaf nitrogen content(3.43-3.45 mg g^(-1)),leaf phosphorus content(0.80-0.83 mg g^(-1)),and leaf area(65.86-68.43 cm^(2)).Within these specified trait thresholds,Morus alba and Quercus mongolica were identified as key species.These findings suggest that the trade-off between various ecological functions can be managed by altering plant traits across seasons.This approach could provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing the TS-EMF of urban forests through trait-based management,offering practical guidance for selecting tree species.展开更多
We investigated the impact of convexity and isoperimetric deficits on the accuracy of sectional area estimates of tree stems using traditional methods(caliper,tape,formulas based on stem diameter and circumference).In...We investigated the impact of convexity and isoperimetric deficits on the accuracy of sectional area estimates of tree stems using traditional methods(caliper,tape,formulas based on stem diameter and circumference).In two complementary experiments,the use of photographs to estimate cross-sectional areas was first validated,then the use of a caliper and diameter tape was computer-simulated.The results indicated that the photographic method offers high precision,with mean relative errors below 0.1%,minimal deviation,and no significant bias,and the traditional methods led to substantial and systematic errors,with deviations from circularity and convexity significantly increasing the errors in area estimation.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers 32471851,32171759 and 32201533)Double Thousand Plan of Jiangxi Province(jxsq2023201058)Jiangxi Province Ganpo Juncai Support Plan(2024BCE50043).
文摘Soil organic carbon in forest affects nutrient availability,microbial processes,and organic matter inputs.Dominant tree species have increasingly shifted from ectomycorrhizal to arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in subtropical forests.However,the consequences of this shift for soil organic carbon is poorly understood.To address this,a field study was conducted across a natural gradient of arbuscular tree associations to investigate how different mycorrhizal associations affect soil organic carbon quantity,composition,chemical stability,and related soil properties.Soil organic carbon fractions,functional groups,microbial enzyme activities were analyzed.Results showed that increasing arbuscular mycorrhizal dominance was associated with declines in total soil organic carbon,particularly in recalcitrant and aromatic carbon forms.Ectomycorrhizaldominated forests exhibited higher nitrogen availability and elevated nitrogen-hydrolyzing enzyme activity,suggesting enhanced nitrogen acquisition strategies that suppress soil organic carbon decomposition and promote carbon retention.These findings indicate that mycorrhizal-mediated shifts in tree composition may significantly alter soil carbon sequestration potential.Incorporating mycorrhizal functional traits into forest management and carbon modeling could improve predictions of soil organic carbon responses under future environmental change.
基金funded by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2022B0202070002)the Guangxi Science and Technology Major Program(Grant No.GuikeAA23023007-2)+1 种基金the Guangdong Province Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Innovation Team Construction Project(2024CXTD19)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2023A1515010303)。
文摘Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation has been widely adopted for plant genetic engineering and the study of gene function(Krenek et al.,2015).This method is prevalent in the genetic transformation of herbaceous plants,with notable applications in species such as Arabidopsis(Yin et al.,2024),soybean(Zhang et al.,2024),rice(Zhang et al.,2020),and Chinese cabbage(Li et al.,2021).However,its application in fruit trees is limited.This is primarily due to their long growth cycles and lack of rapid,efficient,and stable transgenic systems,which severely hinders foundational research involving plant genetic transformation(Mei et al.,2024).Furthermore,for subtropical fruit trees,the presence of recalcitrant seeds adds an extra layer of difficulty to genetic transformation(Umarani et al.,2015),as most methods rely on seed germination as a basis for transformation.
基金supported by LIFE project MYCORESTORE“Innovative use of mycological resources for resilient and productive Mediterranean forests threatened by climate change,LIFE18 CCA/ES/001110”projects VA178P23 and VA208P20 funded by JCYL(Spain),both co-financed by FEDER(UE)budget.
文摘Tree endophytic fungi play an important role in reducing insect herbivory,either by repelling them or kill-ing them directly.Identifying which fungi show such activ-ity could lead to new environmentally friendly pesticides.In this study,the Mediterranean basin climate conditions are projected to harshen in the next decades,will increase vulnerability of tree species to pest invasions.Endophytic fungi were isolated from wood and leaves of Quercus pyr-enaica,Q.ilex and Q.suber and tested for virulence against adults of the mealworm beetle,Tenebrio molitor L.using a direct contact method.Only 3 of 111 sporulating isolates had entomopathogenic activity,all identified as Lecanicillium lecanii.The pathogenicity of L.lecanii on T.molitor resulted in a median lethal time(TL50)of 14-16 d.Compared with commercial products,L.lecanii caused faster insect death than the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae and nuclear polyhedrosis virus(no effect on T.molitor survival),and slower than Beauveria bassiana(TL50=5),Beauveria pseu-dobassiana(TL50=8d)and Bacillus thuriengensis(80%mortality first day after inoculation).Mortality was also accelerated under water stress,reducing TL50 by an addi-tional 33%.Remarkably,water stress alone had a comparable effect on mortality to that of L.lecanii isolates.This study confirms T.molitor as a good model insect for pathogenicity testing and agrees with management policies proposed in the EU Green Deal.
基金financial support provided by the German Research Foundation,DFG,through grant number KL894/23-2 and NO 1444/1-2 as part of the Research Unit FOR2432/2the China Scholarship Council(CSC)that supports the first author with a Ph D scholarshipsupport provided by Indian partners at the Institute of Wood Science and Technology(IWST),Bengaluru。
文摘Rapid urbanization has caused significant changes along the urban-rural gradient,leading to a variety of landscapes that are mainly shaped by human activities.This dynamic interplay also influences the distribution and characteristics of trees outside forests(TOF).Understanding the pattern of these trees will support informed decision-making in urban planning,in conservation strategies,and altogether in sustainable land management practices in the urban context.In this study,we employed a deep learning-based object detection model and high resolution satellite imagery to identify 1.3 million trees with bounding boxes within a 250 km^(2)research transect spanning the urban-rural gradient of Bengaluru,a megacity in Southern India.Additionally,we developed an allometric equation to estimate diameter at breast height(DBH)from the tree crown diameter(CD)derived from the detected bounding boxes.Our study focused on analyzing variations in tree density and tree size along this gradient.The findings revealed distinct patterns:the urban domain displayed larger tree crown diameters(mean:8.87 m)and DBH(mean:43.78 cm)but having relatively low tree density(32 trees per hectare).Furthermore,with increasing distance from the city center,tree density increased,while the mean tree crown diameter and mean tree basal area decreased,showing clear differences of tree density and size between the urban and rural domains in Bengaluru.This study offers an efficient methodology that helps generating instructive insights into the dynamics of TOF along the urban-rural gradient.This may inform urban planning and management strategies for enhancing green infrastructure and biodiversity conservation in rapidly urbanizing cities like Bengaluru.
文摘Mekong River Delta has many home-gardens,here,everybody organizes the tourisms.We observed the real situations and substances,evaluation,a choice at some households in the Mekong River Delta in order to have a purpose of search,here,they have the home-gardens;the farmers plant fruit trees at the villages of provinces,that is a place which is influenced by the climate change.We went to the villages such as:Hiep Thanh village,Chau Thanh district,Long An province;Tan Phu village,Tan Phu Dong district,Tien Giang province;Tieu Can village,Tieu Can district,Tra Vinh province to observe the landscape(here 10 households for 1 village),and we took the sample to analyze.We knew the factors such as:drought,deficiency of water,salt water intrusion,flood.These factors influence the trees,assets,diseases,lives of the persons who stay here,and cause many damages.We compare many home-gardens having a climate change with the normal home-gardens.Thus,we propose the reasonable methods in order to fix the consequence and prevent the salt intrusion,flood,important damages…And we present some illustrations.
文摘1 Trees don't create their own heat like mammals do,and they don't have warm shelters or fur coats.So how do they survive the deep freeze of winter?In a way they do hibernate(冬眠)like bears—but in trees this is called dormancy and it's pretty amazing.
基金supported by the Major Innovation Project of Shandong Province(Grant No.2022CXGC010605)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32001990)the Key R&D Projects in Ningxia Autonomous Region(Grant No.2022BBF02014).
文摘Terpenoids are vital secondary metabolites in plants that function as agents for defense and stress resistance.These genes not only play crucial roles in plant growth and development but also function in diverse biological group interactions.Terpenoids released by fruit trees possess defensive properties and constitute a class of aromatic compounds.For some fruits,terpenoids are indispensable indicators for evaluating fruit quality and the economic value.Significant research progress has been made in terpenoids biosynthesis and regulation.In this review,we introduce the main terpenoids of fruit trees,emphasize synthetic enzymes and regulatory factors involved in the mevalonate pathway and the methylerythritol pathway,and analyze TPS gene family identification and diversity in several fruit tree species.Moreover,the regulation of terpenes biosynthesis,including the molecular interaction mechanisms of environmental factors and hormone signaling pathways,are comprehensively described.Our objective is to summarize the molecular regulatory network and research foundation of terpenoids biosynthesis,providing a reference for investigations of metabolic pathways and promoting the development of techniques for the regulation and breeding of terpenoids in fruit trees.
文摘A tree's basal area(BA)and wood volume scale exponentially with tree diameter in species-specifc patterns.Recent observed increases in tree growth suggest these allometric relationships are shifting in response to climate change,rising CO_(2) levels,and/or changes in forest management.We analyzed 9,214 cores from nine conifer and 11 broadleaf species grown in managed mixed-species stands in the upper Midwest to quantify how well diameter(diameter at breast height(DBH))serves to predict BA growth and above-ground wood and carbon(C).These samples include many large trees.We ft mixed models to predict BA growth and above-ground biomass/C from diameter,tree height,and the BA of nearby trees while controlling for site effects.Models account for 55%–83%of the variance in log(recent growth),improving predictions over earlier models.Growth-diameter scaling exponents covary with certain leaf and stem(but not wood)functional traits,reflecting growth strategies.LogBA increment scales linearly with log(diameter)as trees grow bigger in 16/20 species and growth actually accelerates in Quercus rubra L.Three other species plateau in growth.Growth only decelerates in red pine,Pinus resinosa Ait.Growth in whole-tree,above-ground biomass,and C accelerate even more strongly with diameter(mean exponent:2.08 vs.1.30 for BA growth).Sustained BA growth and accelerating wood/C growth contradict the common assumption that tree growth declines in bigger trees.Yield tables and silvicultural guidelines should be updated to reflect these current relationships.Such revisions will favor delaying harvests in many managed stands to increase wood production and enhance ecosystem values including C fxation and storage.Further research may resolve the relative roles of thinning,climatic conditions,nitrogen inputs,and rising CO2 levels on changing patterns of tree growth.
基金Supported by Scientific Research Start-up Fund for PhD.of Zhaoqing University(210046)the Zhaoqing Science and Technology Innovation Guidance Project(231017174162871,241226220091239).
文摘CRISPR/Cas9 technology, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, has rapidly garnered attention in plant science owing to its simplicity, high editing efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Besides, it offers unprecedented precision and efficiency in the genetic improvement of fruit trees. To date, this technology has been widely utilized to enhance fruit quality, improve stress resistance, and mediate growth and development. These applications demonstrate its immense potential in fruit tree breeding. Looking ahead, advancements in editing efficiency, expanded application scopes, comprehensive safety assessments, and improved regulatory frameworks are expected to further broaden the role of CRISPR/Cas9 in fruit tree breeding, thereby driving the fruit tree industry toward higher yield, superior quality, enhanced stress resilience, higher efficiency, and contributing to global food security and sustainable agricultural development. This article outlines the fundamental principles of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, its applications in plants (including fruit trees), and its pivotal role in genetic improvement and germplasm innovation.
文摘System upgrades in unmanned systems have made Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)-based patrolling and monitoring a preferred solution for ocean surveillance.However,dynamic environments and large-scale deployments pose significant challenges for efficient decision-making,necessitating a modular multiagent control system.Deep Reinforcement Learning(DRL)and Decision Tree(DT)have been utilized for these complex decision-making tasks,but each has its limitations:DRL is highly adaptive but lacks interpretability,while DT is inherently interpretable but has limited adaptability.To overcome these challenges,we propose the Adaptive Interpretable Decision Tree(AIDT),an evolutionary-based algorithm that is both adaptable to diverse environmental settings and highly interpretable in its decision-making processes.We first construct a Markov decision process(MDP)-based simulation environment using the Cooperative Submarine Search task as a representative scenario for training and testing the proposed method.Specifically,we use the heat map as a state variable to address the issue of multi-agent input state proliferation.Next,we introduce the curiosity-guiding intrinsic reward to encourage comprehensive exploration and enhance algorithm performance.Additionally,we incorporate decision tree size as an influence factor in the adaptation process to balance task completion with computational efficiency.To further improve the generalization capability of the decision tree,we apply a normalization method to ensure consistent processing of input states.Finally,we validate the proposed algorithm in different environmental settings,and the results demonstrate both its adaptability and interpretability.
基金funded by the Environmental Seed Arrival and Interspecific Associations in Seedling Sciences Program of the Smithsonian Institutionthe National Science Foundation (DEB-0075102,DEB-0823728,DEB-0640386,DEB-1242622,DEB-1464389)the Andrew Mellon Foundation,The Ohio State University,and Yale University
文摘Background The full lifespan of long-lived trees includes a seedling phase,during which a seed germinates and grows to a size large enough to be measured in forest inventories.Seedling populations are usually studied separately from adult trees,and the seedling lifespan,from seed to sapling,is poorly known.In the 50-ha Barro Colorado forest plot,we started intensive censuses of seeds and seedlings in 1994 in order to merge seedling and adult demography and document complete lifespans.Methods In 17 species abundant in seedling censuses,we subdivided populations into six size classes from seed to 1cm dbh,including seeds plus five seedling stages.The smallest seedling class was subdivided by age.Censuses in two consecutive years provided transition matrices describing the probability that a seedling in one stage moved to another one year later.For each species,we averaged the transition matrix across 25 censuses and used it to project the seedling lifespan,from seed until 1cm dbh or death.Results The predicted mean survival rate of seeds to 1cm dbh varied 1000-fold across species,from 2.9×10^(−6)to 4.4×10^(−3);the median was 2.0×10^(−4).The seedling lifespan,or the average time it takes a seed to grow to 1cm dbh,varied across species from 5.1 to 53.1 years,with a median of 20.3 years.In the median species,the 10%fastest-growing seeds would reach 1cm dbh in 9.0 years,and the slowest 10%in 34.6 years.Conclusions Combining seedling results with our previous study of lifespan after 1cm dbh,we estimate that the focal species have full lifespans varying from 41 years in a gap-demanding pioneer to 320 years in one shade-tolerant species.Lifetime demography can contribute precise survival rates and lifespans to forestry models.
基金carried out within the framework of the most important innovative project of state importance“Development of a system of ground-based and remote monitoring of carbon pools and greenhouse gas fluxes on the territory of the Russian Federation,…”(No.123030300031-6)in the northern taiga subzone and on the border of tundra and taiga under the state assignment of the Forest Institute of the Karelian Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences(FMEN-2021-0018)with the partial financial support from RSF(grant no.21-14-00204)。
文摘Background:The heartwood(HW)proportion in the trunk of mature trees is an important characteristic not only for wood quality but also for assessing the role of forests in carbon sequestration.We have for the first time studied the proportion of HW in the trunk and the distribution of carbon and extractives in sapwood(SW)and HW of 70–80 year old Pinus sylvestris L.trees under different growing conditions in the pine forests of North-West Russia.Method:We have examined the influence of conditions and tree position in stand(dominant,intermediate and suppressed trees)in the ecological series:blueberry pine forest(Blu)–lingonberry pine forest(Lin)–lichen pine forest(Lic).We have analyzed the influence of climate conditions in the biogeographical series of Lin:the middle taiga subzone–the northern taiga subzone–the transition area of the northern taiga subzone and tundra.Results:We found that the carbon concentration in HW was 1.6%–3.4%higher than in SW,and the difference depended on growing conditions.Carbon concentration in HW increased with a decrease in stand productivity(Blu-Lin-Lic).In medium-productive stands,the carbon concentration in SW was higher in intermediate and supressed trees compared to dominant trees.In the series from south to north,carbon concentration in HW increased by up to 2%,while in SW,it rose by 2.7%–3.8%.Conclusions:Our results once again emphasized the need for an empirical assessment of the accurate carbon content in aboveground wood biomass,including various forest growing conditions,to better understand the role of boreal forests in carbon storage.
基金supported by the Xingdian Talent Support Program of Yunnan Province(E5YNR03B01)the Xishuangbanna State Rainforest Talent Support Program(E4BN041B01)the CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(2020FYB0003)。
文摘Allometric equations are fundamental tools in ecological research and forestry management,widely used for estimating above-ground biomass and production,serving as the core foundations of dynamic vegetation models.Using global datasets from Tallo(a tree allometry and crown architecture database encompassing thousands of species)and TRY(a plant traits database),we fit B ayesian hierarchical models with three alternative functional forms(powerlaw,generalized Michaelis-Menten(gMM),and Weibull)to characterize how diameter at breast height(DBH),tree height(H),and crown radius(CR)scale with and without wood density as a species-level predictor.Our analysis revealed that the saturating Weibull function best captured the relationship between tree height and DBH in both functional groups,whereas the CR-DBH relationship was best predicted by a power-law function in angiosperms and by the gMM function in gymnosperms.Although including wood density did not significantly improve predictive performance,it revealed important ecological trade-offs:lighter-wood angiosperms achieve taller mature heights more rapidly,and denser wood promotes wider crown expansion across clades.We also found that accurately estimating DBH required considering both height and crown size,highlighting how these variables together distinguish trees of similar height but differing trunk diameters.Our results emphasize the importance of applying saturating functions for large trees to improve forest biomass estimates and show that wood density,though not always predictive at broad scales,helps illuminate the biomechanical and ecological constraints underlying diverse tree architectures.These findings offer practical pathways for integrating height-and crown-based metrics into existing carbon monitoring programs worldwide.
文摘Background 3D botanical tree reconstruction from a single image plays a vital role in the field of computer graphics.However,accurately capturing the intricate branching patterns and detailed morphologies of trees remains a challenge.Methods In this study,we proposed a novel approach for single-image tree reconstruction using a conditional generative adversarial network to infer the 3D skeleton of a tree in the form of a 2D skeleton depth map.Based on the 2D skeleton depth map,a corresponding branching structure(3D skeleton)that inherits the tree shape in the input image and leaves can be generated using a procedural modeling technique.Result Experimental results show that the proposed method accurately reconstructs diverse tree structures across species.Both quantitative and qualitative evaluations demonstrate improved skeleton completeness,branching accuracy,and visual realism over baseline methods,while requiring no user input.Conclusions Our proposed approach for generating lifelike 3D tree models from a single image with no user input shows its proficiency in achieving efficient and reliable reconstruction.These results showcase the capability of the proposed model to recreate complex tree architectures while capturing their visual authenticity.
基金supported by Istanbul Technical University(Project No.45698)supported through the“Young Researchers’Career Development Project-training of doctoral students”of the Croatian Science Foundation.
文摘This paper investigates the reliability of internal marine combustion engines using an integrated approach that combines Fault Tree Analysis(FTA)and Bayesian Networks(BN).FTA provides a structured,top-down method for identifying critical failure modes and their root causes,while BN introduces flexibility in probabilistic reasoning,enabling dynamic updates based on new evidence.This dual methodology overcomes the limitations of static FTA models,offering a comprehensive framework for system reliability analysis.Critical failures,including External Leakage(ELU),Failure to Start(FTS),and Overheating(OHE),were identified as key risks.By incorporating redundancy into high-risk components such as pumps and batteries,the likelihood of these failures was significantly reduced.For instance,redundant pumps reduced the probability of ELU by 31.88%,while additional batteries decreased the occurrence of FTS by 36.45%.The results underscore the practical benefits of combining FTA and BN for enhancing system reliability,particularly in maritime applications where operational safety and efficiency are critical.This research provides valuable insights for maintenance planning and highlights the importance of redundancy in critical systems,especially as the industry transitions toward more autonomous vessels.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(32130068,32271634,and 32071597)CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Silviculture,Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(KLFES-2025)。
文摘Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify TSEMF in response to environmental changes.However,there has been limited exploration of multitrait combinations for predicting TS-EMF across seasons and of trait thresholds that enhance TS-EMF.Here,for 10 dominant tree species in urban forests of Northeast China,14 traits were measured and four aboveground and three belowground ecological functions assessed in three seasons.Ecological functions and TS-EMF differed significantly throughout the seasons(P<0.05).Synergistic relationships were found between carbon sequestration and oxygen release,between cooling and humidification,and between organic carbon accumulation and nutrient cycling.Notably,aboveground multifunctionality played a leading role in TS-EMF.With seasonal changes,resource allocation shifted toward traits related to resource acquisition rather than conservation to maintain TS-EMF.The combination of traits that predicted TS-EMF varied by type,accounting for up to 66.45%of the variation.TS-EMF was primarily driven by leaf structure in spring and by nutrient accumulation in autumn.Leaf carbon content(LCC)consistently served as a stabilizing factor for predicting TS-EMF across seasons.At 36.5-36.8 mg g^(-1),LCC had its optimal effect on TS-EMF.Other traits in combination that positively influence total TS-EMF include leaf nitrogen content(3.43-3.45 mg g^(-1)),leaf phosphorus content(0.80-0.83 mg g^(-1)),and leaf area(65.86-68.43 cm^(2)).Within these specified trait thresholds,Morus alba and Quercus mongolica were identified as key species.These findings suggest that the trade-off between various ecological functions can be managed by altering plant traits across seasons.This approach could provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing the TS-EMF of urban forests through trait-based management,offering practical guidance for selecting tree species.
文摘We investigated the impact of convexity and isoperimetric deficits on the accuracy of sectional area estimates of tree stems using traditional methods(caliper,tape,formulas based on stem diameter and circumference).In two complementary experiments,the use of photographs to estimate cross-sectional areas was first validated,then the use of a caliper and diameter tape was computer-simulated.The results indicated that the photographic method offers high precision,with mean relative errors below 0.1%,minimal deviation,and no significant bias,and the traditional methods led to substantial and systematic errors,with deviations from circularity and convexity significantly increasing the errors in area estimation.
