The integration of academic research methodologies into design thinking processes presents a transformative approach to addressing complex challenges in group housing,fostering inclusive,sustainable,and user-centered ...The integration of academic research methodologies into design thinking processes presents a transformative approach to addressing complex challenges in group housing,fostering inclusive,sustainable,and user-centered solutions.This research explores how methodologies such as Participatory Action Research,post-occupancy evaluations,and Research through Design can be systematically embedded within design thinking to bridge the gap between academic rigor and empathy-driven,iterative design practices.By synthesizing these paradigms,the study proposes a framework for group housing design that prioritizes co-design processes,empathy-based data collection,and participatory evaluation,while emphasizing adaptability through sociocultural insights and user feedback.Case studies analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of flexible,community-driven design,while emerging technologies like IoT-enabled cohousing signal new opportunities for innovation.Challenges,including scalability,long-term validation,and reconciling user autonomy with professional expertise,are critically analyzed.Ultimately,this research advances a hybrid methodology to redefine the conceptualization,implementation,and assessment of group housing,offering actionable pathways to achieve affordable,inclusive,and context-sensitive housing solutions.展开更多
The segment erector is a key part of the shield machines for tunnel engineering. The available segment erectors are all of serial configuration which is suffering from the problems of low rigidity and accumulative mot...The segment erector is a key part of the shield machines for tunnel engineering. The available segment erectors are all of serial configuration which is suffering from the problems of low rigidity and accumulative motion errors. The current research mainly focuses on improving assembly accuracy and control performance of serial segment erectors. An innovative design method is proposed featuring motion group-decoupling, based on which a new type of segment erector is developed and investigated. Firstly, the segment installation manipulation is analyzed and decomposed into three motion groups that are decoupled. Then the type synthesis for the 4-DOF motion group is performed based on the general function（GF） set theory and a new configuration of （1T？1R？1PS3UPS） is attained according to the segment manipulation requirements. Consequently, the kinematic models are built and the reducibility and accuracy are analyzed. The dexterity is verified though numerical simulation and no singular points appear in the workspace. Finally, a positioning experiment is carried out by using the prototype developed in the lab that demonstrates a 13.1% improvement of positioning accuracy and the feasibility of the new segment erector. The presented group-decoupling design method is able to invent new type of hybrid segment erectors that avoid the accumulative motion error of erecting.展开更多
Clinical trials are usually long term studies and it seems impossible to reach all required subjects at the same time. Performing interim analyses and monitoring results may provide early termination of trial after ob...Clinical trials are usually long term studies and it seems impossible to reach all required subjects at the same time. Performing interim analyses and monitoring results may provide early termination of trial after obtaining significant results. The aim of this study is comparing group sequential tests in respect to advantage of sample size reduction and early termination. In this study, 4 test types used in group sequential designs were compared with fixed sample size design test and each other. Comparisons were done according to two-sided tests for comparing two treatments. In this sense, 1080 models were performed. In models, 2 different Type I errors, 2 different powers, 5 different analysis groups, 6 different effect sizes and 9 different variances selections were considered. All test types increased the maximum sample size in different manner, compared with fixed sample size design. Each test had different critical values to reject H0 hypothesis, at the same type I error rate and number of analyses conditions. Selection of test type used in group sequential designs depends on a few characteristics, as reducing sample size, early termination and detecting minimal effect size. Test performance is highly related with selected Type I error rate, power and number of analyses. In addition to these statistical characteristics, researchers should decide test type with respect to other trial conditions as the issue of trial, reaching subjects easy or not and importance of early termination.展开更多
To conduct this study, the literatures, questionnaires, interviews and other methods were used, the analysis of the present situation and health status of the students’ physical education in universities “special gr...To conduct this study, the literatures, questionnaires, interviews and other methods were used, the analysis of the present situation and health status of the students’ physical education in universities “special group”, and the nature of the course and teaching modes of thinking were also done in order to provide references to improve sports education in colleges and universities.展开更多
This article is a contribution to the study of the automorphism groups of designs. Let be a non-trivial design where for some positive integer , and is block-transitive. If the socle of G is iso...This article is a contribution to the study of the automorphism groups of designs. Let be a non-trivial design where for some positive integer , and is block-transitive. If the socle of G is isomorphic to the simple groups of lie type, then G is not flag-transitive.展开更多
Neuroscience (also known as neurobiology) is a science that studies the structure, function, development, pharmacology and pathology of the nervous system. In recent years, C. Cotardo has introduced coding theory into...Neuroscience (also known as neurobiology) is a science that studies the structure, function, development, pharmacology and pathology of the nervous system. In recent years, C. Cotardo has introduced coding theory into neuroscience, proposing the concept of combinatorial neural codes. And it was further studied in depth using algebraic methods by C. Curto. In this paper, we construct a class of combinatorial neural codes with special properties based on classical combinatorial structures such as orthogonal Latin rectangle, disjoint Steiner systems, groupable designs and transversal designs. These neural codes have significant weight distribution properties and large minimum distances, and are thus valuable for potential applications in information representation and neuroscience. This study provides new ideas for the construction method and property analysis of combinatorial neural codes, and enriches the study of algebraic coding theory.展开更多
Let D be a 2-（v, k, 4） symmetric design and G be a flag-transitive point-primitive automorphism group of D with X ≥G ≤Aut（X） where X ≌ PSL2（q）.Then D is a 2-（15,8,4） symmetric design with X = PSL2（9） and ...Let D be a 2-（v, k, 4） symmetric design and G be a flag-transitive point-primitive automorphism group of D with X ≥G ≤Aut（X） where X ≌ PSL2（q）.Then D is a 2-（15,8,4） symmetric design with X = PSL2（9） and Xx = PGL2（3） where x is a point of D.展开更多
Background and Objective: A multitude of large cohort studies have data on incidence rates and predictors of various chronic diseases. However, approaches for utilization of these costly collected data and translation...Background and Objective: A multitude of large cohort studies have data on incidence rates and predictors of various chronic diseases. However, approaches for utilization of these costly collected data and translation of these?valuable results to inform and guide clinical disease prevention practice are?not well developed. In this paper we proposed a novel conceptual group/community disease prevention design strategy based on large cohort study data. Methods and Results: The data from participants (n = 3516;2056 women) aged 45 to 74 years and the diabetes risk prediction model from Strong Heart Study were used. The Strong Heart Study is a population-based cohort study of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in American Indians. A conceptual group/community disease prevention design strategy based on large cohort data was initiated. The application of the proposed strategy for group diabetes prevention was illustrated. Discussion: The strategy may provide reasonable solutions to the prevention design issues. These issues include complex associations of a disease with its combined and correlated risk factors, individual differences, choosing intervention risk factors and setting their appropriate, attainable, gradual and adaptive goal levels for different subgroups, and assessing effectiveness of the prevention program. Conclusions: The strategy and methods shown in the illustration example can be analogously adopted and applied for other diseases preventions. The proposed strategy for a target group/community in a population provides a way to translate and apply epidemiological study results to clinical disease prevention practice.展开更多
Let D be a nontrivial symmetric（v, k, λ） design, and G be a subgroup of the full automorphism group of D. In this paper we prove that if G acts flag-transitively, pointprimitively on D and Soc（G） = PSL（2, q）, t...Let D be a nontrivial symmetric（v, k, λ） design, and G be a subgroup of the full automorphism group of D. In this paper we prove that if G acts flag-transitively, pointprimitively on D and Soc（G） = PSL（2, q）, then D has parameters（7, 3, 1）,（7, 4, 2）,（11, 5, 2）,（11, 6, 3） or（15, 8, 4）.展开更多
The current research of complex nonlinear system robust optimization mainly focuses on the features of design parameters, such as probability density functions, boundary conditions, etc. After parameters study, high-d...The current research of complex nonlinear system robust optimization mainly focuses on the features of design parameters, such as probability density functions, boundary conditions, etc. After parameters study, high-dimensional curve or robust control design is used to find an accurate robust solution. However, there may exist complex interaction between parameters and practical engineering system. With the increase of the number of parameters, it is getting hard to determine high-dimensional curves and robust control methods, thus it＇s difficult to get the robust design solutions. In this paper, a method of global sensitivity analysis based on divided variables in groups is proposed. By making relevant variables in one group and keeping each other independent among sets of variables, global sensitivity analysis is conducted in grouped variables and the importance of parameters is evaluated by calculating the contribution value of each parameter to the total variance of system response. By ranking the importance of input parameters, relatively important parameters are chosen to conduct robust design analysis of the system. By applying this method to the robust optimization design of a real complex nonlinear system-a vehicle occupant restraint system with multi-parameter, good solution is gained and the response variance of the objective function is reduced to 0.01, which indicates that the robustness of the occupant restraint system is improved in a great degree and the method is effective and valuable for the robust design of complex nonlinear system. This research proposes a new method which can be used to obtain solutions for complex nonlinear system robust design.展开更多
Let D be a nontrivial symmetric（v, k, 4） design, and G ≤ Aut（D） be flag-transitive and point-primitive with PSL_n（q） as socle. Then D is a 2-（15, 8, 4） symmetric design and Soc（G） = PSL_2（9）.
Sample size can be a key design feature that not only affects the probability of a trial＇s success but also determines the duration and feasibility of a trial. If an investigational drug is expected to be effective a...Sample size can be a key design feature that not only affects the probability of a trial＇s success but also determines the duration and feasibility of a trial. If an investigational drug is expected to be effective and address unmet medical needs of an orphan disease, where the accrual period may require many years with a large sample size to detect a minimal clinically relevant treatment effect, a minimum sample size may be set to maintain nominal power. In limited situations such as this, there may be a need for flexibility in the initial and final sample sizes; thus, it is useful to consider the utility of adaptive sample size designs that use sample size re-estimation or group sequential design. In this paper, we propose a new adaptive performance measure to consider the utility of an adaptive sample size design in a trial simulation. Considering that previously proposed sample size re-estimation methods do not take into account errors in estimation based on interim results, we propose Bayesian sample size re-estimation criteria that take into account prior information on treatment effect, and then, we assess its operating characteristics in a simulation study. We also present a review example of sample size re-estimation mainly based on published paper and review report in Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency （PMDA）.展开更多
It was proved in this paper that there exists a labeled resolvable block design LRB (4,3; v ) if and only if v ≡0 (mod 4) and v ≥8, with 8 possible exceptions. It was also proved that there exists a nearly Kirkman s...It was proved in this paper that there exists a labeled resolvable block design LRB (4,3; v ) if and only if v ≡0 (mod 4) and v ≥8, with 8 possible exceptions. It was also proved that there exists a nearly Kirkman system NKS (2,4; v ) if and only if v ≡0 (mod 12) and v ≥24, except possibly when v =264 or 372.展开更多
Crossover designs are well-known to have major advantages when comparing the effects of various non-curative treatments. We compare efficiencies of several crossover designs along with the Balaam’s design with that o...Crossover designs are well-known to have major advantages when comparing the effects of various non-curative treatments. We compare efficiencies of several crossover designs along with the Balaam’s design with that of a parallel group design pertaining to longitudinal studies where event time can only be measured in discrete time intervals. With equally sized sequences, the parallel group design results in the greater efficiency if the number of time periods is small. However, the crossover and Balaam’s designs tend to be more efficient as the study duration increases. The degree to which these designs add efficiency depends on the baseline hazard function and effect size. Additionally, we incorporate different cost considerations at the subject level when comparing the designs to determine the most cost-efficient design. Researchers might consider the crossover or Balaam’s design more efficient if the duration of the study is long enough, especially if the costs of applying the baseline treatment are higher.展开更多
Senior fashion is called the art of clothing,it is often beyond the basic functions,but as a carrier of the performance of design creativity.Any senior fashion designs have their own balancing rules of the artistic an...Senior fashion is called the art of clothing,it is often beyond the basic functions,but as a carrier of the performance of design creativity.Any senior fashion designs have their own balancing rules of the artistic and commercial.This article fully explains the importance and marketability of the secondary design of the fabric in high fashion,and from the three aspects : design program of the senior fashion for consumer groups、the secondary processing design of the senior fashion fabrics、the effect of secondary design of senior fashion fabrics.展开更多
文摘The integration of academic research methodologies into design thinking processes presents a transformative approach to addressing complex challenges in group housing,fostering inclusive,sustainable,and user-centered solutions.This research explores how methodologies such as Participatory Action Research,post-occupancy evaluations,and Research through Design can be systematically embedded within design thinking to bridge the gap between academic rigor and empathy-driven,iterative design practices.By synthesizing these paradigms,the study proposes a framework for group housing design that prioritizes co-design processes,empathy-based data collection,and participatory evaluation,while emphasizing adaptability through sociocultural insights and user feedback.Case studies analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of flexible,community-driven design,while emerging technologies like IoT-enabled cohousing signal new opportunities for innovation.Challenges,including scalability,long-term validation,and reconciling user autonomy with professional expertise,are critically analyzed.Ultimately,this research advances a hybrid methodology to redefine the conceptualization,implementation,and assessment of group housing,offering actionable pathways to achieve affordable,inclusive,and context-sensitive housing solutions.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 51275284)Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of China(Grant No. NCET-10-0567)the Research Fund of State Key Lab of Mechanical Systems and Vibration(Grant No.MSV-ZD-2010-02)
文摘The segment erector is a key part of the shield machines for tunnel engineering. The available segment erectors are all of serial configuration which is suffering from the problems of low rigidity and accumulative motion errors. The current research mainly focuses on improving assembly accuracy and control performance of serial segment erectors. An innovative design method is proposed featuring motion group-decoupling, based on which a new type of segment erector is developed and investigated. Firstly, the segment installation manipulation is analyzed and decomposed into three motion groups that are decoupled. Then the type synthesis for the 4-DOF motion group is performed based on the general function（GF） set theory and a new configuration of （1T？1R？1PS3UPS） is attained according to the segment manipulation requirements. Consequently, the kinematic models are built and the reducibility and accuracy are analyzed. The dexterity is verified though numerical simulation and no singular points appear in the workspace. Finally, a positioning experiment is carried out by using the prototype developed in the lab that demonstrates a 13.1% improvement of positioning accuracy and the feasibility of the new segment erector. The presented group-decoupling design method is able to invent new type of hybrid segment erectors that avoid the accumulative motion error of erecting.
文摘Clinical trials are usually long term studies and it seems impossible to reach all required subjects at the same time. Performing interim analyses and monitoring results may provide early termination of trial after obtaining significant results. The aim of this study is comparing group sequential tests in respect to advantage of sample size reduction and early termination. In this study, 4 test types used in group sequential designs were compared with fixed sample size design test and each other. Comparisons were done according to two-sided tests for comparing two treatments. In this sense, 1080 models were performed. In models, 2 different Type I errors, 2 different powers, 5 different analysis groups, 6 different effect sizes and 9 different variances selections were considered. All test types increased the maximum sample size in different manner, compared with fixed sample size design. Each test had different critical values to reject H0 hypothesis, at the same type I error rate and number of analyses conditions. Selection of test type used in group sequential designs depends on a few characteristics, as reducing sample size, early termination and detecting minimal effect size. Test performance is highly related with selected Type I error rate, power and number of analyses. In addition to these statistical characteristics, researchers should decide test type with respect to other trial conditions as the issue of trial, reaching subjects easy or not and importance of early termination.
文摘To conduct this study, the literatures, questionnaires, interviews and other methods were used, the analysis of the present situation and health status of the students’ physical education in universities “special group”, and the nature of the course and teaching modes of thinking were also done in order to provide references to improve sports education in colleges and universities.
文摘This article is a contribution to the study of the automorphism groups of designs. Let be a non-trivial design where for some positive integer , and is block-transitive. If the socle of G is isomorphic to the simple groups of lie type, then G is not flag-transitive.
文摘Neuroscience (also known as neurobiology) is a science that studies the structure, function, development, pharmacology and pathology of the nervous system. In recent years, C. Cotardo has introduced coding theory into neuroscience, proposing the concept of combinatorial neural codes. And it was further studied in depth using algebraic methods by C. Curto. In this paper, we construct a class of combinatorial neural codes with special properties based on classical combinatorial structures such as orthogonal Latin rectangle, disjoint Steiner systems, groupable designs and transversal designs. These neural codes have significant weight distribution properties and large minimum distances, and are thus valuable for potential applications in information representation and neuroscience. This study provides new ideas for the construction method and property analysis of combinatorial neural codes, and enriches the study of algebraic coding theory.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11071081)
文摘Let D be a 2-（v, k, 4） symmetric design and G be a flag-transitive point-primitive automorphism group of D with X ≥G ≤Aut（X） where X ≌ PSL2（q）.Then D is a 2-（15,8,4） symmetric design with X = PSL2（9） and Xx = PGL2（3） where x is a point of D.
文摘Background and Objective: A multitude of large cohort studies have data on incidence rates and predictors of various chronic diseases. However, approaches for utilization of these costly collected data and translation of these?valuable results to inform and guide clinical disease prevention practice are?not well developed. In this paper we proposed a novel conceptual group/community disease prevention design strategy based on large cohort study data. Methods and Results: The data from participants (n = 3516;2056 women) aged 45 to 74 years and the diabetes risk prediction model from Strong Heart Study were used. The Strong Heart Study is a population-based cohort study of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in American Indians. A conceptual group/community disease prevention design strategy based on large cohort data was initiated. The application of the proposed strategy for group diabetes prevention was illustrated. Discussion: The strategy may provide reasonable solutions to the prevention design issues. These issues include complex associations of a disease with its combined and correlated risk factors, individual differences, choosing intervention risk factors and setting their appropriate, attainable, gradual and adaptive goal levels for different subgroups, and assessing effectiveness of the prevention program. Conclusions: The strategy and methods shown in the illustration example can be analogously adopted and applied for other diseases preventions. The proposed strategy for a target group/community in a population provides a way to translate and apply epidemiological study results to clinical disease prevention practice.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.1147112311426066)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(Grant No.S2013010011928)
文摘Let D be a nontrivial symmetric（v, k, λ） design, and G be a subgroup of the full automorphism group of D. In this paper we prove that if G acts flag-transitively, pointprimitively on D and Soc（G） = PSL（2, q）, then D has parameters（7, 3, 1）,（7, 4, 2）,（11, 5, 2）,（11, 6, 3） or（15, 8, 4）.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51275164)
文摘The current research of complex nonlinear system robust optimization mainly focuses on the features of design parameters, such as probability density functions, boundary conditions, etc. After parameters study, high-dimensional curve or robust control design is used to find an accurate robust solution. However, there may exist complex interaction between parameters and practical engineering system. With the increase of the number of parameters, it is getting hard to determine high-dimensional curves and robust control methods, thus it＇s difficult to get the robust design solutions. In this paper, a method of global sensitivity analysis based on divided variables in groups is proposed. By making relevant variables in one group and keeping each other independent among sets of variables, global sensitivity analysis is conducted in grouped variables and the importance of parameters is evaluated by calculating the contribution value of each parameter to the total variance of system response. By ranking the importance of input parameters, relatively important parameters are chosen to conduct robust design analysis of the system. By applying this method to the robust optimization design of a real complex nonlinear system-a vehicle occupant restraint system with multi-parameter, good solution is gained and the response variance of the objective function is reduced to 0.01, which indicates that the robustness of the occupant restraint system is improved in a great degree and the method is effective and valuable for the robust design of complex nonlinear system. This research proposes a new method which can be used to obtain solutions for complex nonlinear system robust design.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.1147112311626206)the Scientific Research Foundation for Excellent Talents of Xuzhou Medical University(Grant No.D2016002)
文摘Let D be a nontrivial symmetric（v, k, 4） design, and G ≤ Aut（D） be flag-transitive and point-primitive with PSL_n（q） as socle. Then D is a 2-（15, 8, 4） symmetric design and Soc（G） = PSL_2（9）.
文摘Sample size can be a key design feature that not only affects the probability of a trial＇s success but also determines the duration and feasibility of a trial. If an investigational drug is expected to be effective and address unmet medical needs of an orphan disease, where the accrual period may require many years with a large sample size to detect a minimal clinically relevant treatment effect, a minimum sample size may be set to maintain nominal power. In limited situations such as this, there may be a need for flexibility in the initial and final sample sizes; thus, it is useful to consider the utility of adaptive sample size designs that use sample size re-estimation or group sequential design. In this paper, we propose a new adaptive performance measure to consider the utility of an adaptive sample size design in a trial simulation. Considering that previously proposed sample size re-estimation methods do not take into account errors in estimation based on interim results, we propose Bayesian sample size re-estimation criteria that take into account prior information on treatment effect, and then, we assess its operating characteristics in a simulation study. We also present a review example of sample size re-estimation mainly based on published paper and review report in Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency （PMDA）.
文摘It was proved in this paper that there exists a labeled resolvable block design LRB (4,3; v ) if and only if v ≡0 (mod 4) and v ≥8, with 8 possible exceptions. It was also proved that there exists a nearly Kirkman system NKS (2,4; v ) if and only if v ≡0 (mod 12) and v ≥24, except possibly when v =264 or 372.
文摘Crossover designs are well-known to have major advantages when comparing the effects of various non-curative treatments. We compare efficiencies of several crossover designs along with the Balaam’s design with that of a parallel group design pertaining to longitudinal studies where event time can only be measured in discrete time intervals. With equally sized sequences, the parallel group design results in the greater efficiency if the number of time periods is small. However, the crossover and Balaam’s designs tend to be more efficient as the study duration increases. The degree to which these designs add efficiency depends on the baseline hazard function and effect size. Additionally, we incorporate different cost considerations at the subject level when comparing the designs to determine the most cost-efficient design. Researchers might consider the crossover or Balaam’s design more efficient if the duration of the study is long enough, especially if the costs of applying the baseline treatment are higher.
文摘Senior fashion is called the art of clothing,it is often beyond the basic functions,but as a carrier of the performance of design creativity.Any senior fashion designs have their own balancing rules of the artistic and commercial.This article fully explains the importance and marketability of the secondary design of the fabric in high fashion,and from the three aspects : design program of the senior fashion for consumer groups、the secondary processing design of the senior fashion fabrics、the effect of secondary design of senior fashion fabrics.
