A necessary element during unconventional gas exploration is the identification of possible environmental hazards.These hazards require quantitative and qualitative assessment to ensure groundwater protection.This is ...A necessary element during unconventional gas exploration is the identification of possible environmental hazards.These hazards require quantitative and qualitative assessment to ensure groundwater protection.This is realized using legal-administrative and technical tools.In shale gas exploration areas,the most important method of groundwater protection is groundwater monitoring.展开更多
For drinking water security the German waterworks proceed on a comprehensive concept,i.e.,the protection of all the regions from the recharge area to the client.It includes the protection of the recharge area by a pre...For drinking water security the German waterworks proceed on a comprehensive concept,i.e.,the protection of all the regions from the recharge area to the client.It includes the protection of the recharge area by a precautionary management,a safe water treatment,a strict maintenance of the water distribution network,continuous control and an intensive training of staff.Groundwater protection zones together with effective regulations and control play a very important role.Three protection zones with different restrictions in land-use are distinguished.Water in reservoirs and lakes is also protected by Surface Water Protection Zones.Within the surrounding area the land-use is controlled,too.Special treatment is necessary if acidification happens caused by acid rain,or eutrophication caused by the inflow of sewage.Very important is the collaboration between waterworks and the farmers cultivating land in the recharge area in order to execute water-protecting ecological farming with the aim to reduce the application of fertilizers and plant protection agents.Probable financial losses have to be compensated by the waterworks.展开更多
At present, the correlation analysis of groundwater impact coefficient on the environment in China is not comprehensive. Apart from some inevitable practical factors, humans own cognitive level and the difficulty of r...At present, the correlation analysis of groundwater impact coefficient on the environment in China is not comprehensive. Apart from some inevitable practical factors, humans own cognitive level and the difficulty of relevant testing are also one of the reasons that affect its large-scale development. Groundwater environmental impact assessment is an important component of environmental impact assessment. Groundwater environmental impact assessment is mainly based on the collection of hydrological data accumulated in the past history and the analysis of the whole construction project combined with on-site hydrological measurement data. The impact on the project is analyzed, predicted and evaluated from three aspects: construction period, operation period and service period. In order to effectively prevent the possible harm to the water environment caused by the whole construction project, and formulate effective solutions and measures to reduce the harm and impact. In the end, it is necessary to make a follow-up and supervision plan at a later stage, so as to effectively monitor the water environment and formulate an emergency response plan for possible situations, thus better guiding the protection of groundwater resources and providing reliable data reference.展开更多
Ndé Division in West-Cameroon is facing with water supply although many attempts of restoring existing SCANWATER facilities by Bangangté Municipality. In order to address the issue, we assess the exploitable...Ndé Division in West-Cameroon is facing with water supply although many attempts of restoring existing SCANWATER facilities by Bangangté Municipality. In order to address the issue, we assess the exploitable pumping flow rate of catchment aquifers and its hydraulic properties by using Jacob and Theis method, and define protection zones with Hoffman and Lillich method. It emerges that the hydraulic conductivity of aquifer is in the order of 10<sup>-4</sup> m/sec, transmissivity varies from 10<sup>-4</sup> to 10<sup>-6</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/sec. Aquifer pumping flow rate (Q) varies between 1.5 and 10.5 m<sup>3</sup>/h. In volcanic rocks, aquifer is more productive (4.5 ≤ Q ≤ 10.5 m<sup>3</sup>/h). Transfer time of pollutants to aquifer varies from 3 to 56 days depending on rock-types and groundwater slope (0.03 - 0.13 m/m). Furthermore, 113,624 m and 1123 m are radius to be implemented for a better protection of groundwater against any form of pollutant.展开更多
The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) has funded the Rural Water and Sanitation Support Programme (RWSSP) that has increased the access to public water supply throughout Europe’s youngest state—Kos...The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) has funded the Rural Water and Sanitation Support Programme (RWSSP) that has increased the access to public water supply throughout Europe’s youngest state—Kosovo—in the past ten years. The Programme, implemented by Dorsch International Consultants GmbH and Community Development Initiatives has, among other activities, implemented groundwater protection methods. Nevertheless, groundwater protection remains a challenge in Kosovo. The water law describes that water source protection is similar to German rules, yet modelling-based planning of water source protection zones remains challenging. In the present study, the development of the hydrogeological and the mathematical groundwater model for the technical delineation of the well head protection area for the Ferizaj well fields under limited data availability is described in detail. The study shows that even when not all data are available, it is possible and necessary to use mathematical groundwater models to delineate well head protection areas.展开更多
Lebanon’s water sources, be it groundwater, springs, rivers or even tap water are notoriously plagued with a cocktail of contaminants from raw sewage, pesticides and fertilizers just to name a few, but the most salie...Lebanon’s water sources, be it groundwater, springs, rivers or even tap water are notoriously plagued with a cocktail of contaminants from raw sewage, pesticides and fertilizers just to name a few, but the most salient being seawater intrusion, measured as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) or Electrical Conductivity (EC). Myriad water sources have been sampled and tested since 2023, for said salinity (TDS), with results exceeding local as well as international drinking water guidelines of 500 milligrams per liter in many instances. This deterioration is compelling most citizens to install costly desalination equipment, purchasing bottled water and paying private tankers for questionable water, forcing households to spend in excess of USD 850 per year. This study aims to assess the quality of multiple water sources including wells, springs and tap water emphasizing the impacts salinity imparts on the Lebanese population as a whole with some practical recommendations.展开更多
文摘A necessary element during unconventional gas exploration is the identification of possible environmental hazards.These hazards require quantitative and qualitative assessment to ensure groundwater protection.This is realized using legal-administrative and technical tools.In shale gas exploration areas,the most important method of groundwater protection is groundwater monitoring.
文摘For drinking water security the German waterworks proceed on a comprehensive concept,i.e.,the protection of all the regions from the recharge area to the client.It includes the protection of the recharge area by a precautionary management,a safe water treatment,a strict maintenance of the water distribution network,continuous control and an intensive training of staff.Groundwater protection zones together with effective regulations and control play a very important role.Three protection zones with different restrictions in land-use are distinguished.Water in reservoirs and lakes is also protected by Surface Water Protection Zones.Within the surrounding area the land-use is controlled,too.Special treatment is necessary if acidification happens caused by acid rain,or eutrophication caused by the inflow of sewage.Very important is the collaboration between waterworks and the farmers cultivating land in the recharge area in order to execute water-protecting ecological farming with the aim to reduce the application of fertilizers and plant protection agents.Probable financial losses have to be compensated by the waterworks.
文摘At present, the correlation analysis of groundwater impact coefficient on the environment in China is not comprehensive. Apart from some inevitable practical factors, humans own cognitive level and the difficulty of relevant testing are also one of the reasons that affect its large-scale development. Groundwater environmental impact assessment is an important component of environmental impact assessment. Groundwater environmental impact assessment is mainly based on the collection of hydrological data accumulated in the past history and the analysis of the whole construction project combined with on-site hydrological measurement data. The impact on the project is analyzed, predicted and evaluated from three aspects: construction period, operation period and service period. In order to effectively prevent the possible harm to the water environment caused by the whole construction project, and formulate effective solutions and measures to reduce the harm and impact. In the end, it is necessary to make a follow-up and supervision plan at a later stage, so as to effectively monitor the water environment and formulate an emergency response plan for possible situations, thus better guiding the protection of groundwater resources and providing reliable data reference.
文摘Ndé Division in West-Cameroon is facing with water supply although many attempts of restoring existing SCANWATER facilities by Bangangté Municipality. In order to address the issue, we assess the exploitable pumping flow rate of catchment aquifers and its hydraulic properties by using Jacob and Theis method, and define protection zones with Hoffman and Lillich method. It emerges that the hydraulic conductivity of aquifer is in the order of 10<sup>-4</sup> m/sec, transmissivity varies from 10<sup>-4</sup> to 10<sup>-6</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/sec. Aquifer pumping flow rate (Q) varies between 1.5 and 10.5 m<sup>3</sup>/h. In volcanic rocks, aquifer is more productive (4.5 ≤ Q ≤ 10.5 m<sup>3</sup>/h). Transfer time of pollutants to aquifer varies from 3 to 56 days depending on rock-types and groundwater slope (0.03 - 0.13 m/m). Furthermore, 113,624 m and 1123 m are radius to be implemented for a better protection of groundwater against any form of pollutant.
文摘The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) has funded the Rural Water and Sanitation Support Programme (RWSSP) that has increased the access to public water supply throughout Europe’s youngest state—Kosovo—in the past ten years. The Programme, implemented by Dorsch International Consultants GmbH and Community Development Initiatives has, among other activities, implemented groundwater protection methods. Nevertheless, groundwater protection remains a challenge in Kosovo. The water law describes that water source protection is similar to German rules, yet modelling-based planning of water source protection zones remains challenging. In the present study, the development of the hydrogeological and the mathematical groundwater model for the technical delineation of the well head protection area for the Ferizaj well fields under limited data availability is described in detail. The study shows that even when not all data are available, it is possible and necessary to use mathematical groundwater models to delineate well head protection areas.
文摘Lebanon’s water sources, be it groundwater, springs, rivers or even tap water are notoriously plagued with a cocktail of contaminants from raw sewage, pesticides and fertilizers just to name a few, but the most salient being seawater intrusion, measured as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) or Electrical Conductivity (EC). Myriad water sources have been sampled and tested since 2023, for said salinity (TDS), with results exceeding local as well as international drinking water guidelines of 500 milligrams per liter in many instances. This deterioration is compelling most citizens to install costly desalination equipment, purchasing bottled water and paying private tankers for questionable water, forcing households to spend in excess of USD 850 per year. This study aims to assess the quality of multiple water sources including wells, springs and tap water emphasizing the impacts salinity imparts on the Lebanese population as a whole with some practical recommendations.
