The"Great Unity"is a philosophical proposition with temporal and spatial dimensions.Temporally,"Great Unity"represents the monarch's central role in historical succession;spatially,"Great ...The"Great Unity"is a philosophical proposition with temporal and spatial dimensions.Temporally,"Great Unity"represents the monarch's central role in historical succession;spatially,"Great Unity"represents the differential mode of association extending from the royal capital to distant tribes.This centrality in time and space is relative,thus necessitating the integration of the three traditions,which signifies the idea that a ruler must respect and acknowledge the legitimacy of preceding dynasties,establishing their own system of rituality and performativity upon inheriting the legacy of earlier dynasties.The"Great Unity"is achieved by integrating the three regimes into one system,its core meaning lies in the unification of the calendar system,thereby achieving temporospatial unity,and affirming the ruler's central position across time and space.From a supra-dynastic perspective,the rituality and performativity system has evolved throughout history,with time as its paramount factor-this very dynamism serves as its driving force.展开更多
This article focuses on the evolution of the notion of"the Great Unity"and its modern significance from three perspectives.They are,as follows,the relationship between the notions of"the Great Unity&quo...This article focuses on the evolution of the notion of"the Great Unity"and its modern significance from three perspectives.They are,as follows,the relationship between the notions of"the Great Unity"and"orthodox view,"the way of the Qing Dynasty's reconstructing its understanding of"China"through the concept of the Great Unity,"and the formation of the concept of"the Chinese nation"and its relationship with the notion of"the Great Unity."In order to avoid solely emphasizing the role of the notion of"the Great Unity"in territorial expansion,or treating it as a negative ideological resource against the modern nation-state system,this article also aims to provide a new explanation to the relationship between the formation of the notions of"the Chinese nation"and"the Great Unity."展开更多
The ethnic groups inhabiting the territory of China,along with the regimes they established,can be categorised into two primary types:agricultural and nomadic.Under the framework of the concept of"the Great Unity...The ethnic groups inhabiting the territory of China,along with the regimes they established,can be categorised into two primary types:agricultural and nomadic.Under the framework of the concept of"the Great Unity,"these two groups collaboratively contributed to the formation of a multi-ethnic nation known as China.The notion of"the Great Unity"originated among the agricultural communities of the Central Plains,but it was subsequently embraced and further developed by nomadic ethnic groups.This concept was articulated through phases of confrontation,identification,and development,and exemplified by the historical trajectories of the Xiongnu and the Xianbei.Various nomadic groups,including the Turks,Khitans,Jurchens,and Mongols,actively participated in the pursuit of unification of"China."The Qing Dynasty represented the culmination of these historical processes,as it solidified and implemented the principles of"the Great Unity,"effectively transitioning multi-ethnic China from a traditional dynasty to a modern sovereign state.A nuanced understanding of the roles played by agricultural and nomadic groups in the process of"the Great Unity"is essential for comprehending the historical formation and development of a multi-ethnic nation and evaluating the significant contributions of these two major groups.展开更多
The basic human rights concepts in Chinese classics mainly encompass three categories:the concept of order and freedom influenced by the worldview of the harmony between humanity and nature,the concept of human subjec...The basic human rights concepts in Chinese classics mainly encompass three categories:the concept of order and freedom influenced by the worldview of the harmony between humanity and nature,the concept of human subjectivity and the source of human rights influenced by the people-oriented or benevolence-oriented values,as well as the concept of the relationship between human rights and state power guided by the outlook on life of the great unity of all under heaven(tianxia).Among them,the concept of order and freedom of the harmony between humanity and nature and modeling itself on nature is more beneficial to the stability and development of human society than the Western concept of order and freedom under“rational choice.”The norm prototype of“Do not do to others what you do not want others to do to you”formed the Article 4 of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789,and the concepts of“benevolence”and“human superiority”were written into Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the preamble of the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment,respectively,which have become the common spiritual wealth of all humankind.The ancient Chinese imperial examination system for selecting virtuous and capable people was basically consistent with the provisions on the political rights of citizens to hold public office stipulated in contemporary human rights documents,and was advanced in the world at that time.The contemporary Chinese system of“the state respects and protects human rights”is a system rooted in the Chinese historical and cultural traditions and is with the superiority of socialism.展开更多
The laws and regulations in human history can be revealed by computational models.From 221 before Christ(BC)to 1912 Anno Domini(AD),the unification pattern has dominated the main part of Chinese history for 2132 years...The laws and regulations in human history can be revealed by computational models.From 221 before Christ(BC)to 1912 Anno Domini(AD),the unification pattern has dominated the main part of Chinese history for 2132 years.Before the emergence of the first unified empire,the Qin Empire in 221 BC,there existed the Eastern Zhou dynasty(770 BC to 221 BC).This long dynasty has two stages,and here we focus on the first stage.This Spring-Autumn stage was from 770 BC(with 148 states)to 476 BC(with 32 states).The whole country(China)is modelled as a multi‐agent system,which contains multiple local states.They behave autonomously under certain action rules(wars and conflicts),which forms the main reason for the annexations and disappearance of most states.Key factors(power,loyalty,bellicosity and alliance)have been considered in our model settings,and simulation outcomes will be monitored and collected.Eventually,an optimal solution is obtained,which well unveils the internal mechanism and statistical features of real big history.Furthermore,counterfactuals are used to explore the non‐linear effects of the key factors,which deepens the authors’understanding of civilisa-tion evolutions in human history.展开更多
As its rule gradually stabilized in the early Qing period,the Qing court increasingly emphasized border governance and the role of education and culture in statecraft,highlighting the coordination of political and cul...As its rule gradually stabilized in the early Qing period,the Qing court increasingly emphasized border governance and the role of education and culture in statecraft,highlighting the coordination of political and cultural unification.The strategy of"promoting education and venerating Confucian teachings"became crucial in governing Taiwan.Several academies were established in Taiwan during the reigns of Kangxi,Yongzheng,and Qianlong.These academies were expanded and renovated,provided with ample funding,and managed with improved oversight,leading to their flourishing.As a result,the ideology centered on imperial authority permeated the minds of Taiwan residents scholars,fostering a spiritual belief in Chinese culture among the local population.The establishment of academies in Taiwan not only enhanced exchanges between Taiwan and the mainland but also cultivated a great number of talents.This development contributed to the consolidation and development of the Qing's unified multi-ethnic state,spreading patriotic thoughts and increasing the national consciousness and determination of the Taiwan residents people to maintain national unity.Thus,it laid a solid cultural foundation for the formation of a sense of national identity in Taiwan and the construction of"the Great Unity"state.展开更多
文摘The"Great Unity"is a philosophical proposition with temporal and spatial dimensions.Temporally,"Great Unity"represents the monarch's central role in historical succession;spatially,"Great Unity"represents the differential mode of association extending from the royal capital to distant tribes.This centrality in time and space is relative,thus necessitating the integration of the three traditions,which signifies the idea that a ruler must respect and acknowledge the legitimacy of preceding dynasties,establishing their own system of rituality and performativity upon inheriting the legacy of earlier dynasties.The"Great Unity"is achieved by integrating the three regimes into one system,its core meaning lies in the unification of the calendar system,thereby achieving temporospatial unity,and affirming the ruler's central position across time and space.From a supra-dynastic perspective,the rituality and performativity system has evolved throughout history,with time as its paramount factor-this very dynamism serves as its driving force.
文摘This article focuses on the evolution of the notion of"the Great Unity"and its modern significance from three perspectives.They are,as follows,the relationship between the notions of"the Great Unity"and"orthodox view,"the way of the Qing Dynasty's reconstructing its understanding of"China"through the concept of the Great Unity,"and the formation of the concept of"the Chinese nation"and its relationship with the notion of"the Great Unity."In order to avoid solely emphasizing the role of the notion of"the Great Unity"in territorial expansion,or treating it as a negative ideological resource against the modern nation-state system,this article also aims to provide a new explanation to the relationship between the formation of the notions of"the Chinese nation"and"the Great Unity."
文摘The ethnic groups inhabiting the territory of China,along with the regimes they established,can be categorised into two primary types:agricultural and nomadic.Under the framework of the concept of"the Great Unity,"these two groups collaboratively contributed to the formation of a multi-ethnic nation known as China.The notion of"the Great Unity"originated among the agricultural communities of the Central Plains,but it was subsequently embraced and further developed by nomadic ethnic groups.This concept was articulated through phases of confrontation,identification,and development,and exemplified by the historical trajectories of the Xiongnu and the Xianbei.Various nomadic groups,including the Turks,Khitans,Jurchens,and Mongols,actively participated in the pursuit of unification of"China."The Qing Dynasty represented the culmination of these historical processes,as it solidified and implemented the principles of"the Great Unity,"effectively transitioning multi-ethnic China from a traditional dynasty to a modern sovereign state.A nuanced understanding of the roles played by agricultural and nomadic groups in the process of"the Great Unity"is essential for comprehending the historical formation and development of a multi-ethnic nation and evaluating the significant contributions of these two major groups.
文摘The basic human rights concepts in Chinese classics mainly encompass three categories:the concept of order and freedom influenced by the worldview of the harmony between humanity and nature,the concept of human subjectivity and the source of human rights influenced by the people-oriented or benevolence-oriented values,as well as the concept of the relationship between human rights and state power guided by the outlook on life of the great unity of all under heaven(tianxia).Among them,the concept of order and freedom of the harmony between humanity and nature and modeling itself on nature is more beneficial to the stability and development of human society than the Western concept of order and freedom under“rational choice.”The norm prototype of“Do not do to others what you do not want others to do to you”formed the Article 4 of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789,and the concepts of“benevolence”and“human superiority”were written into Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the preamble of the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment,respectively,which have become the common spiritual wealth of all humankind.The ancient Chinese imperial examination system for selecting virtuous and capable people was basically consistent with the provisions on the political rights of citizens to hold public office stipulated in contemporary human rights documents,and was advanced in the world at that time.The contemporary Chinese system of“the state respects and protects human rights”is a system rooted in the Chinese historical and cultural traditions and is with the superiority of socialism.
基金supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China(Grant No.17ZDA117).
文摘The laws and regulations in human history can be revealed by computational models.From 221 before Christ(BC)to 1912 Anno Domini(AD),the unification pattern has dominated the main part of Chinese history for 2132 years.Before the emergence of the first unified empire,the Qin Empire in 221 BC,there existed the Eastern Zhou dynasty(770 BC to 221 BC).This long dynasty has two stages,and here we focus on the first stage.This Spring-Autumn stage was from 770 BC(with 148 states)to 476 BC(with 32 states).The whole country(China)is modelled as a multi‐agent system,which contains multiple local states.They behave autonomously under certain action rules(wars and conflicts),which forms the main reason for the annexations and disappearance of most states.Key factors(power,loyalty,bellicosity and alliance)have been considered in our model settings,and simulation outcomes will be monitored and collected.Eventually,an optimal solution is obtained,which well unveils the internal mechanism and statistical features of real big history.Furthermore,counterfactuals are used to explore the non‐linear effects of the key factors,which deepens the authors’understanding of civilisa-tion evolutions in human history.
文摘As its rule gradually stabilized in the early Qing period,the Qing court increasingly emphasized border governance and the role of education and culture in statecraft,highlighting the coordination of political and cultural unification.The strategy of"promoting education and venerating Confucian teachings"became crucial in governing Taiwan.Several academies were established in Taiwan during the reigns of Kangxi,Yongzheng,and Qianlong.These academies were expanded and renovated,provided with ample funding,and managed with improved oversight,leading to their flourishing.As a result,the ideology centered on imperial authority permeated the minds of Taiwan residents scholars,fostering a spiritual belief in Chinese culture among the local population.The establishment of academies in Taiwan not only enhanced exchanges between Taiwan and the mainland but also cultivated a great number of talents.This development contributed to the consolidation and development of the Qing's unified multi-ethnic state,spreading patriotic thoughts and increasing the national consciousness and determination of the Taiwan residents people to maintain national unity.Thus,it laid a solid cultural foundation for the formation of a sense of national identity in Taiwan and the construction of"the Great Unity"state.
