Vigilance behavior is considered as an effective strategy for prey species to detect predators.An individual benefits from living in a group by reducing the time spent being vigilant without affecting the probability ...Vigilance behavior is considered as an effective strategy for prey species to detect predators.An individual benefits from living in a group by reducing the time spent being vigilant without affecting the probability of detecting a predator.However,the mechanism producing a decrease in vigilance with increasing group size is unclear.Many models of vigilance assume that group members scan independently of one another.Yet in recent studies,the other 2 patterns of vigilance,coordination and synchronization,were reported in some species.In 2 summers(2018 and 2019),we studied the group-size effect on vigilance and foraging of Tibetan wild ass in Chang Tang Nature Reserve of Tibet.We also tested whether individuals scan the environment independently,tend to coordinate their scans,or tend to synchronize their vigilance.The results showed that individuals decreased the time spent on vigilance with increasing group size,while increased the time spent foraging.Group members scanned the environment at the same time more frequently and there was a positive correlation between group members'behaviors,indicating that Tibetan wild asses tend to synchronize their vigilance.展开更多
Optimal escape theory predicts that animals would balance the costs and benefits of flight. One cost of not fleeing is the ongoing cost of vigilance for upcoming environmental threats. Our results show that FID increa...Optimal escape theory predicts that animals would balance the costs and benefits of flight. One cost of not fleeing is the ongoing cost of vigilance for upcoming environmental threats. Our results show that FID increases for vigilant hares with predator starting distance, due to the costs acquired by continuing to scan for ecological dangers. The presence of conspecifics within proximity distance for social hare was reduced FID due to collective vigilance, while a solitary animal had greater FID, due to less cooperative defense for predator detection. In both seasons, detection and flight initiation distance of the focal hare increased in open habitat due to a higher probability of detection for upcoming danger, while dense cover provided concealment but reduced the probability of detecting an incoming threat, reducing FID. Moreover, proximity to roads and the nearest refuge significantly influenced anti-predator risk by compensation energy to cope with approaching stimuli. In a landscape with heavy human hunting in retaliation to plantations damage has modified the natural behavior of the hare in the Shigar valley. The findings are discussed in the context of hare FID by humans and the suggestions for management and mitigation of human-wildlife conflict are also considered.展开更多
为阐释我国典型集雨饮水地区窖水水质自然变化机制,应用16S rRNA基因-Illumina Mi Seq高通量测序技术,对以庭院为组织单元、不同类型集流面和水窖组合模式构建的集雨水源地水体中微生物群落及功能多样性差异进行了研究,表明窖水微生物...为阐释我国典型集雨饮水地区窖水水质自然变化机制,应用16S rRNA基因-Illumina Mi Seq高通量测序技术,对以庭院为组织单元、不同类型集流面和水窖组合模式构建的集雨水源地水体中微生物群落及功能多样性差异进行了研究,表明窖水微生物群落结构及其功能存在显著的差异,造成这种差异的主要因素是窖水内部环境因子、外部环境因子等的异质性.窖水微生物群落结构多样性差异呈现大量的稀有种和少数常见优势种的分布模式,不同类型集流面和水窖组合模式构建的集雨水源地水体中含有不同的显著差异性微生物类群;微生物群落功能多样性差异体现在:编码新陈代谢功能的基因序列与其他功能基因序列相比具有显著的优势性,氨基酸、碳水化物、能量、脂类、辅助因子和维生素、萜类和酮类化合物、核苷酸、多糖的合成与代谢、外来物质的降解与代谢是构成新陈代谢功能的主要基因序列类群,表明窖水中存在大量、具有相对特定生态功能的微生物进行着诸多活跃的与新陈代谢相关活动.研究认为混凝土集流面与混凝土水窖组合模式用于收集和贮存雨水,水质更好、更安全.研究结果加深了对窖水微生物群落结构和多样性的认识,为开展集雨窖水水源地优选及改善窖水水质提供了借鉴.展开更多
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772470,41871294)Tibet Major Science and Technology Project(XZ201901-GA-06).
文摘Vigilance behavior is considered as an effective strategy for prey species to detect predators.An individual benefits from living in a group by reducing the time spent being vigilant without affecting the probability of detecting a predator.However,the mechanism producing a decrease in vigilance with increasing group size is unclear.Many models of vigilance assume that group members scan independently of one another.Yet in recent studies,the other 2 patterns of vigilance,coordination and synchronization,were reported in some species.In 2 summers(2018 and 2019),we studied the group-size effect on vigilance and foraging of Tibetan wild ass in Chang Tang Nature Reserve of Tibet.We also tested whether individuals scan the environment independently,tend to coordinate their scans,or tend to synchronize their vigilance.The results showed that individuals decreased the time spent on vigilance with increasing group size,while increased the time spent foraging.Group members scanned the environment at the same time more frequently and there was a positive correlation between group members'behaviors,indicating that Tibetan wild asses tend to synchronize their vigilance.
文摘Optimal escape theory predicts that animals would balance the costs and benefits of flight. One cost of not fleeing is the ongoing cost of vigilance for upcoming environmental threats. Our results show that FID increases for vigilant hares with predator starting distance, due to the costs acquired by continuing to scan for ecological dangers. The presence of conspecifics within proximity distance for social hare was reduced FID due to collective vigilance, while a solitary animal had greater FID, due to less cooperative defense for predator detection. In both seasons, detection and flight initiation distance of the focal hare increased in open habitat due to a higher probability of detection for upcoming danger, while dense cover provided concealment but reduced the probability of detecting an incoming threat, reducing FID. Moreover, proximity to roads and the nearest refuge significantly influenced anti-predator risk by compensation energy to cope with approaching stimuli. In a landscape with heavy human hunting in retaliation to plantations damage has modified the natural behavior of the hare in the Shigar valley. The findings are discussed in the context of hare FID by humans and the suggestions for management and mitigation of human-wildlife conflict are also considered.
文摘为阐释我国典型集雨饮水地区窖水水质自然变化机制,应用16S rRNA基因-Illumina Mi Seq高通量测序技术,对以庭院为组织单元、不同类型集流面和水窖组合模式构建的集雨水源地水体中微生物群落及功能多样性差异进行了研究,表明窖水微生物群落结构及其功能存在显著的差异,造成这种差异的主要因素是窖水内部环境因子、外部环境因子等的异质性.窖水微生物群落结构多样性差异呈现大量的稀有种和少数常见优势种的分布模式,不同类型集流面和水窖组合模式构建的集雨水源地水体中含有不同的显著差异性微生物类群;微生物群落功能多样性差异体现在:编码新陈代谢功能的基因序列与其他功能基因序列相比具有显著的优势性,氨基酸、碳水化物、能量、脂类、辅助因子和维生素、萜类和酮类化合物、核苷酸、多糖的合成与代谢、外来物质的降解与代谢是构成新陈代谢功能的主要基因序列类群,表明窖水中存在大量、具有相对特定生态功能的微生物进行着诸多活跃的与新陈代谢相关活动.研究认为混凝土集流面与混凝土水窖组合模式用于收集和贮存雨水,水质更好、更安全.研究结果加深了对窖水微生物群落结构和多样性的认识,为开展集雨窖水水源地优选及改善窖水水质提供了借鉴.
