In this conceptual paper,the author develops and presents a strategic decision-making framework that applies game theory to evaluate smart and natural farming approaches in India.In the face of increasing pressures fr...In this conceptual paper,the author develops and presents a strategic decision-making framework that applies game theory to evaluate smart and natural farming approaches in India.In the face of increasing pressures from climate change,resource scarcity,and evolving socio-economic landscapes,agriculture must adapt to the challenges of a volatile,uncertain,complex,and ambiguous(VUCA)world.When integrated with the Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas(PURA)framework,VUCA offers a dynamic system perspective that contextualizes uncertainty and institutional capacity in farming systems.This study applies a modified Spence signaling model to capture how farmers-categorized as smart or natural versus conventional-choose to signal their sustainability credentials in an environment of asymmetric information.Using a combination of payoff matrix modelling,Bayesian belief updating,and evolutionary game simulations,the paper identifies strategic equilibria under varying levels of policy support,consumer trust,and signal cost.Farmers’decisions to adopt smart technologies or organic certifications are modelled as costly but credible signals of quality.These signals are then interpreted by receivers such as consumers,investors,or policymakers,who in turn adjust their support or market preferences.The analysis reveals conditions under which separating,pooling,and semi-separating equilibria emerge,and how these outcomes impact farmer behaviour and systemic sustainability.Case studies from Indian states such as Andhra Pradesh,Karnataka,and Punjab demonstrate how real-world farming programs mirror theoretical outcomes under different signalling strategies.The study also presents a robust methodological structure,combining conceptual modelling with policy simulation and validation through comparative cases.By integrating environmental,technological,and institutional perspectives,this paper contributes a hybrid strategic framework aligned with India’s Green Revolution 2.0 goals.It offers practical recommendations for policy design,infrastructure planning,and market mechanisms that support the scaling of sustainable agricultural practices through credible signalling and game-theoretic insights.展开更多
Semidwarf breeding has boosted crop production and is a well-known outcome from the first Green Revolution. The Green Revolution gene Semidwarf 1(SD1), which modulates gibberellic acid(GA) biosynthesis, plays a princi...Semidwarf breeding has boosted crop production and is a well-known outcome from the first Green Revolution. The Green Revolution gene Semidwarf 1(SD1), which modulates gibberellic acid(GA) biosynthesis, plays a principal role in determining rice plant height. Mutations in SD1 reduce rice plant height and promote lodging resistance and fertilizer tolerance to increase grain production. The plant height mediated by SD1 also favors grain yield under certain conditions. However, it is not yet known whether the function of SD1 in upland rice promotes adaptation and grain production. In this study, the plant height and grain yield of irrigated and upland rice were comparatively analyzed under paddy and dryland conditions. In response to dryland environments, rice requires a reduction in plant height to cope with water deficits. Upland rice accessions had greater plant heights than their irrigated counterparts under both paddy and dryland conditions, and appropriately reducing plant height could improve adaptability to dryland environments and maintain high grain yield formation. Moreover, upland rice cultivars with thicker stem diameters had stronger lodging resistance, which addresses the lodging problem. Knockout of SD1 in the upland rice cultivar IRAT104 reduced the plant height and grain yield, demonstrating that the adjustment of plant height mediated by SD1 could increase grain production in dryland fields. In addition, an SD1 genetic diversity analysis verified that haplotype variation causes phenotypic variation in plant height. During the breeding history of rice, SD1 allelic mutations were selected from landraces to improve the grain yield of irrigated rice cultivars, and this selection was accompanied by a reduction in plant height. Thus, five known mutant alleles were analyzed to verify that functional SD1 is required for upland rice production. All these results suggest that SD1 might have undergone artificial positive selection in upland rice, which provides further insights concerning greater plant height in upland rice breeding.展开更多
Gaseous nitrogen （N2） makes up 78% of the earth＇s at- mosphere; its incorporation into a wide range of biological macromolecules molecules, such as nucleic acids and amino acids, makes it an essential part of all l...Gaseous nitrogen （N2） makes up 78% of the earth＇s at- mosphere; its incorporation into a wide range of biological macromolecules molecules, such as nucleic acids and amino acids, makes it an essential part of all life on earth. However, as nitrogen gas is inert, it remains unavailable to most organisms, including plants. Thus, in order to be useful for fertilizer production, gaseous nitrogen needs first to be converted into bioavailable organic nitrogen in processes which are inefficient and rate-limiting for agricultural pro- duction. It was not until about 100 years ago that BASF were able to produce synthetic ammonia, the main ingredient for fertilizer production, on an industrial scale from pressurized air using the Haber--Bosch process. This chemical process was not only an impressive technical feat that helped Haber （1918） and Bosch （1931） earn Nobel Prizes but also enabled farmers to achieve the high yields that drive modern agriculture.展开更多
The Green Revolution,which took place in the 1960s,was instrumental in increasing grain yields and mitigating the world’s food crisis.Breeding semi-dwarfing crops was a critical activity that significantly improved l...The Green Revolution,which took place in the 1960s,was instrumental in increasing grain yields and mitigating the world’s food crisis.Breeding semi-dwarfing crops was a critical activity that significantly improved lodging resistance,field management,and harvesting convenience.Subsequent molecular genetic studies revealed that the semi-dwarfing genes used in rice and wheat,two major staple crops,are related to the plant hormone gibberellin(GA).In rice,SD1 encodes a defective GA synthetic enzyme GA20ox-2,while in wheat,Rht-1(Rht-B1b or Rht-D1b)encodes the gain-of-function form of the GA signaling inhibitors known as DELLA proteins(Peng et al.,1999;Sasaki et al.,2002).However,defects in either GA synthesis or signaling can decrease nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)and potentially lead to inferior grain development.Ultimately,the success of the Green Revolution relies heavily on the massive input of nitrogen fertilizer,which causes severe environmental issues.展开更多
The development and dissemination of sawah rice eco-technology in Nigeria and Ghana as prerequisites for the actualization of green revolution in West Africa were described. It showed that the neglect of the eco-techn...The development and dissemination of sawah rice eco-technology in Nigeria and Ghana as prerequisites for the actualization of green revolution in West Africa were described. It showed that the neglect of the eco-technology and the overemphasis of the biotechnology have rendered the ineffective transferability of the green revolution process from Asia to Africa. The sawah eco-technology increases yield up to 5 t/hm2 through bunding and the use of inlet and outlet connecting irrigation and drainage, which enhances effective water control and management, improves the efficiency of fertilizer, improves nitrogen fixation by soil microbes and algae, increases the use of wetlands, improves soil organic matter accumulation, suppresses weed growth, and enhances immune mechanism of rice through nutrient supply. The current experience has therefore established that the technology overcomes the constraints that have limited the realization of green revolution in West Africa.展开更多
Vertical farming offers significant potential to tackle global challenges like urbanization,food security,and climate change.However,its widespread adoption is hindered by high costs,substantial energy demands,and thu...Vertical farming offers significant potential to tackle global challenges like urbanization,food security,and climate change.However,its widespread adoption is hindered by high costs,substantial energy demands,and thus low production efficiency.The limited range of economically viable crops further compounds these challenges.Beyond advancing infrastructure,rapidly developing crop cultivars tailored for vertical farming(VF)are essential to enhancing production efficiency.The gibberellin biosynthesis genes GA20-oxidase fueled the Green Revolution in cereals,while the anti-florigen genes SELF-PRUNING(SP)and SELF-PRUNING 5G(SP5G)revolutionized tomato production.Here,we engineer tomato germplasm optimized for VF by leveraging genome editing to integrate Green Revolution gene homologs and anti-florigen genes.Knocking out the tomato SlGA20ox1 gene,but not SlGA20ox2,results in a promising VF-suitable plant architecture featuring short stems and a compact canopy.When cultivated in a commercial vertical farm with multi-layered,LED-equipped automated hydroponic growth systems,slga20ox1 mutants saved space occupation by 75%,achieving a 38%-69%fruit yield increase with higher planting density,less space occupation,and lower lighting power consumption.Stacking SlGA20ox1 with SP and SP5G genes created a more compact plant architecture with accelerated flowering and synchronized fruit ripening.In commercial vertical farms,the sp sp5g slga20ox1 triple mutant reduced space occupation by 85%,shortened the harvest cycle by 16%and increased effective yield by 180%,significantly enhancing production efficiency.Our study demonstrates the potential of integrating agriculture practice-validated genes to rapidly develop tomato cultivars tailored for VF,providing a proof-of-concept for leveraging genome editing to boost production efficiency in VF.展开更多
The Green Revolution of the mid-20th century transformed agriculture worldwide and has resulted in envi-ronmental challenges.A new approach,the Second Green Revolution,seeks to enhance agricultural pro-ductivity while...The Green Revolution of the mid-20th century transformed agriculture worldwide and has resulted in envi-ronmental challenges.A new approach,the Second Green Revolution,seeks to enhance agricultural pro-ductivity while minimizing negative environmental impacts.Plant microbiomes play critical roles in plant growth and stress responses,and understanding plant–microbiome interactions is essential for developing sustainable agricultural practices that meet food security and safety challenges,which are among the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.This review provides a comprehensive exploration of key deterministic processes crucial for developing microbiome management strategies,including the host effect,the facilitator effect,and microbe–microbe interactions.A hierarchical framework for plant mi-crobiome modulation is proposed to bridge the gap between basic research and agricultural applications.This framework emphasizes three levels of modulation:single-strain,synthetic community,and in situ mi-crobiome modulation.Overall,rational management of plant microbiomes has wide-ranging applications in agriculture and can potentially be a core technology for the Second Green Revolution.展开更多
Plant architecture is a complex agronomic trait and a major factor of crop yield,which is affected by several important hormones.Strigolactones(SLs)are identified as a new class hormoneinhibiting branching in many pla...Plant architecture is a complex agronomic trait and a major factor of crop yield,which is affected by several important hormones.Strigolactones(SLs)are identified as a new class hormoneinhibiting branching in many plant species and have been shown to be involved in various developmental processes.Genetical and chemical modulation of the SL pathway is recognized as a promising approach to modify plant architecture.However,whether and how the genes involved in the SL pathway could be utilized in breeding still remain elusive.Here,we demonstrate that a partial loss-of-function allele of the SL biosynthesis gene,HIGH TILLERING AND DWARF 1/DWARF17(HTD1/D17),which encodes CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE 7(CCD7),increases tiller number and improves grain yield in rice.We found that the HTD1 gene had been widely utilized and co-selected with Semidwarf 1(SD1),both contributing to the improvement of plant architecture in modern rice varieties since the Green Revolution in the 1960s.Understanding how phytohormone pathway genes regulate plant architecture and how they have been utilized and selected in breeding will lay the foundation for developing the rational approaches toward improving crop yield.展开更多
Soybean(Glycine max),as an economically important food and oilseedcrop,is a major source of plant proteins and oils.Although considerable progress has been made in increasing the yields of rice,wheat,and maize through...Soybean(Glycine max),as an economically important food and oilseedcrop,is a major source of plant proteins and oils.Although considerable progress has been made in increasing the yields of rice,wheat,and maize through the“Green Revolution”,little improvements have been made for soybean.With the increasing demand of soybean production and the rapid development of crop breeding technologies,time has come for this important crop to undergo a Green Revolution.Here,we briefly summarize the history of crop breeding and Green Revolution in other crops.We then discuss the possible directions and potential approaches toward achieving a Green Revolution for soybean.We provide our views and perspectives on how to breed new soybean varieties with improved yield.展开更多
The unprecedented wheat yield increases during the Green Revolution were achieved through the introduc-tion of the Reduced height(Rht)-B1b and Rht-D1b semi-dwarfing alleles.These Rht-1 alleles encode growth-repressing...The unprecedented wheat yield increases during the Green Revolution were achieved through the introduc-tion of the Reduced height(Rht)-B1b and Rht-D1b semi-dwarfing alleles.These Rht-1 alleles encode growth-repressing DELLA genes containing a stop codon within their open reading frame that confers gibberellin(GA)-insensitive semi-dwarfism.In this study,we successfully took the hurdle of detecting wild-type RHT-1 proteins in different wheat organs and confirmed their degradation in response to GAs.We further demonstrated that Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b produce N-terminal truncated proteins through trans-lational reinitiation.Expression of these N-terminal truncated proteins in transgenic lines and in Rht-D1c,an allele containing multiple Rht-D1b copies,demonstrated their ability to cause strong dwarfism,resulting from their insensitivity to GA-mediated degradation.N-terminal truncated proteins were detected in spikes and nodes,but not in the aleurone layers.Since Rht-B 1b and Rht-D1b alleles cause dwarfism but have wild-type dormancy,this finding suggests that tissue-specific differences in translational reinitiation may explain why the Rht-1 alleles reduce plant height without affecting dormancy.Taken together,our findings not only reveal the molecular mechanism underlying the Green Revolution but also demonstrate that trans-lational reinitiation in the main open reading frame occurs in plants.展开更多
THE Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China(CPC), arrived in northern Shaanxi Province at the end of 1935 following an arduous journey of over 12,500 km. Survivors of th...THE Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China(CPC), arrived in northern Shaanxi Province at the end of 1935 following an arduous journey of over 12,500 km. Survivors of the Long March settled in the small bleak and desolate city ofYan’an.展开更多
Plant height is an important trait that affects the crop yield and overall productivity.The Green Revolution,which began in the 1960s,brought about a remarkable surge in grain production,largely credited to the introd...Plant height is an important trait that affects the crop yield and overall productivity.The Green Revolution,which began in the 1960s,brought about a remarkable surge in grain production,largely credited to the introduction of new wheat(Triticum aestivum)and rice(Oryza sativa)varieties,specifically the dwarf variants.Short plants offer several advantages,including denser planting,resistance to lodging,and easier application of fertilizers or fungicides(Stokstad,2023).展开更多
During long-term evolution,plants have signified a shift in their life-history strategy from perenniality to annuality to rapidly complete their reproduction in variable climatic environments.However,as the human popu...During long-term evolution,plants have signified a shift in their life-history strategy from perenniality to annuality to rapidly complete their reproduction in variable climatic environments.However,as the human population is rapidly increasing and fossil fuels are being increasingly consumed,it becomes essential to develop low-carbon agriculture and sustainable industries.Therefore,it is important to improve plant perennial flowering behavior to upgrade biomass production and maintain biodiversity as a green revolution and carbon neutralization strategy[1].展开更多
For China, green industrial revolution induced by global climate change poses not only the greatest challenge, but also the greatest opportunity. In the perspective of China's basic national conditions, and especi...For China, green industrial revolution induced by global climate change poses not only the greatest challenge, but also the greatest opportunity. In the perspective of China's basic national conditions, and especially its natural conditions, China's green development is the inevitable path of choice for the realization of sustainable development and scientific development. The essence of China's modernization 2050 is green modernization, taking the three-step strategy towards China's own green development and energy conservation and emission reduction. In combination with the 12 th Five Year Plan, its innovative positioning is "green development plan".展开更多
Discoveries in Charles Darwin’s laboratory led to modern herbicides. Darwin discovered the internal mechanism that directed plants to grow toward sunlight and sources of water. Scientists in Europe and America later ...Discoveries in Charles Darwin’s laboratory led to modern herbicides. Darwin discovered the internal mechanism that directed plants to grow toward sunlight and sources of water. Scientists in Europe and America later called this mechanism a plant’s hormone response system. Administrators and scientists, including Dr. Ezra J. Kraus, the Head of the Botany Department at the University of Chicago and a plant physiologist, suggested on the eve of WWII that weed killers had significant military value as chemical weapons. Dr. Kraus obtained access to a synthetic chemical, 2,4-D, and found that when the chemical was absorbed through the leaves of plants, it destroyed a plant’s hormones. After exposure, the plant experienced rapid and uncontrolled growth, and then the leaves shriveled, died and fell off. Dr. Kraus obtained funding for his Department of Botany research program from Department of Defense (DOD) during World War II (WWII). Camp Detrick (Biological Weapons Laboratory) scientists later obtained samples of newly created 2,4,5-T which contained unknown amounts of the by-product dioxin TCDD. In the 1950s and 1960s, Fort Detrick military scientists formulated the herbicide Agent Orange, which was a 50 - 50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. These dual purpose herbicides were used by DOD and USDA. American and European farmers in the 1940s used 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T to eliminate weeds from pastureland and cropland. After WWII, synthetic herbicides (and pesticides) development continued in tandem with production of synthetic fertilizers and breeding of high-yield plant varieties. These new agricultural products were then shipped worldwide to increase crop yields, as part of the Green Revolution. This new system of agricultural technologies was intended to eliminate global starvation and increase food security by increasing field and farm crop yields. In contrast, the goal of military use of herbicides, as chemical weapons, was to defoliate jungle forests and destroy food crops as a strategy to win battles and wars. The primary objective of this research study is to describe how agricultural herbicides became tactical chemical weapons. A current assessment will address the environmental impacts of military and environmental chemical weapons on the United States and Vietnam ecosystems and need for additional dioxin TCDD hotspot clean-up efforts.展开更多
Gene resources associated with plant stature and flowering time are invaluable for maize breeding.In this study,using an F2:3population derived from a natural semi-dwarf mutant grmm and a normal inbred line Si 273,we ...Gene resources associated with plant stature and flowering time are invaluable for maize breeding.In this study,using an F2:3population derived from a natural semi-dwarf mutant grmm and a normal inbred line Si 273,we identified a major pleiotropic QTL on the distal long arm of chromosome 1(qPH1_dla),and found that qPH1_dla controlled plant height,flowering time,ear and yield traits.qPH1_dla was finemapped to a 16 kb interval containing ZmAMP1,which was annotated as a glutamate carboxypeptidase.Allelism tests using two independent allelic mutants confirmed that ZmAMP1 was the causal gene.Realtime quantitative PCR and genomic sequence analysis suggested that a nonsynonymous mutation at the598th base of ZmAMP1 gene was the causal sequence variant for the dwarfism of grmm.This novel ZmAMP1 allele was named ZmAMP1_grmm.RNA sequencing using two pairs of near isogenic lines(NILs)showed that 84 up-regulated and 68 down-regulated genes in dwarf NILs were enriched in 15metabolic pathways.Finally,introgression of ZmAMP1_grmm into Zhengdan 958 and Xianyu 335 generated two improved F1lines.In field tests,they were semi-dwarf,early-flowering,lodging-resistant,and high-yielding under high-density planting conditions,suggesting that ZmAMP1_grmm is a promising Green Revolution gene for maize hybrid breeding.展开更多
Although agriculture is the backbone of the African economy, it has faced considerable challenges in the past sixty years. Africa has moved from being a self-sufficiency continent before the 1960s, to net food importe...Although agriculture is the backbone of the African economy, it has faced considerable challenges in the past sixty years. Africa has moved from being a self-sufficiency continent before the 1960s, to net food importers, with a handful of countries facing severe food shortages from drought, desertification, climate change and wars. In this article, we use the case of Northern Ghana to explore some of the salient dynamics that have resulted in the current crisis in the African agricultural sector over time. Using historical and contemporary evidence gathered from Northern Ghana during several field trips from 2013 to 2015, we argue that practices adopted as a result of colonial influence in combination with socio-economic and biophysical factors and ineffective economic policies have contributed immensely to the poor state of agriculture in Africa. Note should be taken that most of these economic policies have origins from the Structural Adjustment Policies and the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers. We conclude that our agricultural systems can be improved if policies are inclusive, equitable and sustainable and also if there are synergies between international or government organisations implementing agricultural projects over time and space.展开更多
With the global population projected to reach 11 billion by the year 2050, sustainably feeding the world’s growing population is one of the most pressing challenges we face, which is compounded by the acceleration of...With the global population projected to reach 11 billion by the year 2050, sustainably feeding the world’s growing population is one of the most pressing challenges we face, which is compounded by the acceleration of worsening climate change and dwindling natural resources. Gibberellins (GAs) play important roles in regulating various aspects of plant growth, development, and adaptation to environmental stresses. Mutations in key genes involved in GA biosynthesis and signaling, such as rice SEMI-DWARF1 (sd1) and wheat REDUCED HEIGHT-1, lead to the development of semi-dwarf green revolution varieties (GRVs), enhancing lodging resistance and boosting crop yields under high-density planting with intensive irrigation and chemical fertilization. However, GRVs have poor nitrogen use efficiency, a property conferred by an accumulation of growth-repressing DELLA proteins, which is also associated with the beneficial character of semi-dwarfism, thereby increasing chemical fertilizer demand for maximum crop yield. Another unanticipated consequence of these high-yield GRVs is reduced resilience and adaptability to various environments (Bailey-Serres et al., 2019). Over the past several decades, extensive research has been conducted to elucidate the molecular and physiological adaptive mechanisms of stress tolerance in plants, providing opportunities to use this knowledge to promote sustainable productivity (Kan et al., 2023). To date, the improvement of adverse stress tolerance in cereal crops through breeding has yet to achieve significant breakthroughs.展开更多
The indispensable role of nitrogen fertilizer in ensuring world food security together with the severe threats it poses to the ecosystem makes the usage of nitrogen fertilizer a major challenge for sustainable agricul...The indispensable role of nitrogen fertilizer in ensuring world food security together with the severe threats it poses to the ecosystem makes the usage of nitrogen fertilizer a major challenge for sustainable agriculture.Genetic improvement of crops with high nitrogen-use efficiency(NUE)is one of the most feasible solutions for tackling this challenge.In the last two decades,extensive efforts toward dissecting the variation of NUE-related traits and the underlying genetic basis in different germplasms have been made,and a series of achievements have been obtained in crops,especially in rice.Here,we summarize the approaches used for genetic dissection of NUE and the functions of the causal genes in modulating NUE as well as their applications in NUE improvement in rice.Strategies for exploring the variants controlling NUE and breeding future crops with“less-input-more-output”for sustainable agriculture are also proposed.展开更多
The agricultural green revolution of the 1960s boosted cereal crop yield was in part due to cultivation of semi-dwarf green revolution varieties.The semi-dwarf plants resist lodging and require high nitrogen(N)fertili...The agricultural green revolution of the 1960s boosted cereal crop yield was in part due to cultivation of semi-dwarf green revolution varieties.The semi-dwarf plants resist lodging and require high nitrogen(N)fertilizer inputs to maximize yield.To produce higher grain yield,inorganic fertilizer has been overused by Chinese farmers in intensive crop production.With the ongoing increase in the food demand of global population and the environmental pollution,improving crop productivity with reduced N supply is a pressing challenge.Despite a great deal of research efforts,to date only a few genes that improve N use efficiency(NUE)have been identified.The molecular mechanisms underlying the coordination of plant growth,carbon(C)and N assimilation is still not fully understood,thus preventing significant improvement.Recent advances have shed light on how explore NUE within an overall plant biology system that considered the co-regulation of plant growth,C and N metabolisms as a whole,rather than focusing specifically on N uptake and assimilation.There are several potential approaches to improve NUE discussed in this review.Increasing knowledge of how plants sense and respond to changes in N availability,as well as identifying new targets for breeding strategies to simultaneously improve NUE and grain yield,could usher in a new green revolution.展开更多
文摘In this conceptual paper,the author develops and presents a strategic decision-making framework that applies game theory to evaluate smart and natural farming approaches in India.In the face of increasing pressures from climate change,resource scarcity,and evolving socio-economic landscapes,agriculture must adapt to the challenges of a volatile,uncertain,complex,and ambiguous(VUCA)world.When integrated with the Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas(PURA)framework,VUCA offers a dynamic system perspective that contextualizes uncertainty and institutional capacity in farming systems.This study applies a modified Spence signaling model to capture how farmers-categorized as smart or natural versus conventional-choose to signal their sustainability credentials in an environment of asymmetric information.Using a combination of payoff matrix modelling,Bayesian belief updating,and evolutionary game simulations,the paper identifies strategic equilibria under varying levels of policy support,consumer trust,and signal cost.Farmers’decisions to adopt smart technologies or organic certifications are modelled as costly but credible signals of quality.These signals are then interpreted by receivers such as consumers,investors,or policymakers,who in turn adjust their support or market preferences.The analysis reveals conditions under which separating,pooling,and semi-separating equilibria emerge,and how these outcomes impact farmer behaviour and systemic sustainability.Case studies from Indian states such as Andhra Pradesh,Karnataka,and Punjab demonstrate how real-world farming programs mirror theoretical outcomes under different signalling strategies.The study also presents a robust methodological structure,combining conceptual modelling with policy simulation and validation through comparative cases.By integrating environmental,technological,and institutional perspectives,this paper contributes a hybrid strategic framework aligned with India’s Green Revolution 2.0 goals.It offers practical recommendations for policy design,infrastructure planning,and market mechanisms that support the scaling of sustainable agricultural practices through credible signalling and game-theoretic insights.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272079 and 32060474)the Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department,China(202101AS070001 and 202201BF070001-011)。
文摘Semidwarf breeding has boosted crop production and is a well-known outcome from the first Green Revolution. The Green Revolution gene Semidwarf 1(SD1), which modulates gibberellic acid(GA) biosynthesis, plays a principal role in determining rice plant height. Mutations in SD1 reduce rice plant height and promote lodging resistance and fertilizer tolerance to increase grain production. The plant height mediated by SD1 also favors grain yield under certain conditions. However, it is not yet known whether the function of SD1 in upland rice promotes adaptation and grain production. In this study, the plant height and grain yield of irrigated and upland rice were comparatively analyzed under paddy and dryland conditions. In response to dryland environments, rice requires a reduction in plant height to cope with water deficits. Upland rice accessions had greater plant heights than their irrigated counterparts under both paddy and dryland conditions, and appropriately reducing plant height could improve adaptability to dryland environments and maintain high grain yield formation. Moreover, upland rice cultivars with thicker stem diameters had stronger lodging resistance, which addresses the lodging problem. Knockout of SD1 in the upland rice cultivar IRAT104 reduced the plant height and grain yield, demonstrating that the adjustment of plant height mediated by SD1 could increase grain production in dryland fields. In addition, an SD1 genetic diversity analysis verified that haplotype variation causes phenotypic variation in plant height. During the breeding history of rice, SD1 allelic mutations were selected from landraces to improve the grain yield of irrigated rice cultivars, and this selection was accompanied by a reduction in plant height. Thus, five known mutant alleles were analyzed to verify that functional SD1 is required for upland rice production. All these results suggest that SD1 might have undergone artificial positive selection in upland rice, which provides further insights concerning greater plant height in upland rice breeding.
文摘Gaseous nitrogen （N2） makes up 78% of the earth＇s at- mosphere; its incorporation into a wide range of biological macromolecules molecules, such as nucleic acids and amino acids, makes it an essential part of all life on earth. However, as nitrogen gas is inert, it remains unavailable to most organisms, including plants. Thus, in order to be useful for fertilizer production, gaseous nitrogen needs first to be converted into bioavailable organic nitrogen in processes which are inefficient and rate-limiting for agricultural pro- duction. It was not until about 100 years ago that BASF were able to produce synthetic ammonia, the main ingredient for fertilizer production, on an industrial scale from pressurized air using the Haber--Bosch process. This chemical process was not only an impressive technical feat that helped Haber （1918） and Bosch （1931） earn Nobel Prizes but also enabled farmers to achieve the high yields that drive modern agriculture.
基金supported by grants from the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFD1201700)the National Science Foundation of China (U21A20208)
文摘The Green Revolution,which took place in the 1960s,was instrumental in increasing grain yields and mitigating the world’s food crisis.Breeding semi-dwarfing crops was a critical activity that significantly improved lodging resistance,field management,and harvesting convenience.Subsequent molecular genetic studies revealed that the semi-dwarfing genes used in rice and wheat,two major staple crops,are related to the plant hormone gibberellin(GA).In rice,SD1 encodes a defective GA synthetic enzyme GA20ox-2,while in wheat,Rht-1(Rht-B1b or Rht-D1b)encodes the gain-of-function form of the GA signaling inhibitors known as DELLA proteins(Peng et al.,1999;Sasaki et al.,2002).However,defects in either GA synthesis or signaling can decrease nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)and potentially lead to inferior grain development.Ultimately,the success of the Green Revolution relies heavily on the massive input of nitrogen fertilizer,which causes severe environmental issues.
文摘The development and dissemination of sawah rice eco-technology in Nigeria and Ghana as prerequisites for the actualization of green revolution in West Africa were described. It showed that the neglect of the eco-technology and the overemphasis of the biotechnology have rendered the ineffective transferability of the green revolution process from Asia to Africa. The sawah eco-technology increases yield up to 5 t/hm2 through bunding and the use of inlet and outlet connecting irrigation and drainage, which enhances effective water control and management, improves the efficiency of fertilizer, improves nitrogen fixation by soil microbes and algae, increases the use of wetlands, improves soil organic matter accumulation, suppresses weed growth, and enhances immune mechanism of rice through nutrient supply. The current experience has therefore established that the technology overcomes the constraints that have limited the realization of green revolution in West Africa.
基金supported by the Cooperation Project of China,the Netherlands(CAS-NWO)(151111KYSB20210001)the CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(YSBR-078)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32225045)to C.X.
文摘Vertical farming offers significant potential to tackle global challenges like urbanization,food security,and climate change.However,its widespread adoption is hindered by high costs,substantial energy demands,and thus low production efficiency.The limited range of economically viable crops further compounds these challenges.Beyond advancing infrastructure,rapidly developing crop cultivars tailored for vertical farming(VF)are essential to enhancing production efficiency.The gibberellin biosynthesis genes GA20-oxidase fueled the Green Revolution in cereals,while the anti-florigen genes SELF-PRUNING(SP)and SELF-PRUNING 5G(SP5G)revolutionized tomato production.Here,we engineer tomato germplasm optimized for VF by leveraging genome editing to integrate Green Revolution gene homologs and anti-florigen genes.Knocking out the tomato SlGA20ox1 gene,but not SlGA20ox2,results in a promising VF-suitable plant architecture featuring short stems and a compact canopy.When cultivated in a commercial vertical farm with multi-layered,LED-equipped automated hydroponic growth systems,slga20ox1 mutants saved space occupation by 75%,achieving a 38%-69%fruit yield increase with higher planting density,less space occupation,and lower lighting power consumption.Stacking SlGA20ox1 with SP and SP5G genes created a more compact plant architecture with accelerated flowering and synchronized fruit ripening.In commercial vertical farms,the sp sp5g slga20ox1 triple mutant reduced space occupation by 85%,shortened the harvest cycle by 16%and increased effective yield by 180%,significantly enhancing production efficiency.Our study demonstrates the potential of integrating agriculture practice-validated genes to rapidly develop tomato cultivars tailored for VF,providing a proof-of-concept for leveraging genome editing to boost production efficiency in VF.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos.32250015 and U21A2024)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Prov-ince (D2022503014)the Mid-Career Research Program (grant no.2020R1A2C3004237)of the National Research Foundation of the Republic of Korea for their financial support。
文摘The Green Revolution of the mid-20th century transformed agriculture worldwide and has resulted in envi-ronmental challenges.A new approach,the Second Green Revolution,seeks to enhance agricultural pro-ductivity while minimizing negative environmental impacts.Plant microbiomes play critical roles in plant growth and stress responses,and understanding plant–microbiome interactions is essential for developing sustainable agricultural practices that meet food security and safety challenges,which are among the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.This review provides a comprehensive exploration of key deterministic processes crucial for developing microbiome management strategies,including the host effect,the facilitator effect,and microbe–microbe interactions.A hierarchical framework for plant mi-crobiome modulation is proposed to bridge the gap between basic research and agricultural applications.This framework emphasizes three levels of modulation:single-strain,synthetic community,and in situ mi-crobiome modulation.Overall,rational management of plant microbiomes has wide-ranging applications in agriculture and can potentially be a core technology for the Second Green Revolution.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant no.2016YFpO101801)National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.91735304,31971921,31601285)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(grant no.LR20C130001)Shenzhen Peacock Plan(grant no.KQTD2016113010482651)。
文摘Plant architecture is a complex agronomic trait and a major factor of crop yield,which is affected by several important hormones.Strigolactones(SLs)are identified as a new class hormoneinhibiting branching in many plant species and have been shown to be involved in various developmental processes.Genetical and chemical modulation of the SL pathway is recognized as a promising approach to modify plant architecture.However,whether and how the genes involved in the SL pathway could be utilized in breeding still remain elusive.Here,we demonstrate that a partial loss-of-function allele of the SL biosynthesis gene,HIGH TILLERING AND DWARF 1/DWARF17(HTD1/D17),which encodes CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE 7(CCD7),increases tiller number and improves grain yield in rice.We found that the HTD1 gene had been widely utilized and co-selected with Semidwarf 1(SD1),both contributing to the improvement of plant architecture in modern rice varieties since the Green Revolution in the 1960s.Understanding how phytohormone pathway genes regulate plant architecture and how they have been utilized and selected in breeding will lay the foundation for developing the rational approaches toward improving crop yield.
基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences(ZDRWZS-2019-2)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31525018,31788103)+1 种基金the State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering(PCCE-KF-2019-05)key project of international scientific and technological innovation cooperation of Sino-Uruguay Joint Laboratory(no.2018YFE0116900).
文摘Soybean(Glycine max),as an economically important food and oilseedcrop,is a major source of plant proteins and oils.Although considerable progress has been made in increasing the yields of rice,wheat,and maize through the“Green Revolution”,little improvements have been made for soybean.With the increasing demand of soybean production and the rapid development of crop breeding technologies,time has come for this important crop to undergo a Green Revolution.Here,we briefly summarize the history of crop breeding and Green Revolution in other crops.We then discuss the possible directions and potential approaches toward achieving a Green Revolution for soybean.We provide our views and perspectives on how to breed new soybean varieties with improved yield.
基金D.V.D.S.acknowledges Ghent University for financial support.S.T.was supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council Designing Future Wheat Cross Institute Strategic Programme(grant BB/P016855/1).
文摘The unprecedented wheat yield increases during the Green Revolution were achieved through the introduc-tion of the Reduced height(Rht)-B1b and Rht-D1b semi-dwarfing alleles.These Rht-1 alleles encode growth-repressing DELLA genes containing a stop codon within their open reading frame that confers gibberellin(GA)-insensitive semi-dwarfism.In this study,we successfully took the hurdle of detecting wild-type RHT-1 proteins in different wheat organs and confirmed their degradation in response to GAs.We further demonstrated that Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b produce N-terminal truncated proteins through trans-lational reinitiation.Expression of these N-terminal truncated proteins in transgenic lines and in Rht-D1c,an allele containing multiple Rht-D1b copies,demonstrated their ability to cause strong dwarfism,resulting from their insensitivity to GA-mediated degradation.N-terminal truncated proteins were detected in spikes and nodes,but not in the aleurone layers.Since Rht-B 1b and Rht-D1b alleles cause dwarfism but have wild-type dormancy,this finding suggests that tissue-specific differences in translational reinitiation may explain why the Rht-1 alleles reduce plant height without affecting dormancy.Taken together,our findings not only reveal the molecular mechanism underlying the Green Revolution but also demonstrate that trans-lational reinitiation in the main open reading frame occurs in plants.
文摘THE Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China(CPC), arrived in northern Shaanxi Province at the end of 1935 following an arduous journey of over 12,500 km. Survivors of the Long March settled in the small bleak and desolate city ofYan’an.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270290)the Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resources(17DZ2252700).
文摘Plant height is an important trait that affects the crop yield and overall productivity.The Green Revolution,which began in the 1960s,brought about a remarkable surge in grain production,largely credited to the introduction of new wheat(Triticum aestivum)and rice(Oryza sativa)varieties,specifically the dwarf variants.Short plants offer several advantages,including denser planting,resistance to lodging,and easier application of fertilizers or fungicides(Stokstad,2023).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101701,32470273,32170268)Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China for Excellent Young Scientists(2024 AFA100)+1 种基金National 111 Project of the Ministry of Education of China(BP0820035)an Initiative Grant of Hubei University of Technology for High-level Talents(GCC20230001).
文摘During long-term evolution,plants have signified a shift in their life-history strategy from perenniality to annuality to rapidly complete their reproduction in variable climatic environments.However,as the human population is rapidly increasing and fossil fuels are being increasingly consumed,it becomes essential to develop low-carbon agriculture and sustainable industries.Therefore,it is important to improve plant perennial flowering behavior to upgrade biomass production and maintain biodiversity as a green revolution and carbon neutralization strategy[1].
文摘For China, green industrial revolution induced by global climate change poses not only the greatest challenge, but also the greatest opportunity. In the perspective of China's basic national conditions, and especially its natural conditions, China's green development is the inevitable path of choice for the realization of sustainable development and scientific development. The essence of China's modernization 2050 is green modernization, taking the three-step strategy towards China's own green development and energy conservation and emission reduction. In combination with the 12 th Five Year Plan, its innovative positioning is "green development plan".
文摘Discoveries in Charles Darwin’s laboratory led to modern herbicides. Darwin discovered the internal mechanism that directed plants to grow toward sunlight and sources of water. Scientists in Europe and America later called this mechanism a plant’s hormone response system. Administrators and scientists, including Dr. Ezra J. Kraus, the Head of the Botany Department at the University of Chicago and a plant physiologist, suggested on the eve of WWII that weed killers had significant military value as chemical weapons. Dr. Kraus obtained access to a synthetic chemical, 2,4-D, and found that when the chemical was absorbed through the leaves of plants, it destroyed a plant’s hormones. After exposure, the plant experienced rapid and uncontrolled growth, and then the leaves shriveled, died and fell off. Dr. Kraus obtained funding for his Department of Botany research program from Department of Defense (DOD) during World War II (WWII). Camp Detrick (Biological Weapons Laboratory) scientists later obtained samples of newly created 2,4,5-T which contained unknown amounts of the by-product dioxin TCDD. In the 1950s and 1960s, Fort Detrick military scientists formulated the herbicide Agent Orange, which was a 50 - 50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. These dual purpose herbicides were used by DOD and USDA. American and European farmers in the 1940s used 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T to eliminate weeds from pastureland and cropland. After WWII, synthetic herbicides (and pesticides) development continued in tandem with production of synthetic fertilizers and breeding of high-yield plant varieties. These new agricultural products were then shipped worldwide to increase crop yields, as part of the Green Revolution. This new system of agricultural technologies was intended to eliminate global starvation and increase food security by increasing field and farm crop yields. In contrast, the goal of military use of herbicides, as chemical weapons, was to defoliate jungle forests and destroy food crops as a strategy to win battles and wars. The primary objective of this research study is to describe how agricultural herbicides became tactical chemical weapons. A current assessment will address the environmental impacts of military and environmental chemical weapons on the United States and Vietnam ecosystems and need for additional dioxin TCDD hotspot clean-up efforts.
基金supported by the Hainan Provincial Joint Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City(320LH043)the Key Scientific and Technological Research Project in Henan Province(222102110091)+2 种基金the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02-13)the Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory(B21HJ0223)the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS)Innovation Project(CAAS-ZDRW202004)。
文摘Gene resources associated with plant stature and flowering time are invaluable for maize breeding.In this study,using an F2:3population derived from a natural semi-dwarf mutant grmm and a normal inbred line Si 273,we identified a major pleiotropic QTL on the distal long arm of chromosome 1(qPH1_dla),and found that qPH1_dla controlled plant height,flowering time,ear and yield traits.qPH1_dla was finemapped to a 16 kb interval containing ZmAMP1,which was annotated as a glutamate carboxypeptidase.Allelism tests using two independent allelic mutants confirmed that ZmAMP1 was the causal gene.Realtime quantitative PCR and genomic sequence analysis suggested that a nonsynonymous mutation at the598th base of ZmAMP1 gene was the causal sequence variant for the dwarfism of grmm.This novel ZmAMP1 allele was named ZmAMP1_grmm.RNA sequencing using two pairs of near isogenic lines(NILs)showed that 84 up-regulated and 68 down-regulated genes in dwarf NILs were enriched in 15metabolic pathways.Finally,introgression of ZmAMP1_grmm into Zhengdan 958 and Xianyu 335 generated two improved F1lines.In field tests,they were semi-dwarf,early-flowering,lodging-resistant,and high-yielding under high-density planting conditions,suggesting that ZmAMP1_grmm is a promising Green Revolution gene for maize hybrid breeding.
文摘Although agriculture is the backbone of the African economy, it has faced considerable challenges in the past sixty years. Africa has moved from being a self-sufficiency continent before the 1960s, to net food importers, with a handful of countries facing severe food shortages from drought, desertification, climate change and wars. In this article, we use the case of Northern Ghana to explore some of the salient dynamics that have resulted in the current crisis in the African agricultural sector over time. Using historical and contemporary evidence gathered from Northern Ghana during several field trips from 2013 to 2015, we argue that practices adopted as a result of colonial influence in combination with socio-economic and biophysical factors and ineffective economic policies have contributed immensely to the poor state of agriculture in Africa. Note should be taken that most of these economic policies have origins from the Structural Adjustment Policies and the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers. We conclude that our agricultural systems can be improved if policies are inclusive, equitable and sustainable and also if there are synergies between international or government organisations implementing agricultural projects over time and space.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32020103004)the New Cornerstone Investigation Program(NCI202234).
文摘With the global population projected to reach 11 billion by the year 2050, sustainably feeding the world’s growing population is one of the most pressing challenges we face, which is compounded by the acceleration of worsening climate change and dwindling natural resources. Gibberellins (GAs) play important roles in regulating various aspects of plant growth, development, and adaptation to environmental stresses. Mutations in key genes involved in GA biosynthesis and signaling, such as rice SEMI-DWARF1 (sd1) and wheat REDUCED HEIGHT-1, lead to the development of semi-dwarf green revolution varieties (GRVs), enhancing lodging resistance and boosting crop yields under high-density planting with intensive irrigation and chemical fertilization. However, GRVs have poor nitrogen use efficiency, a property conferred by an accumulation of growth-repressing DELLA proteins, which is also associated with the beneficial character of semi-dwarfism, thereby increasing chemical fertilizer demand for maximum crop yield. Another unanticipated consequence of these high-yield GRVs is reduced resilience and adaptability to various environments (Bailey-Serres et al., 2019). Over the past several decades, extensive research has been conducted to elucidate the molecular and physiological adaptive mechanisms of stress tolerance in plants, providing opportunities to use this knowledge to promote sustainable productivity (Kan et al., 2023). To date, the improvement of adverse stress tolerance in cereal crops through breeding has yet to achieve significant breakthroughs.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFF1000400)National Nat-ural Science Foundation of China(31922007).
文摘The indispensable role of nitrogen fertilizer in ensuring world food security together with the severe threats it poses to the ecosystem makes the usage of nitrogen fertilizer a major challenge for sustainable agriculture.Genetic improvement of crops with high nitrogen-use efficiency(NUE)is one of the most feasible solutions for tackling this challenge.In the last two decades,extensive efforts toward dissecting the variation of NUE-related traits and the underlying genetic basis in different germplasms have been made,and a series of achievements have been obtained in crops,especially in rice.Here,we summarize the approaches used for genetic dissection of NUE and the functions of the causal genes in modulating NUE as well as their applications in NUE improvement in rice.Strategies for exploring the variants controlling NUE and breeding future crops with“less-input-more-output”for sustainable agriculture are also proposed.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0100901)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971916)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,Chinese Academy of Sciences(2019-100).
文摘The agricultural green revolution of the 1960s boosted cereal crop yield was in part due to cultivation of semi-dwarf green revolution varieties.The semi-dwarf plants resist lodging and require high nitrogen(N)fertilizer inputs to maximize yield.To produce higher grain yield,inorganic fertilizer has been overused by Chinese farmers in intensive crop production.With the ongoing increase in the food demand of global population and the environmental pollution,improving crop productivity with reduced N supply is a pressing challenge.Despite a great deal of research efforts,to date only a few genes that improve N use efficiency(NUE)have been identified.The molecular mechanisms underlying the coordination of plant growth,carbon(C)and N assimilation is still not fully understood,thus preventing significant improvement.Recent advances have shed light on how explore NUE within an overall plant biology system that considered the co-regulation of plant growth,C and N metabolisms as a whole,rather than focusing specifically on N uptake and assimilation.There are several potential approaches to improve NUE discussed in this review.Increasing knowledge of how plants sense and respond to changes in N availability,as well as identifying new targets for breeding strategies to simultaneously improve NUE and grain yield,could usher in a new green revolution.
