The gut microbiome is closely associated with human health and the development of diseases. Isolating, characterizing, and identifying gut microbes are crucial for research on the gut microbiome and essential for adva...The gut microbiome is closely associated with human health and the development of diseases. Isolating, characterizing, and identifying gut microbes are crucial for research on the gut microbiome and essential for advancing our understanding and utilization of it. Although culture-independent approaches have been developed, a pure culture is required for in-depth analysis of disease mechanisms and the development of biotherapy strategies. Currently, microbiome research faces the challenge of expanding the existing database of culturable gut microbiota and rapidly isolating target microorganisms. This review examines the advancements in gut microbe isolation and cultivation techniques, such as culturomics, droplet microfluidics, phenotypic and genomics selection, and membrane diffusion. Furthermore, we evaluate the progress made in technology for identifying gut microbes considering both non-targeted and targeted strategies. The focus of future research in gut microbial culturomics is expected to be on high-throughput, automation, and integration. Advancements in this field may facilitate strain-level investigation into the mechanisms underlying diseases related to gut microbiota.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of gut microbes regulation of the trimethylamine(TMA)/flavin containing monooxygenase 3(FMO3)/trimethylamine N-oxide(TMAO)pathway on platelet aggregation in acute coronary syndrome...OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of gut microbes regulation of the trimethylamine(TMA)/flavin containing monooxygenase 3(FMO3)/trimethylamine N-oxide(TMAO)pathway on platelet aggregation in acute coronary syndrome(ACS)rats and the intervention of Huayu Qutan formula(化瘀祛痰方).METHODS:The ACS rats with syndrome of phlegm and blood stasis rats were established.Platelet,platelet aggregation,platelet activation markers and TMA/FMO3/TMAO pathway were detected.Metagenomics technology was employed to analyze the characteristics of the gut microbiota.RESULTS:Huayu Qutan formula and gut microbes could inhibit high platelet reactivity and regulate the TMA/FMO3/TMAO pathway.The dominant bacteria in ACS rats including but not limited to the major phyla,Firmicutes,Bacteroidetes,Actinobacteria,and Proteobacteria,also including some low abundance phyla,Fusobacteria,Verrucomicrobia,Spirochaetes,and Deferribacteres.The dominant bacteria in the Huayu Qutan formula group were Synergistetes,Deferribacteres,Deferribacteraceae,Faecalibacterium and Mucispirillum.In the Huayu Qutan formula combined with fecal bacteria enema group,the dominant bacteria were Verrucomicrobia,Verrucomicrobiae,Akkermansia and Verrucomicrobium.These gut microbiota were correlated with pathways such as Riboflavin metabolism and Arachidonic acid metabolism.CONCLUSION:Huayu Qutan formula may prevent ACS by modulating gut microbes Synergistetes,Faecalibacterium and Allobaculum,regulating the iron metabolism of Deferribacteres,and driving the TMA/FMO3/TMAO pathway to regulate gut microbiota function,and improving platelet aggregation.Akkermansia may serve as a promising probiotic,which could drive TMA/FMO3/TMAO pathway to regulate Arachidonic acid metabolism to improve platelet aggregation.The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for the theory of"the heart is connected with the small intestine".展开更多
Hypertension is an important global public health issue because of its high morbidity as well as the increased risk of other diseases.Recent studies have indicated that the development of hypertension is related to th...Hypertension is an important global public health issue because of its high morbidity as well as the increased risk of other diseases.Recent studies have indicated that the development of hypertension is related to the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in both animals and humans.In this review,we outline the interaction between gut microbiota and hypertension,including gut microbial changes in hypertension,the effect of microbial dysbiosis on blood pressure(BP),indicators of gut microbial dysbiosis in hypertension,and the microbial genera that affect BP at the taxonomic level.For example,increases in Lactobacillus,Roseburia,Coprococcus,Akkermansia,and Bifidobacterium are associated with reduced BP,while increases in Streptococcus,Blautia,and Prevotella are associated with elevated BP.Furthermore,we describe the potential mechanisms involved in the regulation between gut microbiota and hypertension.Finally,we summarize the commonly used treatments of hypertension that are based on gut microbes,including fecal microbiota transfer,probiotics and prebiotics,antibiotics,and dietary supplements.This review aims to find novel potential genera for improving hypertension and give a direction for future studies on gut microbiota in hypertension.展开更多
Based on the close relationship between MGBA and PSCI,one PSCI related case is reported,and it is emphasized to improve clinicians'understanding of MGBA theory in the treatment of PSCI,thereby providing new ideas ...Based on the close relationship between MGBA and PSCI,one PSCI related case is reported,and it is emphasized to improve clinicians'understanding of MGBA theory in the treatment of PSCI,thereby providing new ideas for exploring pathogenesis and treatment of PSCI.展开更多
The intestinal tract,a complex organ responsible for nutrient absorption and digestion,relies heavily on a balanced gut microbiome to maintain its integrity.Disruptions to this delicate microbial ecosystem can lead to...The intestinal tract,a complex organ responsible for nutrient absorption and digestion,relies heavily on a balanced gut microbiome to maintain its integrity.Disruptions to this delicate microbial ecosystem can lead to intestinal inflammation,a hallmark of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).While the role of the gut microbiome in IBD is increasingly recognized,the underlying mechanisms,particularly those involving endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress,autophagy,and cell death,remain incompletely understood.ER stress,a cellular response to various stressors,can trigger inflammation and cell death.Autophagy,a cellular degradation process,can either alleviate or exacerbate ER stress-induced inflammation,depending on the specific context.The gut microbiome can influence both ER stress and autophagy pathways,further complicating the interplay between these processes.This review delves into the intricate relationship between ER stress,autophagy,and the gut microbiome in the context of intestinal inflammation.By exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions,we aim to provide a comprehensive theoretical framework for developing novel therapeutic strategies for IBD.A deeper understanding of the ER stress-autophagy axis,the gut microbial-ER stress axis,and the gut microbial-autophagy axis may pave the way for targeted interventions to restore intestinal health and mitigate the impact of IBD.展开更多
Pu-erh tea has been shown to reduce gut inflammation in dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced mice.Also,we found abnormal liver cholesterol metabolism in DSS-induced mice.However,it's not clear how Pu-erh tea improv...Pu-erh tea has been shown to reduce gut inflammation in dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced mice.Also,we found abnormal liver cholesterol metabolism in DSS-induced mice.However,it's not clear how Pu-erh tea improves DSS-induced impaired liver cholesterol metabolism.Here,we established the DSS-induced model and clarified that DSS exacerbated gut inflammation accompanied by disorders of liver cholesterol metabolism.Pu-erh tea reshaped gut microbes,limited gut oxidative stress and inflammation(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2/reactive oxygen species/myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88/nuclear factor kappa-B,24.97%-52.89%),reduced gut bile acid reabsorption(up-regulation of farnesoid X receptor(FXR)/fibroblast growth factor 15,24.53%-55.91%),and promoted liver bile acid synthesis(up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α/cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase,34.65%-79.14%),thereby partly restoring liver cholesterol metabolism(regulated FXR/small heterodimer partner/sterol-regulatory element binding proteins,53.19%-95.40%).Altered bile acid metabolic profiles(increased chenodeoxycholic acid,ursodeoxycholic acid,lithocholic acid,etc.)may also improve liver cholesterol metabolism by altering gut and liver inflammation.Thus,gut microbial reshaping and altered bile acid metabolism may be key targets of Pu-erh tea for improving DSS-induced liver cholesterol metabolism disorders via the gut-gut microbe-bile acid-liver axis.展开更多
The human microbiota is an aggregate of microorganisms residing in the human body, mostly in the gastrointestinal tract （GIT）. Our gut microbiota evolves with us and plays a pivotal role in human health and disease....The human microbiota is an aggregate of microorganisms residing in the human body, mostly in the gastrointestinal tract （GIT）. Our gut microbiota evolves with us and plays a pivotal role in human health and disease. In recent years, the microbiota has gained increasing attention due to its impact on host metabolism, physiology, and immune system development, but also because the perturbation of the microbiota may result in a number of diseases. The gut microbiota may be linked to malignancies such as gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. It may also be linked to disorders such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD）; obesity and diabetes, which are characterized as ＂lifestyle diseases＂ of the industrial- ized world; coronary heart disease; and neurological disorders. Although the revolution in molecular technologies has provided us with the necessary tools to study the gut microbiota more accurately, we need to elucidate the relationships between the gut microbiota and several human pathologies more precisely, as understanding the impact that the microbiota plays in various diseases is fundamental for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide the read- er with an updated overview of the importance of the gut microbiota for human health and the poten- tial to manipulate gut microbial composition for purposes such as the treatment of antibiotic-resistant Clostridium difficile （C difficile） infections. The concept of altering the gut community by microbial intervention in an effort to improve health is currently in its infancy. However, the therapeutic implications appear to be very great. Thus, the removal of harmful organisms and the enrichment of beneficial mi- crobes may protect our health, and such efforts will pave the way for the development of more rational treatment options in the future.展开更多
Bile acids(BAs)serve as physiological detergents that enable the intestinal absorption and transportation of nutrients,lipids and vitamins.BAs are primarily produced by humans to catabolize cholesterol and play crucia...Bile acids(BAs)serve as physiological detergents that enable the intestinal absorption and transportation of nutrients,lipids and vitamins.BAs are primarily produced by humans to catabolize cholesterol and play crucial roles in gut metabolism,microbiota habitat regulation and cell signaling.BA-activated nuclear receptors regulate the enterohepatic circulation of BAs which play a role in energy,lipid,glucose,and drug metabolism.The gut microbiota plays an essential role in the biotransformation of BAs and regulates BAs composition and metabolism.Therefore,altered gut microbial and BAs activity can affect human metabolism and thus result in the alteration of metabolic pathways and the occurrence of metabolic diseases/syndromes,such as diabetes mellitus,obesity/hypercholesterolemia,and cardiovascular diseases.BAs and their metabolites are used to treat altered gut microbiota and metabolic diseases.This review explores the increasing body of evidence that links alterations of gut microbial activity and BAs with the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases.Moreover,we summarize existing research on gut microbes and BAs in relation to intracellular pathways pertinent to metabolic disorders.Finally,we discuss how therapeutic interventions using BAs can facilitate microbiome functioning and ease metabolic diseases.展开更多
Many studies have revealed that gut microbes modulate host metabolism.In this study,we characterized the therapeutic effects of a novel gut commensal Luoshenia tenuis against host metabolic disorders.First,by in silic...Many studies have revealed that gut microbes modulate host metabolism.In this study,we characterized the therapeutic effects of a novel gut commensal Luoshenia tenuis against host metabolic disorders.First,by in silico analysis,we demonstrated that the L.tenuis was prevalent in the gut microbiomes of healthy humans but were depleted specifically in obesity cohorts.Further in vitro cultivation revealed that L.tenuis produced short chain fatty acids that were verified to modulate host metabolism and some other volatile metabolites to benefit hosts by anti-inflammation and anti-tumor.Second,gavage of the L.tenuis significantly decreased the body weight gain and food intake of high-fat diet-feeding C57BL/6J mice,which was in parallel with the changed expression level of genes related to satiety and feeding behavior.We then performed the gavage trial using diet induced obese mice,and it revealed that the administration of L.tenuis alleviated significantly the abnormal glucose and lipid metabolisms and reduced the inflammatory response.In summary,this study revealed a previously-unknown human gut commensal microbe that benefited host metabolism,and set the stage for the development of novel next-generation probiotic applicable for treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders.展开更多
Rosuvastatin (RVS) is an excellent drug with anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering properties in the academic and medical fields. However, this drug faces a series of challenges when used to treat atherosclerosis cause...Rosuvastatin (RVS) is an excellent drug with anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering properties in the academic and medical fields. However, this drug faces a series of challenges when used to treat atherosclerosis caused by hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), including high oral dosage, poor targeting, and long-term toxic side effects. In this study, we applied nanotechnology to construct a biomimetic nano-delivery system, macrophage membrane (Møm)-coated RVS-loaded Prussian blue (PB) nanoparticles (MPR NPs), for improving the bioavailability and targeting capacity of RVS, specifically to the plaque lesions associated with HHcy-induced atherosclerosis. In vitro assays demonstrated that MPR NPs effectively inhibited the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)/nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathways, reducing pyroptosis and inflammatory response in macrophages. Additionally, MPR NPs reversed the abnormal distribution of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1)/ATP binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCA1)/ATP binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) caused by HIF-1α, promoting cholesterol efflux and reducing lipid deposition. In vivo studies using apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE^(−/−)) mice confirmed the strong efficacy of MPR NPs in treating atherosclerosis with favorable biosecurity, and the mechanism behind this efficacy is believed to involve the regulation of serum metabolism and the remodeling of gut microbes. These findings suggest that the synthesis of MPR NPs provides a promising nanosystem for the targeted therapy of HHcy-induced atherosclerosis.展开更多
Background:The composition of intestinal microflora in animals is affected by cross-species transmission.In a nature reserve,the foraging sites of waterbirds are relatively fixed,but frequently close to residential ar...Background:The composition of intestinal microflora in animals is affected by cross-species transmission.In a nature reserve,the foraging sites of waterbirds are relatively fixed,but frequently close to residential areas and can also be visited by domestic fowls.It is easy to result in the trans-species-flock dispersal of gut microbes between the wild birds and domestic fowls.The effects of the variable foraging site distances on the gut microbe structures of the waterbirds and the sympatric domestic fowls are currently unclear,and further research is required to evaluate the impacts of geographic location on cross-infection.Methods:Illumina high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis software were utilized to compare and analyze the composition of gut microbes from the fecal samples of Hooded Cranes(HC;Grus monacha)and two groups of Domestic Ducks(Anas platyrhynchos domesticus)that foraged at 1 km(ducks in near areas,D-N),and 4 km(ducks in far areas,D-F)away from the habitats of the Hooded Cranes at Shengjin Lake,China.Results:The results showed that there were significant differences in the alpha-diversity of the gut bacteria in the HC,D-N,and D-F samples under the interspecific distance factor.The dominant bacterial phyla,Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria,showed correlations with distance for each host.The D-N group had more diverse intestinal flora than the D-F,as they were physically closer to the HC and had more indirect contact and cross-transmission of their gut microbes.More potentially pathogenic bacterial sequences,and Operational Taxonomic Units(OTUs)were found in the D-N than in HC and D-F.Conclusions:Hooded Cranes and the Domestic Duck populations at variable distances from the cranes showed significant differences in their intestinal bacteria and potentially pathogenic bacteria.The closer the foraging sites were,the easier the intestinal flora spread across species.The results provide a basis for determining the safe distance between wild birds and domestic fowls in a nature reserve.展开更多
In 2023,Baishideng Publishing Group(Baishideng)routinely published 47 openaccess journals,including 46 English-language journals and 1 Chinese-language journal.Our successes were accomplished through the collective de...In 2023,Baishideng Publishing Group(Baishideng)routinely published 47 openaccess journals,including 46 English-language journals and 1 Chinese-language journal.Our successes were accomplished through the collective dedicated efforts of Baishideng staffs,Editorial Board Members,and Peer Reviewers.Among these 47 Baishideng journals,7 are included in the Science Citation Index Expanded(SCIE)and 6 in the Emerging Sources Citation Index(ESCI).With the support of Baishideng authors,company staffs,Editorial Board Members,and Peer Reviewers,the publication work of 2023 is about to be successfully completed.This editorial summarizes the 2023 activities and accomplishments of the 13 SCIEand ESCI-indexed Baishideng journals,outlines the Baishideng publishing policy changes and additions made this year,and highlights the unique advantages of Baishideng journals.展开更多
Paeonol is a bioactive phenol present in Dioscorea japonica,Paeonia suff ruticosa and Paeonia lactiflora.It is the main active ingredient in the traditional Chinese medicines Mudanpi and Xu Changqing.Clinical applicat...Paeonol is a bioactive phenol present in Dioscorea japonica,Paeonia suff ruticosa and Paeonia lactiflora.It is the main active ingredient in the traditional Chinese medicines Mudanpi and Xu Changqing.Clinical applications of paeonol are mainly focused on anti-inflammatory effects due to its ability to act as an antioxidant,a regulator of inflammatory enzyme activities,a modulator of inflammatory signaling pathways and a regulator of adhesion molecules to modulate inflammation through molecular mechanisms of action.In addition,paeonol also regulates inflammation by regulating the metabolism of gut microbes.In this review,we searched PubMed,Web of Science,ESI and other websites using“paeonol”“inflammation”“oxidative stress”“signaling pathways”and“gut microbiota”as keywords.We mainly referred to the relevant literature in the last decade and systematically summarized the studies on the anti-inflammatory effects of paeonol to provide a reference for new drug development and clinical application of paeonol.展开更多
Blunt snout bream(Megalobrama amblycephala)and largemouth bass(Micropterus salmoides)are a herbivorous and a carnivorous freshwater fish species respectively.These fish possess distinct intestinal microorganisms and d...Blunt snout bream(Megalobrama amblycephala)and largemouth bass(Micropterus salmoides)are a herbivorous and a carnivorous freshwater fish species respectively.These fish possess distinct intestinal microorganisms and digestive enzymes that play a vital role in nutrient digestion.As a result,herbivorous and carnivorous fish exhibit significant differences in their digestive strategies.In this study,we investigated the compositions and functions of the gut flora of herbivorous M.amblycephala and carnivorous M.salmoides by 16S rRNA sequencing.PCoA analysis revealed that the gut flora of M.amblycephala and M.salmoides formed two distinct clusters.OTU analysis found that M.amblycephala and M.salmoides shared a small number,but high abundance,of core mi-croorganisms,and that a large number of microorganisms differed at the phylum and genus levels between the two species.The cellulose-degrading bacteria Longivirga,Flavobacterium,Clostridium_sensu_stricto_12,and Bacillus were dominant in M.amblycephala,while protein-degrading bacteria Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1,Lactococcus,Streptococcus and Proteiniclasticum were dominant in M.salmoides.PICRUSt analysis showed significant differ-ences in carbohydrate and protein metabolism functions as well.In addition,cellulase and amylase activities were significantly higher in M.amblycephala than in M.salmoides,while trypsin activity was significantly higher in M.salmoides than in M.amblycephala.These results indicated that dietary patterns influenced the composition and function of the bacterial community and the activity of digestive enzymes in the host's gut.展开更多
Chicken gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining their physiological health.However,the cultivability of chicken gut microbiota is not well understood,limiting the exploration of certain key gut bacteria ...Chicken gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining their physiological health.However,the cultivability of chicken gut microbiota is not well understood,limiting the exploration of certain key gut bacteria in regulating intestinal health and nutritional metabolism.This study aimed to examine the cultivability of chicken cecal microbiota and to provide guidance for future chicken gut microbiota cultivation.A total of 58 different culture conditions were applied to culture broiler cecal microbiota,and the culture-dependent(CD;pooled colonies form each plate)and culture-independent(CI;broiler cecal contents)samples were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing and microbial analysis.The CD methods detected higher microbial richness(3,636 vs 2,331 OTUs)than CI methods,and the recovery rates of bacterial OTUs and genera reached 43.6%and 68.9%,respectively.The genera of Bacteroides(19.9%),Alistipes(11.0%)and Barnesiella(10.7%)were highly abundant detected by CI methods,however,there occupied a small proportion(<1.0%)of total cultured microbiota in CD methods.We then developed reference figures and tables showing optimal cultivation conditions for different gut bacteria taxa.Moreover,81 different lactic acid bacteria strains covering 5 genera were isolated,and 15 strains had less than 97.0%similarity to known bacteria in the national center for biotechnology information(NCBI)online database.Overall,this study provides preliminary guidance in culturing specific gut microbiota from chickens,which will contribute to future studies to characterize the biological functions of key microbes in chicken nutritional metabolism and health.展开更多
There are a large number of microorganisms in the porcine intestinal tract.These microorganisms and their metabolites contribute to intestinal mucosal immunity,which is of great importance to the health of the host.Th...There are a large number of microorganisms in the porcine intestinal tract.These microorganisms and their metabolites contribute to intestinal mucosal immunity,which is of great importance to the health of the host.The host immune system can regulate the distribution and composition of intestinal mi-croorganisms and regulate the homeostasis of intestinal flora by secreting a variety of immune effector factors,such as mucin,secretory immunoglobulin A(sIgA),regenerating islet-derivedⅢ(RegⅢ)γ,and defensin.Conversely,intestinal microorganisms can also promote the differentiation of immune cells including regulatory T cells(Treg)and Th17 cells through their specific components or metabolites.Studies have shown that imbalances in the intestinal flora can lead to bacterial translocation and compromised intestinal barrier function,affecting the health of the body.This review focuses on the composition of the pig intestinal flora and the characteristics of intestinal mucosal immunity,discusses the interaction mechanism between the flora and intestinal mucosal immunity,as well as the regulation through fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT),dietary nutritional composition,probiotics and pre-biotics of pig intestinal microecology.Finally,this review provides insights into the relationship between intestinal microorganisms and the mucosal immune system.展开更多
Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)of human fecal samples into germ-free(GF)mice is useful for establishing causal relationships between the gut microbiota and human phenotypes.However,due to the intrinsic differenc...Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)of human fecal samples into germ-free(GF)mice is useful for establishing causal relationships between the gut microbiota and human phenotypes.However,due to the intrinsic differences between human and mouse intestines and the different diets of the two organisms,it may not be possible to replicate human phenotypes in mice through FMT;similarly,treatments that are effective in mouse models may not be effective in humans.In this study,we aimed to identify human gut microbes that undergo significant and consistent changes(i.e.,in relative abundances)after transplantation into GF mice in multiple experimental settings.We collected 16S rDNA-seq data from four published studies and analyzed the gut microbiota profiles from 1713 human–mouse pairs.Strikingly,on average,we found that only 47%of the human gut microbes could be re-established in mice at the species level,among which more than 1/3 underwent significant changes(referred to as“variable taxa”).Most of the human gut microbes that underwent significant changes were consistent across multiple human–mouse pairs and experimental settings.Consequently,about 1/3 of human samples changed their enterotypes,i.e.,significant changes in their leading species after FMT.Mice fed with a controlled diet showed a lower enterotype change rate(23.5%)than those fed with a noncontrolled diet(49.0%),suggesting a possible solution for rescue.Most of the variable taxa have been reported to be implicated in human diseases,with some recognized as the causative species.Our results highlight the challenges of using a mouse model to replicate human gut microbiota-associated phenotypes,provide useful information for researchers using mice in gut microbiota studies,and call for additional validations after FMT.An online database named FMT-DB is publicly available at http://fmt2mice.humangut.info/#/.展开更多
To explore the effects of apple polyphenol extract(APE)on dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)induced acute ulcer-ative colitis(UC)and linked behavioral disorders,C57BL/6 male mice aged 9-11 weeks were randomly divided into th...To explore the effects of apple polyphenol extract(APE)on dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)induced acute ulcer-ative colitis(UC)and linked behavioral disorders,C57BL/6 male mice aged 9-11 weeks were randomly divided into the following groups:(1)Control group(CON),(2)3%DSS group(DSS),(3)3%DSS+APE at 8 a.m.group(DA-ZT0),(4)3%DSS+APE at 8 p.m.group(DA-ZT12).APE was given at a dosage of 500 mg/(kg⋅bw⋅d).APE treatment elevated protein expressions of Occludin,zonula occludins-1(ZO-1)and mucoprotein-2(MUC2),and inhibited inflammatory response by down-regulating the(NOD)-like receptor family and pyrin domain con-taining 3(NLRP3)/apoptosis-associated speck-like protein(ASC)/cysteine aspartate-specific protease-1(caspase-1)signaling pathway.Meanwhile,APE alleviated anxiety and depression-like behavior disorders by upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and postsynaptic-density protein 95(PSD-95)and downregulating allograft inflammatory factor 1(AIF1).Additionally,APE reshaped the structure of the intestinal microbiota,with an increased Firmicutes/Bacterodetes ratio and reduced the relative abundances of Escherichia-Shigella,Bacteroides and Parasutterella.Finally,APE reset DSS-induced circadian rhythm disturbance of clock genes,with significant induction of Cryptochrome2(Cry2),Period2(Per2)and Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 1(Rev-erbα)in hippocampus and Brain and muscle arnt-like protein 1(Bmal1)and Circadian locomotor output cycles kaput(Clock)in cortex in DA-ZT0 group,but APE treatment at ZT12 induced longer colon length,lower serum IL-βconcentration and proteins expression of NLRP3 and ASC in colon,and better recovery of behavioral disorder.Thus,APE might conserve the potential as a diet-derived nutraceutical for UC treatment.展开更多
Although the catabolic pathway of some flavonoids in the human colon has been elucidated,knowledge of related gut microbes and responsible enzymes is still limited.In this study,a phloretin hydrolase gene(phy)from Fla...Although the catabolic pathway of some flavonoids in the human colon has been elucidated,knowledge of related gut microbes and responsible enzymes is still limited.In this study,a phloretin hydrolase gene(phy)from Flavonifractor plautii(F.plautii)was synthesized and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(E.coli BL 21).Phloretin hydrolase(PHY)was purified from cell extracts of recombinant E.coli BL21,and PHY's molecular weight was about 32 kDa.The purified PHY effectively cleaved phloretin into 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid(HPPA)and phloroglucinol(PG).PHY's kinetic parameters were determined:Km was 2.8×10^(−3)±0.4 mM and Vmax was 411.2±7.1 U/mg.Besides,PHY's optimal temperature and pH were 50℃ and 7.5,respectively,and PHY exhibited 75%activity after 5 h at 50℃.Furthermore,PHY's activity was inhibited in the presence of Ba^(2+),Cu^(2+),and Fe^(2+),while Mg^(2+) slightly elevated PHY's activity.Finally,the catalytic model between phloretin and PHY was built using molecular docking,and PHY's conformational changes were further demonstrated through the multispectral techniques.This study is conducive to understanding phloretin metabolism in the colon and adding a valuable source of PHY for food industry application.展开更多
Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced endotoxemia is a key pathogenic factor in metabolic diseases.Probiotics reduce LPS levels and alleviate related disorders,but the underlying mechanism remains unclear.Here,we demonstrat...Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced endotoxemia is a key pathogenic factor in metabolic diseases.Probiotics reduce LPS levels and alleviate related disorders,but the underlying mechanism remains unclear.Here,we demonstrated that Christensenella tenuis alleviated endotoxemia and metabolic disorders in Diet-Induced Obese(DIO)mice by inhibiting the LPS-TLR4 signaling pathway and modulating downstream metabolism.Omics analysis revealed increased levels of gut free bile acids(BAs)after C.tenuis treatment,while in vitro experiments confirmed that C.tenuis hydrolyzed conjugated BAs into free BAs via bile salt hydrolase(BSH)activity.Further molecular dynamics simulations showed that free BAs formed non-membrane-permeable complexes with LPS,preventing the transmembrane translocation of intestinal LPS.Experimental evidence from isothermal titration calorimetry confirmed that free bile acids bound directly with LPS in an enthalpy-driven manner,which is consistent with in silico simulations and validates specific molecular interactions.Oral administration of free BAs also reduced plasma LPS levels in DIO mice.These findings uncover a novel mechanism by which BSH-positive gut microbes and probiotics benefit host metabolism and lay the groundwork for gut-targeted biotherapies for endotoxemia and metabolic diseases.展开更多
文摘The gut microbiome is closely associated with human health and the development of diseases. Isolating, characterizing, and identifying gut microbes are crucial for research on the gut microbiome and essential for advancing our understanding and utilization of it. Although culture-independent approaches have been developed, a pure culture is required for in-depth analysis of disease mechanisms and the development of biotherapy strategies. Currently, microbiome research faces the challenge of expanding the existing database of culturable gut microbiota and rapidly isolating target microorganisms. This review examines the advancements in gut microbe isolation and cultivation techniques, such as culturomics, droplet microfluidics, phenotypic and genomics selection, and membrane diffusion. Furthermore, we evaluate the progress made in technology for identifying gut microbes considering both non-targeted and targeted strategies. The focus of future research in gut microbial culturomics is expected to be on high-throughput, automation, and integration. Advancements in this field may facilitate strain-level investigation into the mechanisms underlying diseases related to gut microbiota.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China Project:based on the Theory of“the Heart is in Harmony with the Small Intestine”to Explore the Influence and Mechanism of Gut Microbes on High Platelet Reactivity of Acute Coronary Syndrome with Phlegm and Blood Stasis Syndrome(No.82104841)Education Department of Liaoning Province Young Science and Technology Talents"Seedling"Project:to Explore the Effect and Mechanism of Huayu Qutan Formula on Platelet Function in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients with Phlegm and Blood Stasis Syndrome after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention based on Intestinal Microbiome(No.L202039)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of gut microbes regulation of the trimethylamine(TMA)/flavin containing monooxygenase 3(FMO3)/trimethylamine N-oxide(TMAO)pathway on platelet aggregation in acute coronary syndrome(ACS)rats and the intervention of Huayu Qutan formula(化瘀祛痰方).METHODS:The ACS rats with syndrome of phlegm and blood stasis rats were established.Platelet,platelet aggregation,platelet activation markers and TMA/FMO3/TMAO pathway were detected.Metagenomics technology was employed to analyze the characteristics of the gut microbiota.RESULTS:Huayu Qutan formula and gut microbes could inhibit high platelet reactivity and regulate the TMA/FMO3/TMAO pathway.The dominant bacteria in ACS rats including but not limited to the major phyla,Firmicutes,Bacteroidetes,Actinobacteria,and Proteobacteria,also including some low abundance phyla,Fusobacteria,Verrucomicrobia,Spirochaetes,and Deferribacteres.The dominant bacteria in the Huayu Qutan formula group were Synergistetes,Deferribacteres,Deferribacteraceae,Faecalibacterium and Mucispirillum.In the Huayu Qutan formula combined with fecal bacteria enema group,the dominant bacteria were Verrucomicrobia,Verrucomicrobiae,Akkermansia and Verrucomicrobium.These gut microbiota were correlated with pathways such as Riboflavin metabolism and Arachidonic acid metabolism.CONCLUSION:Huayu Qutan formula may prevent ACS by modulating gut microbes Synergistetes,Faecalibacterium and Allobaculum,regulating the iron metabolism of Deferribacteres,and driving the TMA/FMO3/TMAO pathway to regulate gut microbiota function,and improving platelet aggregation.Akkermansia may serve as a promising probiotic,which could drive TMA/FMO3/TMAO pathway to regulate Arachidonic acid metabolism to improve platelet aggregation.The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for the theory of"the heart is connected with the small intestine".
基金Key Scientific Research Projects for Higher Education of Henan Province,Grant/Award Number:20A310012the College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of Henan Province,Grant/Award Number:202110472018 and S202110472046+1 种基金the Science and Technology Research Project of Henan Province,Grant/Award Number:192102310169 and 202102310270Doctoral Scientific Research Activation Foundation of the Xinxiang Medical University,Grant/Award Number:505287。
文摘Hypertension is an important global public health issue because of its high morbidity as well as the increased risk of other diseases.Recent studies have indicated that the development of hypertension is related to the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in both animals and humans.In this review,we outline the interaction between gut microbiota and hypertension,including gut microbial changes in hypertension,the effect of microbial dysbiosis on blood pressure(BP),indicators of gut microbial dysbiosis in hypertension,and the microbial genera that affect BP at the taxonomic level.For example,increases in Lactobacillus,Roseburia,Coprococcus,Akkermansia,and Bifidobacterium are associated with reduced BP,while increases in Streptococcus,Blautia,and Prevotella are associated with elevated BP.Furthermore,we describe the potential mechanisms involved in the regulation between gut microbiota and hypertension.Finally,we summarize the commonly used treatments of hypertension that are based on gut microbes,including fecal microbiota transfer,probiotics and prebiotics,antibiotics,and dietary supplements.This review aims to find novel potential genera for improving hypertension and give a direction for future studies on gut microbiota in hypertension.
文摘Based on the close relationship between MGBA and PSCI,one PSCI related case is reported,and it is emphasized to improve clinicians'understanding of MGBA theory in the treatment of PSCI,thereby providing new ideas for exploring pathogenesis and treatment of PSCI.
基金supported by the fund for the Project of the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFD1300203)Project support was provided by the Fund opened from Key Laboratory of Fujian Universities Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology,Longyan University(grant No.2021KF01)the Cyanine Project of Yangzhou University(2020)。
文摘The intestinal tract,a complex organ responsible for nutrient absorption and digestion,relies heavily on a balanced gut microbiome to maintain its integrity.Disruptions to this delicate microbial ecosystem can lead to intestinal inflammation,a hallmark of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).While the role of the gut microbiome in IBD is increasingly recognized,the underlying mechanisms,particularly those involving endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress,autophagy,and cell death,remain incompletely understood.ER stress,a cellular response to various stressors,can trigger inflammation and cell death.Autophagy,a cellular degradation process,can either alleviate or exacerbate ER stress-induced inflammation,depending on the specific context.The gut microbiome can influence both ER stress and autophagy pathways,further complicating the interplay between these processes.This review delves into the intricate relationship between ER stress,autophagy,and the gut microbiome in the context of intestinal inflammation.By exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions,we aim to provide a comprehensive theoretical framework for developing novel therapeutic strategies for IBD.A deeper understanding of the ER stress-autophagy axis,the gut microbial-ER stress axis,and the gut microbial-autophagy axis may pave the way for targeted interventions to restore intestinal health and mitigate the impact of IBD.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China funded project(32172627)Chongqing Modern Tea Technology System for Efficient Agriculture in Mountainous Areas 2022[8]the Germplasm Creation Research Program of Southwest University。
文摘Pu-erh tea has been shown to reduce gut inflammation in dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced mice.Also,we found abnormal liver cholesterol metabolism in DSS-induced mice.However,it's not clear how Pu-erh tea improves DSS-induced impaired liver cholesterol metabolism.Here,we established the DSS-induced model and clarified that DSS exacerbated gut inflammation accompanied by disorders of liver cholesterol metabolism.Pu-erh tea reshaped gut microbes,limited gut oxidative stress and inflammation(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2/reactive oxygen species/myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88/nuclear factor kappa-B,24.97%-52.89%),reduced gut bile acid reabsorption(up-regulation of farnesoid X receptor(FXR)/fibroblast growth factor 15,24.53%-55.91%),and promoted liver bile acid synthesis(up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α/cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase,34.65%-79.14%),thereby partly restoring liver cholesterol metabolism(regulated FXR/small heterodimer partner/sterol-regulatory element binding proteins,53.19%-95.40%).Altered bile acid metabolic profiles(increased chenodeoxycholic acid,ursodeoxycholic acid,lithocholic acid,etc.)may also improve liver cholesterol metabolism by altering gut and liver inflammation.Thus,gut microbial reshaping and altered bile acid metabolism may be key targets of Pu-erh tea for improving DSS-induced liver cholesterol metabolism disorders via the gut-gut microbe-bile acid-liver axis.
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （21375144 and 21105115） and the National Basic Research Program of China （2012CB934004）.
文摘The human microbiota is an aggregate of microorganisms residing in the human body, mostly in the gastrointestinal tract （GIT）. Our gut microbiota evolves with us and plays a pivotal role in human health and disease. In recent years, the microbiota has gained increasing attention due to its impact on host metabolism, physiology, and immune system development, but also because the perturbation of the microbiota may result in a number of diseases. The gut microbiota may be linked to malignancies such as gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. It may also be linked to disorders such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD）; obesity and diabetes, which are characterized as ＂lifestyle diseases＂ of the industrial- ized world; coronary heart disease; and neurological disorders. Although the revolution in molecular technologies has provided us with the necessary tools to study the gut microbiota more accurately, we need to elucidate the relationships between the gut microbiota and several human pathologies more precisely, as understanding the impact that the microbiota plays in various diseases is fundamental for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide the read- er with an updated overview of the importance of the gut microbiota for human health and the poten- tial to manipulate gut microbial composition for purposes such as the treatment of antibiotic-resistant Clostridium difficile （C difficile） infections. The concept of altering the gut community by microbial intervention in an effort to improve health is currently in its infancy. However, the therapeutic implications appear to be very great. Thus, the removal of harmful organisms and the enrichment of beneficial mi- crobes may protect our health, and such efforts will pave the way for the development of more rational treatment options in the future.
文摘Bile acids(BAs)serve as physiological detergents that enable the intestinal absorption and transportation of nutrients,lipids and vitamins.BAs are primarily produced by humans to catabolize cholesterol and play crucial roles in gut metabolism,microbiota habitat regulation and cell signaling.BA-activated nuclear receptors regulate the enterohepatic circulation of BAs which play a role in energy,lipid,glucose,and drug metabolism.The gut microbiota plays an essential role in the biotransformation of BAs and regulates BAs composition and metabolism.Therefore,altered gut microbial and BAs activity can affect human metabolism and thus result in the alteration of metabolic pathways and the occurrence of metabolic diseases/syndromes,such as diabetes mellitus,obesity/hypercholesterolemia,and cardiovascular diseases.BAs and their metabolites are used to treat altered gut microbiota and metabolic diseases.This review explores the increasing body of evidence that links alterations of gut microbial activity and BAs with the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases.Moreover,we summarize existing research on gut microbes and BAs in relation to intracellular pathways pertinent to metabolic disorders.Finally,we discuss how therapeutic interventions using BAs can facilitate microbiome functioning and ease metabolic diseases.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA0717002)。
文摘Many studies have revealed that gut microbes modulate host metabolism.In this study,we characterized the therapeutic effects of a novel gut commensal Luoshenia tenuis against host metabolic disorders.First,by in silico analysis,we demonstrated that the L.tenuis was prevalent in the gut microbiomes of healthy humans but were depleted specifically in obesity cohorts.Further in vitro cultivation revealed that L.tenuis produced short chain fatty acids that were verified to modulate host metabolism and some other volatile metabolites to benefit hosts by anti-inflammation and anti-tumor.Second,gavage of the L.tenuis significantly decreased the body weight gain and food intake of high-fat diet-feeding C57BL/6J mice,which was in parallel with the changed expression level of genes related to satiety and feeding behavior.We then performed the gavage trial using diet induced obese mice,and it revealed that the administration of L.tenuis alleviated significantly the abnormal glucose and lipid metabolisms and reduced the inflammatory response.In summary,this study revealed a previously-unknown human gut commensal microbe that benefited host metabolism,and set the stage for the development of novel next-generation probiotic applicable for treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.:U21A20343,82160088,81870225,81870332,81700404,82271626,and 82260088)the Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia Autonomous Region,China(Grant Nos.:2020AAC02021,2020AAC02038,and 2022AAC05025)+5 种基金the Key Research and Development Projects in Ningxia Autonomous Region,China(Grant Nos.:2020BFH02003,2021BEG02033,2020BEG03008,and 2022BFH02013)the Basic Scientific Research Operating Expenses from the Public Welfare Research Institutes at the Central Level of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,China(Grant No.:2019PT330002)the Ningxia Science and Technology Leading Talent Project,China(Grant No.:KJT2017007)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China(Grant No.:2022JJ40698)the School-level Special Talent Launching Project of Ningxia Medical University,China(Grant No.:XT2018015)the Open Bidding for Selecting the Best Candidates Program of Ningxia Medical University,China(Grant No.:XJKF230106).
文摘Rosuvastatin (RVS) is an excellent drug with anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering properties in the academic and medical fields. However, this drug faces a series of challenges when used to treat atherosclerosis caused by hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), including high oral dosage, poor targeting, and long-term toxic side effects. In this study, we applied nanotechnology to construct a biomimetic nano-delivery system, macrophage membrane (Møm)-coated RVS-loaded Prussian blue (PB) nanoparticles (MPR NPs), for improving the bioavailability and targeting capacity of RVS, specifically to the plaque lesions associated with HHcy-induced atherosclerosis. In vitro assays demonstrated that MPR NPs effectively inhibited the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)/nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathways, reducing pyroptosis and inflammatory response in macrophages. Additionally, MPR NPs reversed the abnormal distribution of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1)/ATP binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCA1)/ATP binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) caused by HIF-1α, promoting cholesterol efflux and reducing lipid deposition. In vivo studies using apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE^(−/−)) mice confirmed the strong efficacy of MPR NPs in treating atherosclerosis with favorable biosecurity, and the mechanism behind this efficacy is believed to involve the regulation of serum metabolism and the remodeling of gut microbes. These findings suggest that the synthesis of MPR NPs provides a promising nanosystem for the targeted therapy of HHcy-induced atherosclerosis.
基金The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31772485).
文摘Background:The composition of intestinal microflora in animals is affected by cross-species transmission.In a nature reserve,the foraging sites of waterbirds are relatively fixed,but frequently close to residential areas and can also be visited by domestic fowls.It is easy to result in the trans-species-flock dispersal of gut microbes between the wild birds and domestic fowls.The effects of the variable foraging site distances on the gut microbe structures of the waterbirds and the sympatric domestic fowls are currently unclear,and further research is required to evaluate the impacts of geographic location on cross-infection.Methods:Illumina high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis software were utilized to compare and analyze the composition of gut microbes from the fecal samples of Hooded Cranes(HC;Grus monacha)and two groups of Domestic Ducks(Anas platyrhynchos domesticus)that foraged at 1 km(ducks in near areas,D-N),and 4 km(ducks in far areas,D-F)away from the habitats of the Hooded Cranes at Shengjin Lake,China.Results:The results showed that there were significant differences in the alpha-diversity of the gut bacteria in the HC,D-N,and D-F samples under the interspecific distance factor.The dominant bacterial phyla,Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria,showed correlations with distance for each host.The D-N group had more diverse intestinal flora than the D-F,as they were physically closer to the HC and had more indirect contact and cross-transmission of their gut microbes.More potentially pathogenic bacterial sequences,and Operational Taxonomic Units(OTUs)were found in the D-N than in HC and D-F.Conclusions:Hooded Cranes and the Domestic Duck populations at variable distances from the cranes showed significant differences in their intestinal bacteria and potentially pathogenic bacteria.The closer the foraging sites were,the easier the intestinal flora spread across species.The results provide a basis for determining the safe distance between wild birds and domestic fowls in a nature reserve.
文摘In 2023,Baishideng Publishing Group(Baishideng)routinely published 47 openaccess journals,including 46 English-language journals and 1 Chinese-language journal.Our successes were accomplished through the collective dedicated efforts of Baishideng staffs,Editorial Board Members,and Peer Reviewers.Among these 47 Baishideng journals,7 are included in the Science Citation Index Expanded(SCIE)and 6 in the Emerging Sources Citation Index(ESCI).With the support of Baishideng authors,company staffs,Editorial Board Members,and Peer Reviewers,the publication work of 2023 is about to be successfully completed.This editorial summarizes the 2023 activities and accomplishments of the 13 SCIEand ESCI-indexed Baishideng journals,outlines the Baishideng publishing policy changes and additions made this year,and highlights the unique advantages of Baishideng journals.
文摘Paeonol is a bioactive phenol present in Dioscorea japonica,Paeonia suff ruticosa and Paeonia lactiflora.It is the main active ingredient in the traditional Chinese medicines Mudanpi and Xu Changqing.Clinical applications of paeonol are mainly focused on anti-inflammatory effects due to its ability to act as an antioxidant,a regulator of inflammatory enzyme activities,a modulator of inflammatory signaling pathways and a regulator of adhesion molecules to modulate inflammation through molecular mechanisms of action.In addition,paeonol also regulates inflammation by regulating the metabolism of gut microbes.In this review,we searched PubMed,Web of Science,ESI and other websites using“paeonol”“inflammation”“oxidative stress”“signaling pathways”and“gut microbiota”as keywords.We mainly referred to the relevant literature in the last decade and systematically summarized the studies on the anti-inflammatory effects of paeonol to provide a reference for new drug development and clinical application of paeonol.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32273109)Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2022CFB106)+1 种基金the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(No.CARS-45-01)Wuhan Biological Breeding Special Project(2022021302024854).
文摘Blunt snout bream(Megalobrama amblycephala)and largemouth bass(Micropterus salmoides)are a herbivorous and a carnivorous freshwater fish species respectively.These fish possess distinct intestinal microorganisms and digestive enzymes that play a vital role in nutrient digestion.As a result,herbivorous and carnivorous fish exhibit significant differences in their digestive strategies.In this study,we investigated the compositions and functions of the gut flora of herbivorous M.amblycephala and carnivorous M.salmoides by 16S rRNA sequencing.PCoA analysis revealed that the gut flora of M.amblycephala and M.salmoides formed two distinct clusters.OTU analysis found that M.amblycephala and M.salmoides shared a small number,but high abundance,of core mi-croorganisms,and that a large number of microorganisms differed at the phylum and genus levels between the two species.The cellulose-degrading bacteria Longivirga,Flavobacterium,Clostridium_sensu_stricto_12,and Bacillus were dominant in M.amblycephala,while protein-degrading bacteria Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1,Lactococcus,Streptococcus and Proteiniclasticum were dominant in M.salmoides.PICRUSt analysis showed significant differ-ences in carbohydrate and protein metabolism functions as well.In addition,cellulase and amylase activities were significantly higher in M.amblycephala than in M.salmoides,while trypsin activity was significantly higher in M.salmoides than in M.amblycephala.These results indicated that dietary patterns influenced the composition and function of the bacterial community and the activity of digestive enzymes in the host's gut.
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China Projects(2022YFD1300402)fundamental research funds for the Central Universities(2662022DKPY002)the Top-Notch Young Talent Supporting Program(to LH Sun).
文摘Chicken gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining their physiological health.However,the cultivability of chicken gut microbiota is not well understood,limiting the exploration of certain key gut bacteria in regulating intestinal health and nutritional metabolism.This study aimed to examine the cultivability of chicken cecal microbiota and to provide guidance for future chicken gut microbiota cultivation.A total of 58 different culture conditions were applied to culture broiler cecal microbiota,and the culture-dependent(CD;pooled colonies form each plate)and culture-independent(CI;broiler cecal contents)samples were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing and microbial analysis.The CD methods detected higher microbial richness(3,636 vs 2,331 OTUs)than CI methods,and the recovery rates of bacterial OTUs and genera reached 43.6%and 68.9%,respectively.The genera of Bacteroides(19.9%),Alistipes(11.0%)and Barnesiella(10.7%)were highly abundant detected by CI methods,however,there occupied a small proportion(<1.0%)of total cultured microbiota in CD methods.We then developed reference figures and tables showing optimal cultivation conditions for different gut bacteria taxa.Moreover,81 different lactic acid bacteria strains covering 5 genera were isolated,and 15 strains had less than 97.0%similarity to known bacteria in the national center for biotechnology information(NCBI)online database.Overall,this study provides preliminary guidance in culturing specific gut microbiota from chickens,which will contribute to future studies to characterize the biological functions of key microbes in chicken nutritional metabolism and health.
基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2021A1515012417)Research Fund of Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering(KA190577872).
文摘There are a large number of microorganisms in the porcine intestinal tract.These microorganisms and their metabolites contribute to intestinal mucosal immunity,which is of great importance to the health of the host.The host immune system can regulate the distribution and composition of intestinal mi-croorganisms and regulate the homeostasis of intestinal flora by secreting a variety of immune effector factors,such as mucin,secretory immunoglobulin A(sIgA),regenerating islet-derivedⅢ(RegⅢ)γ,and defensin.Conversely,intestinal microorganisms can also promote the differentiation of immune cells including regulatory T cells(Treg)and Th17 cells through their specific components or metabolites.Studies have shown that imbalances in the intestinal flora can lead to bacterial translocation and compromised intestinal barrier function,affecting the health of the body.This review focuses on the composition of the pig intestinal flora and the characteristics of intestinal mucosal immunity,discusses the interaction mechanism between the flora and intestinal mucosal immunity,as well as the regulation through fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT),dietary nutritional composition,probiotics and pre-biotics of pig intestinal microecology.Finally,this review provides insights into the relationship between intestinal microorganisms and the mucosal immune system.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2018YFC0910502 and 2018YFC0910500 to WHC)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61932008,61772368,and 61572363)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai,China(Grant No.17ZR1445600)the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project,China(Grant No.2018SHZDZX01).
文摘Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)of human fecal samples into germ-free(GF)mice is useful for establishing causal relationships between the gut microbiota and human phenotypes.However,due to the intrinsic differences between human and mouse intestines and the different diets of the two organisms,it may not be possible to replicate human phenotypes in mice through FMT;similarly,treatments that are effective in mouse models may not be effective in humans.In this study,we aimed to identify human gut microbes that undergo significant and consistent changes(i.e.,in relative abundances)after transplantation into GF mice in multiple experimental settings.We collected 16S rDNA-seq data from four published studies and analyzed the gut microbiota profiles from 1713 human–mouse pairs.Strikingly,on average,we found that only 47%of the human gut microbes could be re-established in mice at the species level,among which more than 1/3 underwent significant changes(referred to as“variable taxa”).Most of the human gut microbes that underwent significant changes were consistent across multiple human–mouse pairs and experimental settings.Consequently,about 1/3 of human samples changed their enterotypes,i.e.,significant changes in their leading species after FMT.Mice fed with a controlled diet showed a lower enterotype change rate(23.5%)than those fed with a noncontrolled diet(49.0%),suggesting a possible solution for rescue.Most of the variable taxa have been reported to be implicated in human diseases,with some recognized as the causative species.Our results highlight the challenges of using a mouse model to replicate human gut microbiota-associated phenotypes,provide useful information for researchers using mice in gut microbiota studies,and call for additional validations after FMT.An online database named FMT-DB is publicly available at http://fmt2mice.humangut.info/#/.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81973023 and 81673150)a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD).
文摘To explore the effects of apple polyphenol extract(APE)on dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)induced acute ulcer-ative colitis(UC)and linked behavioral disorders,C57BL/6 male mice aged 9-11 weeks were randomly divided into the following groups:(1)Control group(CON),(2)3%DSS group(DSS),(3)3%DSS+APE at 8 a.m.group(DA-ZT0),(4)3%DSS+APE at 8 p.m.group(DA-ZT12).APE was given at a dosage of 500 mg/(kg⋅bw⋅d).APE treatment elevated protein expressions of Occludin,zonula occludins-1(ZO-1)and mucoprotein-2(MUC2),and inhibited inflammatory response by down-regulating the(NOD)-like receptor family and pyrin domain con-taining 3(NLRP3)/apoptosis-associated speck-like protein(ASC)/cysteine aspartate-specific protease-1(caspase-1)signaling pathway.Meanwhile,APE alleviated anxiety and depression-like behavior disorders by upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and postsynaptic-density protein 95(PSD-95)and downregulating allograft inflammatory factor 1(AIF1).Additionally,APE reshaped the structure of the intestinal microbiota,with an increased Firmicutes/Bacterodetes ratio and reduced the relative abundances of Escherichia-Shigella,Bacteroides and Parasutterella.Finally,APE reset DSS-induced circadian rhythm disturbance of clock genes,with significant induction of Cryptochrome2(Cry2),Period2(Per2)and Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 1(Rev-erbα)in hippocampus and Brain and muscle arnt-like protein 1(Bmal1)and Circadian locomotor output cycles kaput(Clock)in cortex in DA-ZT0 group,but APE treatment at ZT12 induced longer colon length,lower serum IL-βconcentration and proteins expression of NLRP3 and ASC in colon,and better recovery of behavioral disorder.Thus,APE might conserve the potential as a diet-derived nutraceutical for UC treatment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(31972089)the 2020 Team Innovation Project from the Fundamental Scientific Research Special Capital Fund of the National Universities,China(GK202001008).
文摘Although the catabolic pathway of some flavonoids in the human colon has been elucidated,knowledge of related gut microbes and responsible enzymes is still limited.In this study,a phloretin hydrolase gene(phy)from Flavonifractor plautii(F.plautii)was synthesized and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(E.coli BL 21).Phloretin hydrolase(PHY)was purified from cell extracts of recombinant E.coli BL21,and PHY's molecular weight was about 32 kDa.The purified PHY effectively cleaved phloretin into 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid(HPPA)and phloroglucinol(PG).PHY's kinetic parameters were determined:Km was 2.8×10^(−3)±0.4 mM and Vmax was 411.2±7.1 U/mg.Besides,PHY's optimal temperature and pH were 50℃ and 7.5,respectively,and PHY exhibited 75%activity after 5 h at 50℃.Furthermore,PHY's activity was inhibited in the presence of Ba^(2+),Cu^(2+),and Fe^(2+),while Mg^(2+) slightly elevated PHY's activity.Finally,the catalytic model between phloretin and PHY was built using molecular docking,and PHY's conformational changes were further demonstrated through the multispectral techniques.This study is conducive to understanding phloretin metabolism in the colon and adding a valuable source of PHY for food industry application.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFA1304103)General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170117)SKLMT Frontiers and Challenges Project(SKLMTFCP-2023-01).
文摘Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced endotoxemia is a key pathogenic factor in metabolic diseases.Probiotics reduce LPS levels and alleviate related disorders,but the underlying mechanism remains unclear.Here,we demonstrated that Christensenella tenuis alleviated endotoxemia and metabolic disorders in Diet-Induced Obese(DIO)mice by inhibiting the LPS-TLR4 signaling pathway and modulating downstream metabolism.Omics analysis revealed increased levels of gut free bile acids(BAs)after C.tenuis treatment,while in vitro experiments confirmed that C.tenuis hydrolyzed conjugated BAs into free BAs via bile salt hydrolase(BSH)activity.Further molecular dynamics simulations showed that free BAs formed non-membrane-permeable complexes with LPS,preventing the transmembrane translocation of intestinal LPS.Experimental evidence from isothermal titration calorimetry confirmed that free bile acids bound directly with LPS in an enthalpy-driven manner,which is consistent with in silico simulations and validates specific molecular interactions.Oral administration of free BAs also reduced plasma LPS levels in DIO mice.These findings uncover a novel mechanism by which BSH-positive gut microbes and probiotics benefit host metabolism and lay the groundwork for gut-targeted biotherapies for endotoxemia and metabolic diseases.
