Urban greenspace has a profound impact on public health by purifying the air,blocking bacteria,and creating activity venues.Due to people's different position,the greenspace exposure to different age groups change...Urban greenspace has a profound impact on public health by purifying the air,blocking bacteria,and creating activity venues.Due to people's different position,the greenspace exposure to different age groups changes at various times.In this study,we combined NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index)and GVI(green view index)green indices with mobile signaling big data to evaluate the greenspace exposure of 3 age groups in Shanghai at different times.A dynamic assessment model for greenspace exposure has been adopted in this study.April 2021 and April 2022 were selected as the study periods,representing the non-lockdown period and the lockdown period,respectively.The results indicate that greenspace exposure changes slightly during the lockdown period.During lockdown,the NDVI exposure in the age groups of 31 to 50,51,and above was higher than that during non-lockdown.However,the NDVI exposure of people aged 0 to 30 during lockdown is lower than that during non-lockdown.The GVI exposure of people aged 51 and above is lower than that of the other age group.Whether it is under lockdown or not,from 8:00 to 17:00,the NDVI exposure showed a slightly higher value than at other hours.The value of GVI exposure fluctuates steadily during 6:00 to 24:00.This study enriches the evaluation dimensions of urban greenspace exposure.展开更多
Concern for individual perception is essential to enhance greenspace management.Various landscape elements are key factors affecting visitors’perception engaging in greenspaces.Targeting Belgian public greenspaces,we...Concern for individual perception is essential to enhance greenspace management.Various landscape elements are key factors affecting visitors’perception engaging in greenspaces.Targeting Belgian public greenspaces,we develop a comprehensive approach to quantify visitors’perceptions from multiple dimensions.Applying user-generated data and unsupervised machine learning approach,we identified the landscape elements and classified the greenspaces to extract perception rates and detect dominant elements.The satisfaction of every landscape element was then analyzed by the natural language process approach and standardized major axis regression to discover their contributions to overall satisfaction.Furthermore,we calculated and visualized the positive and negative interactions between elements through network analysis.Integrating the perception rates and contributions,inconsistency was observed between the dominant element and the most contributing element.The perception rate of the human element was in an overwhelmingly dominant position,with 2.46.Despite the variations among the 5 greenspace groups,multiple natural elements highly contributed to overall satisfaction,especially animal and vegetation,which achieved contributions higher than 1.2 in most of the groups.Regarding the interactions,stronger negative interactions appeared generally,reaching up to 0.496.The coexistence of natural and artificial elements has a stronger collective effect on greenspace perception,regardless of positive or negative interaction.By providing an understanding of the landscape elements,our findings can assist greenspace planners in identifying key factors of different greenspace categories from various perspectives and support explicit and effective greenspace management.展开更多
As an ambient atmospheric pollutant,fine particulate matter(PM2.5)has posed significant adverse impacts on public health around the world.To attenuate the population exposure risk to PM2.5 pollution,greenspace has bee...As an ambient atmospheric pollutant,fine particulate matter(PM2.5)has posed significant adverse impacts on public health around the world.To attenuate the population exposure risk to PM2.5 pollution,greenspace has been considered as a promising approach.Little is known,however,about the attenuating impacts of greenspace landscapes on PM2.5 exposure risks at various locations,scales,and exposure levels.This study employed hotspot analysis,weighted barycenter,and time-series clustering to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of PM2.5 exposure across Wuhan.In addition,the multi-scale geographically weighted regression(MGWR)was used to determine the relationships between greenspace landscape patterns and yearly PM2.5 exposure over four years(2000,2005,2010,and 2015).Results revealed that,between 2000 and 2016,the variations in PM2.5 exposure hotspot coverages within Wuhan showed an inverse U-shape trend.The K-DTW clustering differentiated the study area into seven spatial clusters with homogeneous temporal dynamics.In general,there were three stages of fluctuations in PM2.5 exposure in Wuhan:2000-2005,2006-2011,and 2012-2016.MGWR also disclosed associations between PM2.5 exposure and greenspace landscape parameters(AI,ED,SI,and PLAND).PLAND of green spaces can mitigate PM2.5 exposure at a broader scale(the average bandwidth was 1391),while AI,ED,and SI are generally associated with PM2.5 exposure reduction on local scales.In Wuhan,we also confirmed such relationships between four landscape metrics with varying levels of exposure risks.The results indicate that the attenuation effectiveness toward PM2.5 exposure risk by greenspace landscapes is not only site-and scale-dependent but also affected by exposure risk levels.The findings of this study can contribute to greenspace planning and management for mitigating PM2.5-attributable adverse health impacts.展开更多
This study establishes a framework to assess greenspace supply-demand disparities related to thermal discomfort from the perspective of population mobility across urban functional zones(UFZs).High-resolution greenspac...This study establishes a framework to assess greenspace supply-demand disparities related to thermal discomfort from the perspective of population mobility across urban functional zones(UFZs).High-resolution greenspace maps and location-based service(LBS)datasets for Nanjing,China,were combined with Spearman correlation analyses and a four-quadrant model to elucidate associations and matching patterns between greenspace exposure and thermal comfort.The findings indicate that population fluctuations affect the availability of actual greenspace,with correlations to thermal discomfort showing significant temporal variations among different UFZs.During morning workday hours,commercial zones have a significantly higher representation in Quadrant Ⅱ(82.26%)compared to non-workdays(70.86%),which is characterized by high population density,low greenspace exposure,and pronounced thermal discomfort.In contrast,residential and public service zones maintain consistently high and stable proportions in Quadrant Ⅰ across all periods.This spatial mismatch is primarily caused by differences in available greenspace quantities and population mobility.Planning adjustments should focus on ensuring sufficient greenspace provision in key areas during peak population mobility periods to mitigate thermal discomfort.Minimizing residents'staying time in thermally uncomfortable zones,implementing time-specific greenspace access,and strategically increasing greenspace coverage are essential for improving the mismatch between greenspace supply and demand.展开更多
Amidst Dhaka city’s rapidly growing urban fabric, Dhanmondi Lake is one of the few remaining natural features that directly impacts the area’s microclimate, which is especially relevant to combating the increasing u...Amidst Dhaka city’s rapidly growing urban fabric, Dhanmondi Lake is one of the few remaining natural features that directly impacts the area’s microclimate, which is especially relevant to combating the increasing urban heat island phenomenon. This research investigates the lake’s diurnal and spatial impact on local temperature and humidity variations between greenspaces and concrete landscapes. Data from 14 monitoring points, collected over two months (March-April 2024), were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, median, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson’s correlation coefficient), alongside spatial analysis through Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) to visualize microclimate patterns. The results demonstrate that during the daytime, temperatures are higher in concrete areas and lower near the lake, with a strong positive correlation between distance from the lake and temperature across the lake (r = 0.933, p = 0.002). Conversely, at night, temperature decreases as the distance from the lake increases, with a strong negative correlation between them (r = −0.983, p = 0.000). The recorded nighttime temperature was relatively stable with a small variation (mean = 28.47˚C, SD = 0.21˚C) across the lake, suggesting the lake’s ability to retain heat at night. In contrast, the average temperature in the areas near the lake was relatively more stable (mean = 28.59˚C, SD = 0.06˚C). Humidity consistently showed a strong negative correlation with distance from the lake both day (r = −0.993, p = 0.000) and night (r = −0.977, p = 0.000), with higher humidity levels near the lake and lower concrete areas. These findings emphasize that distance from the lake and greenspace is a key factor influencing microclimate. The results lead to policy recommendations highlighting integrating natural elements into urban planning to mitigate urban heat island (UHI) effects and enhance thermal comfort.展开更多
Riparian areas produce a variety of ecosystem service(ES)functions and play an important role in the coupled nature-human systems.Taking account of riparian ES in riparian greenspace planning framework and balancing t...Riparian areas produce a variety of ecosystem service(ES)functions and play an important role in the coupled nature-human systems.Taking account of riparian ES in riparian greenspace planning framework and balancing the ecological and social aspects of ES can help to achieve the composite goals for urban-rural sustainability.However,there is still a lack of research on the integration thinking and quantification approach for riparian ES to support riparian greenspace planning and decision-making.This research mainly discusses the possible way of incorporating the ES into riparian greenspace planning and presents an integrated framework of the interaction between riparian ES and riparian greenspace planning,including evaluating riparian ES supply-demand budget to support multi-scales(region,urban,and street)riparian greenspace planning.Taking the Nanchuan District of Chongqing in China as a case study,we aim to achieve the following three results:first,recognizing the relationship and building a link between riparian ES and riparian greenspace planning;second,establishing a multi-scale scoring system of two ES supply-demand indicators for mapping on three spatial scales;third,applying riparian ES supply-demand mapping into riparian greenspace planning from three aspects of balancing planning goals,multi-scale planning tasks,and planning strategies and policies.展开更多
Background:Natural ecosystems provide necessary services for human beings,including ecosystem service values(ESVs)and socioeconomic service values(SSVs).The value orientations of ESVs and SSVs are mainly related to pe...Background:Natural ecosystems provide necessary services for human beings,including ecosystem service values(ESVs)and socioeconomic service values(SSVs).The value orientations of ESVs and SSVs are mainly related to people’s interaction with nature.This study reclassified greenspace from a perspective of exposed and non-exposed greenspace based on the level of interaction by people and greenspace.We applied an expert questionnaire to survey the SSVs value orientations of forestland,grassland,wetland,and water bodies,and quantitatively compared the value orientations between the ESVs and SSVs of greenspace in China.Result:(1)The values of exposed greenspace were relatively far higher than nonexposed greenspace,as it had both ESVs and SSVs.(2)The forestland and grassland had relatively high ESVs and SSVs,and are the priority for both the exposed and non-exposed greenspace.(3)Wetland had relatively high ESVs but low SSVs,which was unpopular for exposed greenspace.(4)The ESVs and SSVs of water body were relatively balanced.Conclusion:Greenspace had both ESVs and SSVs when they are exposed to human.Our study provided an innovative perspective to explore the value orientations of greenspace,which provides an actionable scientific basis for greenspace planning,design and construction in human habitat.展开更多
De-icing salt contamination of urban soil and greenspace has been a common issue of concern in many countries for years. In the 2009/2010 winter, Beijing experienced a contamination accident resulting from the overuse...De-icing salt contamination of urban soil and greenspace has been a common issue of concern in many countries for years. In the 2009/2010 winter, Beijing experienced a contamination accident resulting from the overuse of deicing salt, reported as almost 30000 tons, which severely damaged urban vegetation alongside roadways. The methods of sampling and rating for both soil contamination and response of the plant populations were developed to rapidly assess this emergency environmental event. Results showed that the shrubs were more severely damaged than the arbors in terms of both degree and extent, as almost all of the surveyed shrubs were severely damaged from the salt contamination, while only about 1/4 of the recorded arbors were rated as ＂severely injured＂ according to the integral plant injury index. The rating of the injury level showed that the trees like Pinus bungeana, Sophora japonica, and the shrubs like Euonymus japonicus, Sabina vulgaris showed less tolerance to de-icing salt pollution. The patterns of vegetation damage demonstrated that the ever-green shrubs alongside roads and the deciduous arbors in the center of roads were most vulnerable to the salt damage.展开更多
Urban green spaces and parks offer opportunities for retaining and increasing bird richness, diversity, and species abundance. However, urbanisation influences predator–prey interactions, leading to high predation ra...Urban green spaces and parks offer opportunities for retaining and increasing bird richness, diversity, and species abundance. However, urbanisation influences predator–prey interactions, leading to high predation rates in urban areas, in the UK notably through the presence of large populations of domestic cats and increased populations of synanthropic species, such as rats and squirrels. These high predation rates are assumed to be a significant cause of reproductive failure in birds. Some ecologists advocate for the use of buffer zones with reduced human influence to reduce potential hunting pressure in eco-sensitive areas. However, the buffer effect on predation rates of nesting birds in suburban areas is rarely investigated. In this study, we investigated how edge effects (how close nest sites are to housing) and nest height (i.e., ground vs. above-ground) affected nest predation rates in a suburban park using camera traps to monitor artificial nests containing quail eggs. Our hypothesis was that nests in the buffer area (<300 m inward from university boundary) and at low height would suffer higher predation rates than nests in the core area (>300 m from the university boundary) and at height, as the buffer zone effect, and ease of access to ground predators would result in higher predation rates. We found no significant effect of nest height in nest predation rates. However, contrary to our expectations, nests in the core zone suffered higher predation rates than those in the buffer zone, and corvids were responsible for almost half of the egg loss events. We speculate that this may be a consequence of higher levels of anthropogenic disturbance (e.g., pedestrians, dog walking, vehicles) adjacent to our buffer zone acting as a deterrent to avian nest predators. This work suggests that protecting urban sites from disturbance may not always act to support bird abundance.展开更多
Background: In primary care, social prescribing (SP) is where a patient is referred to a “link worker”, who considers their needs and then “prescribes” or connects them to appropriate community-based resources and...Background: In primary care, social prescribing (SP) is where a patient is referred to a “link worker”, who considers their needs and then “prescribes” or connects them to appropriate community-based resources and services. Recent policy and guidance in the UK has significantly expanded the provision of SP to improve patient health and wellbeing. Methods: This study conducted a systematic review of evidence for SP effectiveness and to report needs addressed, interventions provided, and behaviour change techniques employed. Inclusion criterion was patient referral from primary care to a SP link worker. Online databases were searched for studies published from February 2016 to July 2021. Searches were restricted to English language only. Risk of bias assessment and a narrative analysis were undertaken. Results: Eight studies were included. All studies reported some positive outcomes. There were weaknesses and limitations in study design and in reporting of results: a lack of comparative controls, short duration and single point follow-up, a lack of standardised assessments, missing data, and a failure to consider potential confounding factors. All studies had features which indicated a high risk of bias. Conclusion: Evidence for the value and positive impact of SP is accumulating, but evaluation design remains relatively weak. There is a need to improve evaluation through robust methodological design and the adoption of universal outcome measures and evaluation/analytical framework. SP should seek to assess patient wellbeing, self-management, and quality of lifeoutcomes systematically, and adopt behaviour change techniques to enable healthier lifestyles in the short and long term.展开更多
The COVID-19 pandemic posed a serious threat to life on the entire planet, necessitating the imposition of a lockdown mechanism that restricted people’s movements to stop the disease’s spread. This period experience...The COVID-19 pandemic posed a serious threat to life on the entire planet, necessitating the imposition of a lockdown mechanism that restricted people’s movements to stop the disease’s spread. This period experienced a decline in air pollution emissions and some environmental changes, offering a rare opportunity to understand the effects of fewer human activities on the earth’s temperature. Hence, this study compares the changes in Land Surface Temperature (LST) that were observed prior to the pandemic (March & April 2019) and during the pandemic lockdown (March & April 2020) of three parishes in Louisiana. The data for this study was acquired using Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) Level 2, Collection 2, Tier 2 from the Google Earth Engine Catalog. For better visualization, the images that were derived had a cloud cover of less than 10%. Also, images for the three study areas were processed and categorized into four main classes: water, vegetation, built-up areas, and bare lands using a Random Forest Supervised Classification Algorithm. To improve the accuracy of the image classifications, three Normalized Difference Indices namely the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI) were employed using the Near Infrared (NIR), Red, Green and SWIR bands for the calculations. After, these images were processed in Google Earth Engine to generate the LST products gridded at 30 m with a higher spatial resolution of 100 m according to the pre-pandemic (2019) and lockdown (2020) periods for the three study areas. Results of this study showed a decrease in LST values of the land cover classes from 2019 to 2020, with LST values in East Baton Parish decreasing from 44°C to 38°C, 42°C to 38°C in Lafayette Parish, and 43°C to 38°C in Orleans Parish. The variations in the LST values therefore indicate the impact of fewer anthropogenic factors on the earth’s temperature which requires regulatory and mitigative measures to continually reduce LST and control microclimate, especially in urban areas.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFC3802600 and 2022YFC3802603)China National Forestry and Grassland Administration,Forestry and Grassland Science and Technology Youth Talent Project(2024132024)
文摘Urban greenspace has a profound impact on public health by purifying the air,blocking bacteria,and creating activity venues.Due to people's different position,the greenspace exposure to different age groups changes at various times.In this study,we combined NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index)and GVI(green view index)green indices with mobile signaling big data to evaluate the greenspace exposure of 3 age groups in Shanghai at different times.A dynamic assessment model for greenspace exposure has been adopted in this study.April 2021 and April 2022 were selected as the study periods,representing the non-lockdown period and the lockdown period,respectively.The results indicate that greenspace exposure changes slightly during the lockdown period.During lockdown,the NDVI exposure in the age groups of 31 to 50,51,and above was higher than that during non-lockdown.However,the NDVI exposure of people aged 0 to 30 during lockdown is lower than that during non-lockdown.The GVI exposure of people aged 51 and above is lower than that of the other age group.Whether it is under lockdown or not,from 8:00 to 17:00,the NDVI exposure showed a slightly higher value than at other hours.The value of GVI exposure fluctuates steadily during 6:00 to 24:00.This study enriches the evaluation dimensions of urban greenspace exposure.
基金funded by the China Scholarship Council(grant number:202004910422)
文摘Concern for individual perception is essential to enhance greenspace management.Various landscape elements are key factors affecting visitors’perception engaging in greenspaces.Targeting Belgian public greenspaces,we develop a comprehensive approach to quantify visitors’perceptions from multiple dimensions.Applying user-generated data and unsupervised machine learning approach,we identified the landscape elements and classified the greenspaces to extract perception rates and detect dominant elements.The satisfaction of every landscape element was then analyzed by the natural language process approach and standardized major axis regression to discover their contributions to overall satisfaction.Furthermore,we calculated and visualized the positive and negative interactions between elements through network analysis.Integrating the perception rates and contributions,inconsistency was observed between the dominant element and the most contributing element.The perception rate of the human element was in an overwhelmingly dominant position,with 2.46.Despite the variations among the 5 greenspace groups,multiple natural elements highly contributed to overall satisfaction,especially animal and vegetation,which achieved contributions higher than 1.2 in most of the groups.Regarding the interactions,stronger negative interactions appeared generally,reaching up to 0.496.The coexistence of natural and artificial elements has a stronger collective effect on greenspace perception,regardless of positive or negative interaction.By providing an understanding of the landscape elements,our findings can assist greenspace planners in identifying key factors of different greenspace categories from various perspectives and support explicit and effective greenspace management.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 51878515,51378399,and 41331175].
文摘As an ambient atmospheric pollutant,fine particulate matter(PM2.5)has posed significant adverse impacts on public health around the world.To attenuate the population exposure risk to PM2.5 pollution,greenspace has been considered as a promising approach.Little is known,however,about the attenuating impacts of greenspace landscapes on PM2.5 exposure risks at various locations,scales,and exposure levels.This study employed hotspot analysis,weighted barycenter,and time-series clustering to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of PM2.5 exposure across Wuhan.In addition,the multi-scale geographically weighted regression(MGWR)was used to determine the relationships between greenspace landscape patterns and yearly PM2.5 exposure over four years(2000,2005,2010,and 2015).Results revealed that,between 2000 and 2016,the variations in PM2.5 exposure hotspot coverages within Wuhan showed an inverse U-shape trend.The K-DTW clustering differentiated the study area into seven spatial clusters with homogeneous temporal dynamics.In general,there were three stages of fluctuations in PM2.5 exposure in Wuhan:2000-2005,2006-2011,and 2012-2016.MGWR also disclosed associations between PM2.5 exposure and greenspace landscape parameters(AI,ED,SI,and PLAND).PLAND of green spaces can mitigate PM2.5 exposure at a broader scale(the average bandwidth was 1391),while AI,ED,and SI are generally associated with PM2.5 exposure reduction on local scales.In Wuhan,we also confirmed such relationships between four landscape metrics with varying levels of exposure risks.The results indicate that the attenuation effectiveness toward PM2.5 exposure risk by greenspace landscapes is not only site-and scale-dependent but also affected by exposure risk levels.The findings of this study can contribute to greenspace planning and management for mitigating PM2.5-attributable adverse health impacts.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42371397The Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security,No.NKL2023-KP03。
文摘This study establishes a framework to assess greenspace supply-demand disparities related to thermal discomfort from the perspective of population mobility across urban functional zones(UFZs).High-resolution greenspace maps and location-based service(LBS)datasets for Nanjing,China,were combined with Spearman correlation analyses and a four-quadrant model to elucidate associations and matching patterns between greenspace exposure and thermal comfort.The findings indicate that population fluctuations affect the availability of actual greenspace,with correlations to thermal discomfort showing significant temporal variations among different UFZs.During morning workday hours,commercial zones have a significantly higher representation in Quadrant Ⅱ(82.26%)compared to non-workdays(70.86%),which is characterized by high population density,low greenspace exposure,and pronounced thermal discomfort.In contrast,residential and public service zones maintain consistently high and stable proportions in Quadrant Ⅰ across all periods.This spatial mismatch is primarily caused by differences in available greenspace quantities and population mobility.Planning adjustments should focus on ensuring sufficient greenspace provision in key areas during peak population mobility periods to mitigate thermal discomfort.Minimizing residents'staying time in thermally uncomfortable zones,implementing time-specific greenspace access,and strategically increasing greenspace coverage are essential for improving the mismatch between greenspace supply and demand.
文摘Amidst Dhaka city’s rapidly growing urban fabric, Dhanmondi Lake is one of the few remaining natural features that directly impacts the area’s microclimate, which is especially relevant to combating the increasing urban heat island phenomenon. This research investigates the lake’s diurnal and spatial impact on local temperature and humidity variations between greenspaces and concrete landscapes. Data from 14 monitoring points, collected over two months (March-April 2024), were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, median, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson’s correlation coefficient), alongside spatial analysis through Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) to visualize microclimate patterns. The results demonstrate that during the daytime, temperatures are higher in concrete areas and lower near the lake, with a strong positive correlation between distance from the lake and temperature across the lake (r = 0.933, p = 0.002). Conversely, at night, temperature decreases as the distance from the lake increases, with a strong negative correlation between them (r = −0.983, p = 0.000). The recorded nighttime temperature was relatively stable with a small variation (mean = 28.47˚C, SD = 0.21˚C) across the lake, suggesting the lake’s ability to retain heat at night. In contrast, the average temperature in the areas near the lake was relatively more stable (mean = 28.59˚C, SD = 0.06˚C). Humidity consistently showed a strong negative correlation with distance from the lake both day (r = −0.993, p = 0.000) and night (r = −0.977, p = 0.000), with higher humidity levels near the lake and lower concrete areas. These findings emphasize that distance from the lake and greenspace is a key factor influencing microclimate. The results lead to policy recommendations highlighting integrating natural elements into urban planning to mitigate urban heat island (UHI) effects and enhance thermal comfort.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52008062,51678087)the Chongqing Social Science Planning Project(Grant No.2019BS069)。
文摘Riparian areas produce a variety of ecosystem service(ES)functions and play an important role in the coupled nature-human systems.Taking account of riparian ES in riparian greenspace planning framework and balancing the ecological and social aspects of ES can help to achieve the composite goals for urban-rural sustainability.However,there is still a lack of research on the integration thinking and quantification approach for riparian ES to support riparian greenspace planning and decision-making.This research mainly discusses the possible way of incorporating the ES into riparian greenspace planning and presents an integrated framework of the interaction between riparian ES and riparian greenspace planning,including evaluating riparian ES supply-demand budget to support multi-scales(region,urban,and street)riparian greenspace planning.Taking the Nanchuan District of Chongqing in China as a case study,we aim to achieve the following three results:first,recognizing the relationship and building a link between riparian ES and riparian greenspace planning;second,establishing a multi-scale scoring system of two ES supply-demand indicators for mapping on three spatial scales;third,applying riparian ES supply-demand mapping into riparian greenspace planning from three aspects of balancing planning goals,multi-scale planning tasks,and planning strategies and policies.
基金This work was supported by the International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(132C35KYSB20200007)the Major Special Project-the China High-Resolution Earth Observation System(30-Y30F06-9003-20/22).
文摘Background:Natural ecosystems provide necessary services for human beings,including ecosystem service values(ESVs)and socioeconomic service values(SSVs).The value orientations of ESVs and SSVs are mainly related to people’s interaction with nature.This study reclassified greenspace from a perspective of exposed and non-exposed greenspace based on the level of interaction by people and greenspace.We applied an expert questionnaire to survey the SSVs value orientations of forestland,grassland,wetland,and water bodies,and quantitatively compared the value orientations between the ESVs and SSVs of greenspace in China.Result:(1)The values of exposed greenspace were relatively far higher than nonexposed greenspace,as it had both ESVs and SSVs.(2)The forestland and grassland had relatively high ESVs and SSVs,and are the priority for both the exposed and non-exposed greenspace.(3)Wetland had relatively high ESVs but low SSVs,which was unpopular for exposed greenspace.(4)The ESVs and SSVs of water body were relatively balanced.Conclusion:Greenspace had both ESVs and SSVs when they are exposed to human.Our study provided an innovative perspective to explore the value orientations of greenspace,which provides an actionable scientific basis for greenspace planning,design and construction in human habitat.
文摘De-icing salt contamination of urban soil and greenspace has been a common issue of concern in many countries for years. In the 2009/2010 winter, Beijing experienced a contamination accident resulting from the overuse of deicing salt, reported as almost 30000 tons, which severely damaged urban vegetation alongside roadways. The methods of sampling and rating for both soil contamination and response of the plant populations were developed to rapidly assess this emergency environmental event. Results showed that the shrubs were more severely damaged than the arbors in terms of both degree and extent, as almost all of the surveyed shrubs were severely damaged from the salt contamination, while only about 1/4 of the recorded arbors were rated as ＂severely injured＂ according to the integral plant injury index. The rating of the injury level showed that the trees like Pinus bungeana, Sophora japonica, and the shrubs like Euonymus japonicus, Sabina vulgaris showed less tolerance to de-icing salt pollution. The patterns of vegetation damage demonstrated that the ever-green shrubs alongside roads and the deciduous arbors in the center of roads were most vulnerable to the salt damage.
文摘Urban green spaces and parks offer opportunities for retaining and increasing bird richness, diversity, and species abundance. However, urbanisation influences predator–prey interactions, leading to high predation rates in urban areas, in the UK notably through the presence of large populations of domestic cats and increased populations of synanthropic species, such as rats and squirrels. These high predation rates are assumed to be a significant cause of reproductive failure in birds. Some ecologists advocate for the use of buffer zones with reduced human influence to reduce potential hunting pressure in eco-sensitive areas. However, the buffer effect on predation rates of nesting birds in suburban areas is rarely investigated. In this study, we investigated how edge effects (how close nest sites are to housing) and nest height (i.e., ground vs. above-ground) affected nest predation rates in a suburban park using camera traps to monitor artificial nests containing quail eggs. Our hypothesis was that nests in the buffer area (<300 m inward from university boundary) and at low height would suffer higher predation rates than nests in the core area (>300 m from the university boundary) and at height, as the buffer zone effect, and ease of access to ground predators would result in higher predation rates. We found no significant effect of nest height in nest predation rates. However, contrary to our expectations, nests in the core zone suffered higher predation rates than those in the buffer zone, and corvids were responsible for almost half of the egg loss events. We speculate that this may be a consequence of higher levels of anthropogenic disturbance (e.g., pedestrians, dog walking, vehicles) adjacent to our buffer zone acting as a deterrent to avian nest predators. This work suggests that protecting urban sites from disturbance may not always act to support bird abundance.
文摘Background: In primary care, social prescribing (SP) is where a patient is referred to a “link worker”, who considers their needs and then “prescribes” or connects them to appropriate community-based resources and services. Recent policy and guidance in the UK has significantly expanded the provision of SP to improve patient health and wellbeing. Methods: This study conducted a systematic review of evidence for SP effectiveness and to report needs addressed, interventions provided, and behaviour change techniques employed. Inclusion criterion was patient referral from primary care to a SP link worker. Online databases were searched for studies published from February 2016 to July 2021. Searches were restricted to English language only. Risk of bias assessment and a narrative analysis were undertaken. Results: Eight studies were included. All studies reported some positive outcomes. There were weaknesses and limitations in study design and in reporting of results: a lack of comparative controls, short duration and single point follow-up, a lack of standardised assessments, missing data, and a failure to consider potential confounding factors. All studies had features which indicated a high risk of bias. Conclusion: Evidence for the value and positive impact of SP is accumulating, but evaluation design remains relatively weak. There is a need to improve evaluation through robust methodological design and the adoption of universal outcome measures and evaluation/analytical framework. SP should seek to assess patient wellbeing, self-management, and quality of lifeoutcomes systematically, and adopt behaviour change techniques to enable healthier lifestyles in the short and long term.
文摘The COVID-19 pandemic posed a serious threat to life on the entire planet, necessitating the imposition of a lockdown mechanism that restricted people’s movements to stop the disease’s spread. This period experienced a decline in air pollution emissions and some environmental changes, offering a rare opportunity to understand the effects of fewer human activities on the earth’s temperature. Hence, this study compares the changes in Land Surface Temperature (LST) that were observed prior to the pandemic (March & April 2019) and during the pandemic lockdown (March & April 2020) of three parishes in Louisiana. The data for this study was acquired using Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) Level 2, Collection 2, Tier 2 from the Google Earth Engine Catalog. For better visualization, the images that were derived had a cloud cover of less than 10%. Also, images for the three study areas were processed and categorized into four main classes: water, vegetation, built-up areas, and bare lands using a Random Forest Supervised Classification Algorithm. To improve the accuracy of the image classifications, three Normalized Difference Indices namely the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI) were employed using the Near Infrared (NIR), Red, Green and SWIR bands for the calculations. After, these images were processed in Google Earth Engine to generate the LST products gridded at 30 m with a higher spatial resolution of 100 m according to the pre-pandemic (2019) and lockdown (2020) periods for the three study areas. Results of this study showed a decrease in LST values of the land cover classes from 2019 to 2020, with LST values in East Baton Parish decreasing from 44°C to 38°C, 42°C to 38°C in Lafayette Parish, and 43°C to 38°C in Orleans Parish. The variations in the LST values therefore indicate the impact of fewer anthropogenic factors on the earth’s temperature which requires regulatory and mitigative measures to continually reduce LST and control microclimate, especially in urban areas.
