Industrial thin-film composite(TFC)membranes achieve superior gas separation properties from high-performance selective layer materials,while the success of membrane technology relies on high-performance gutter layers...Industrial thin-film composite(TFC)membranes achieve superior gas separation properties from high-performance selective layer materials,while the success of membrane technology relies on high-performance gutter layers to achieve production scalability and low-cost manufacturing.However,the current literature predominantly focuses on the design of polymer architectures to obtain high permeability and selectivity,while the art of fabricating gutter layers is usually safeguarded by industrial manufacturers and appears lackluster to academic researchers.This is the first report aiming to provide a comprehensive and critical review of state-of-the-art gutter layer materials and their design and modification to enable TFC membranes with superior separation performance.We first elucidate the importance of the gutter layer on membrane performance through modeling and experimental results.Then various gutter layer materials used to obtain high-performance composite membranes are critically reviewed,and the strategies to improve their compatibility with the selective layer are highlighted,such as oxygen plasma treatment,polydopamine deposition,and surface grafting.Finally,we present the opportunities of the gutter layer design for practical applications.展开更多
In this work, the authors made aquatic filters according to the formulation “clay stabilized at 4% of cement mixed with 4% of kambala sawdust and 10% of white sand” then heated to 1050°C to decontaminate the wa...In this work, the authors made aquatic filters according to the formulation “clay stabilized at 4% of cement mixed with 4% of kambala sawdust and 10% of white sand” then heated to 1050°C to decontaminate the waters of gutters and wells. The authors carried out geotechnical, geochemical, thermal, infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy that analyzed the clay material. Geotechnical analyzes have shown that this material is made up of 22% thin sand, 22% of silt, and 56% of clay with 26 plasticity index. The geochemical analysis showed the presence of trace elements shared out as follows: 3% of alkaline metals, 24% of alkaline earth metals, 46% of transition metals, 10% of metal, 16% of lanthanides, 1% of actinides. The most abundant trace elements are barium (19%), vanadium (12%), chromium (11%) and zinc (9%). The thermal and microscopic analyzes revealed the kaolinitic nature of materials. The chemical depollution studies have shown elimination yields of 50% - 52.38% of sulphates;77.33% - 85.19% of phosphates;34.85% - 88.49% nitrates;91.3 - 100 of sulphides;The removal of bacteriological pollution are 92.8% - 98% of total germs;94% - 97% of total coliform and 95% - 98% of <em>E. coli</em>.展开更多
<strong>Introduction:</strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Ovarian cancer is the...<strong>Introduction:</strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Ovarian cancer is the fourth most prevalent cancer among </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">women and the seventh most common cancer overall. Every year, an estimated 200,000 cases and 125,000 deaths related to ovarian cancer are reported around the world. It is most common in high-resource countries, with an incidence rate of 9.3 per 100,000 women.</span><sup> </sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Ovarian cancer is detected at an advanced stage in about 70% of instances, and only 30% of women with such cancers live for more than 5 years. Although only around 20% of ovarian cancers are limited to the ovaries at diagnosis, patients with localized disease have a 5-year survival rate of more than 90%.</span><sup> </sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Peritonectomy is a crucial part of the surgical treatment for ovarian cancer. Visual inspection and palpation are not reliable methods for determining the extent of tumour involvement. The majority of gynecologic oncologists are suspicious about the benefits of a full peritonectomy, concerned about the benefits and hazards. They believe that the tumor’s fundamental biology, not surgical aggressiveness, dictates the tumor’s resectability. The aim of this work was primarily to compare the differences between total peritoneal gutter removal and random peritoneal biopsy in cases of early ovarian cancer. A secondary aim of this work is to show ability of total peritoneal gutter removal in relation to that of random peritoneal biopsy to detect positivity of metastasis in the histopathological specimens. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Patients and Methods: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This prospective cohort study was conducted on 130 patients with early ovarian cancer in El-Shatby hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University. For each patient, we took random and total peritoneal biopsy and compared between them regarding technique, timing, post-operative complications, and histopathological results. Inclusion criteria:</span><b> </b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">all age group, suspected ovarian cancer using IOTA score, absence of nodules in the peritoneal gutter using CT and any case that needs staging laparotomy for ovarian cancer.</span><b> </b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Exclusion criteria:</span><b> </b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">presence of gross peritoneal disease in </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the gutter and CT features of advanced ovarian cancer (peritoneal deposits,</span> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">omental cakes, pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenopathy). All cases will be</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> subjected to the followings: history taking, clinical examination, suspicious ovarian mass using IOTA score, tumor markers, CT staging, staging laparotomy and random and total peritoneal biopsies will be collected from the same case and sent to the lab of pathology for histopathological examination and the results will be compred regarding positivity of metastasis. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Random peritoneal biopsy showed positive metastasis in 6 (4.6%) cases and free in 124 (95.4%) cases while total peritoneal gutter removal showed positive metastasis </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in 19 (14.6%) cases and free in 111 (85.4%) with Chi-square test was 7.479</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and P value was 0.004 which is statistically significant. 108 (97.3%) cases had negative random peritoneal biopsy and negative total peritoneal gutter removal, 3 (2.7%) cases had positive random peritoneal biopsy and negative total peritoneal gutter removal, 16 (84.2%) cases had positive total peritoneal gutter removal and negative random peritoneal biopsy & 3 (15.8%) cases had positive total peritoneal gutter removal and positive random peritoneal biopsy with Chi-square test 6.311, </span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">FE</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p 0.04 and Kappa test 0.183 (0.012) which is statistically significant with poor strength of agreement. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusions: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Modified total peritoneal gutter removal is a safe, fast and easy technique com</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">pared to random peritoneal biopsy and even to traditional peritonectomy</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> procedure with high detection rates of peritoneal involvement with sensitivity of 50% and specificity of 87.5% and it is recommended to be done as a routine alternative to random peritoneal biopsy and even to traditional total gutter removal in all cases of ovarian malignancies for diagnostic and therapeutic values</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span></span>展开更多
采用“V”字形下降式采脂法,割脂频率为1 d 1次。设置不同侧沟深度(伤及木质部2~3 mm和仅伤及韧皮部)和不同刺激剂(刺激剂D和刺激剂J)的组合处理。结果表明:不同侧沟深度对产脂量和树脂道数量均无显著影响;同一侧沟深度处理下,刺激剂D...采用“V”字形下降式采脂法,割脂频率为1 d 1次。设置不同侧沟深度(伤及木质部2~3 mm和仅伤及韧皮部)和不同刺激剂(刺激剂D和刺激剂J)的组合处理。结果表明:不同侧沟深度对产脂量和树脂道数量均无显著影响;同一侧沟深度处理下,刺激剂D和刺激剂J处理能显著增加产脂量,尤其是刺激剂J对仅伤及韧皮部的处理增脂效果最佳,增脂率达27%;添加刺激剂均能显著促进新生树脂道数量的增加,增长率在257%~398%;添加刺激剂处理能促进树脂道数量增加,但单个树脂道面积会减小。展开更多
基金support from the U.S.Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory(DE-FE0031736)the New York State Foundation for Science,Technology and Innovation(NYSTAR).
文摘Industrial thin-film composite(TFC)membranes achieve superior gas separation properties from high-performance selective layer materials,while the success of membrane technology relies on high-performance gutter layers to achieve production scalability and low-cost manufacturing.However,the current literature predominantly focuses on the design of polymer architectures to obtain high permeability and selectivity,while the art of fabricating gutter layers is usually safeguarded by industrial manufacturers and appears lackluster to academic researchers.This is the first report aiming to provide a comprehensive and critical review of state-of-the-art gutter layer materials and their design and modification to enable TFC membranes with superior separation performance.We first elucidate the importance of the gutter layer on membrane performance through modeling and experimental results.Then various gutter layer materials used to obtain high-performance composite membranes are critically reviewed,and the strategies to improve their compatibility with the selective layer are highlighted,such as oxygen plasma treatment,polydopamine deposition,and surface grafting.Finally,we present the opportunities of the gutter layer design for practical applications.
文摘In this work, the authors made aquatic filters according to the formulation “clay stabilized at 4% of cement mixed with 4% of kambala sawdust and 10% of white sand” then heated to 1050°C to decontaminate the waters of gutters and wells. The authors carried out geotechnical, geochemical, thermal, infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy that analyzed the clay material. Geotechnical analyzes have shown that this material is made up of 22% thin sand, 22% of silt, and 56% of clay with 26 plasticity index. The geochemical analysis showed the presence of trace elements shared out as follows: 3% of alkaline metals, 24% of alkaline earth metals, 46% of transition metals, 10% of metal, 16% of lanthanides, 1% of actinides. The most abundant trace elements are barium (19%), vanadium (12%), chromium (11%) and zinc (9%). The thermal and microscopic analyzes revealed the kaolinitic nature of materials. The chemical depollution studies have shown elimination yields of 50% - 52.38% of sulphates;77.33% - 85.19% of phosphates;34.85% - 88.49% nitrates;91.3 - 100 of sulphides;The removal of bacteriological pollution are 92.8% - 98% of total germs;94% - 97% of total coliform and 95% - 98% of <em>E. coli</em>.
文摘<strong>Introduction:</strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Ovarian cancer is the fourth most prevalent cancer among </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">women and the seventh most common cancer overall. Every year, an estimated 200,000 cases and 125,000 deaths related to ovarian cancer are reported around the world. It is most common in high-resource countries, with an incidence rate of 9.3 per 100,000 women.</span><sup> </sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Ovarian cancer is detected at an advanced stage in about 70% of instances, and only 30% of women with such cancers live for more than 5 years. Although only around 20% of ovarian cancers are limited to the ovaries at diagnosis, patients with localized disease have a 5-year survival rate of more than 90%.</span><sup> </sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Peritonectomy is a crucial part of the surgical treatment for ovarian cancer. Visual inspection and palpation are not reliable methods for determining the extent of tumour involvement. The majority of gynecologic oncologists are suspicious about the benefits of a full peritonectomy, concerned about the benefits and hazards. They believe that the tumor’s fundamental biology, not surgical aggressiveness, dictates the tumor’s resectability. The aim of this work was primarily to compare the differences between total peritoneal gutter removal and random peritoneal biopsy in cases of early ovarian cancer. A secondary aim of this work is to show ability of total peritoneal gutter removal in relation to that of random peritoneal biopsy to detect positivity of metastasis in the histopathological specimens. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Patients and Methods: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This prospective cohort study was conducted on 130 patients with early ovarian cancer in El-Shatby hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University. For each patient, we took random and total peritoneal biopsy and compared between them regarding technique, timing, post-operative complications, and histopathological results. Inclusion criteria:</span><b> </b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">all age group, suspected ovarian cancer using IOTA score, absence of nodules in the peritoneal gutter using CT and any case that needs staging laparotomy for ovarian cancer.</span><b> </b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Exclusion criteria:</span><b> </b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">presence of gross peritoneal disease in </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the gutter and CT features of advanced ovarian cancer (peritoneal deposits,</span> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">omental cakes, pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenopathy). All cases will be</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> subjected to the followings: history taking, clinical examination, suspicious ovarian mass using IOTA score, tumor markers, CT staging, staging laparotomy and random and total peritoneal biopsies will be collected from the same case and sent to the lab of pathology for histopathological examination and the results will be compred regarding positivity of metastasis. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Random peritoneal biopsy showed positive metastasis in 6 (4.6%) cases and free in 124 (95.4%) cases while total peritoneal gutter removal showed positive metastasis </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in 19 (14.6%) cases and free in 111 (85.4%) with Chi-square test was 7.479</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and P value was 0.004 which is statistically significant. 108 (97.3%) cases had negative random peritoneal biopsy and negative total peritoneal gutter removal, 3 (2.7%) cases had positive random peritoneal biopsy and negative total peritoneal gutter removal, 16 (84.2%) cases had positive total peritoneal gutter removal and negative random peritoneal biopsy & 3 (15.8%) cases had positive total peritoneal gutter removal and positive random peritoneal biopsy with Chi-square test 6.311, </span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">FE</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p 0.04 and Kappa test 0.183 (0.012) which is statistically significant with poor strength of agreement. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusions: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Modified total peritoneal gutter removal is a safe, fast and easy technique com</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">pared to random peritoneal biopsy and even to traditional peritonectomy</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> procedure with high detection rates of peritoneal involvement with sensitivity of 50% and specificity of 87.5% and it is recommended to be done as a routine alternative to random peritoneal biopsy and even to traditional total gutter removal in all cases of ovarian malignancies for diagnostic and therapeutic values</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span></span>
文摘采用“V”字形下降式采脂法,割脂频率为1 d 1次。设置不同侧沟深度(伤及木质部2~3 mm和仅伤及韧皮部)和不同刺激剂(刺激剂D和刺激剂J)的组合处理。结果表明:不同侧沟深度对产脂量和树脂道数量均无显著影响;同一侧沟深度处理下,刺激剂D和刺激剂J处理能显著增加产脂量,尤其是刺激剂J对仅伤及韧皮部的处理增脂效果最佳,增脂率达27%;添加刺激剂均能显著促进新生树脂道数量的增加,增长率在257%~398%;添加刺激剂处理能促进树脂道数量增加,但单个树脂道面积会减小。
