Geo-monitoring provides quantitative and reliable information to identify hazards and adopt appropriate measures timely.However,this task inherently exposes monitoring staff to hazardous environments,especially in und...Geo-monitoring provides quantitative and reliable information to identify hazards and adopt appropriate measures timely.However,this task inherently exposes monitoring staff to hazardous environments,especially in underground settings.Since 2000s,robots have been widely applied in various fields and many studies have focused on establishing autonomous mobile robotic systems as well as solving the issue of underground navigation and mapping.However,only a few studies have conducted quantitative evaluations of these methods,and almost none have provided a systematic and comprehensive assessment of the suitability of mapping robots for underground geo-monitoring.In this study,a methodology for objective and quantitative assessment of the applicability of SLAM methods in underground geo-monitoring is proposed.This involves the development of an underground test field and some specific metrics,which allow detailed local accuracy analysis of point measurements,line segments,and areas using artificial targets.With this proposed methodology,a series of repeated experimental measurements has been performed with an autonomous driving robot and the selected LiDAR-and visual-based SLAM methods.The resulting point cloud was compared with the reference data measured by a total station and a terrestrial laser scanner.The accuracy and precision of the selected SLAM methods as well as the verifiability and reliability of the results are evaluated and discussed by analysing quantities such as the deviations of the control points coordinates,cloudto-cloud distances between the test and reference point cloud,normal vector,centre point coordinates and area of the planar objects.The results demonstrate that the HDL Graph SLAM achieves satisfactory precision,accuracy,and repeatability with a mean cloud-to-cloud distance of 0.12 m(with a standard deviation of 0.13 m)in an 80 m closed-loop measurement area.Although RTAB-Map exhibits better plane-capturing capabilities,the measurement results reveal instability and inaccuracies.展开更多
地磁同步定位与构图(simultaneously localization and mapping,SLAM)无须先验地磁指纹库,即可实现基于智能手机的未知室内环境定位。然而,智能手机地磁SLAM仍受限于惯性定位精度差、因子图优化算法动态适应能力不足及大型场景SLAM应用...地磁同步定位与构图(simultaneously localization and mapping,SLAM)无须先验地磁指纹库,即可实现基于智能手机的未知室内环境定位。然而,智能手机地磁SLAM仍受限于惯性定位精度差、因子图优化算法动态适应能力不足及大型场景SLAM应用系统性能恶化等技术瓶颈。为解决此问题,本文通过设计方差时序递增机制和多源关键数据帧,提出一种面向大型室内场景的地磁SLAM增强优化算法。首先,为了提高惯性定位精度,本文挖掘行人运动过程中呈现出的特征规律构建观测方程,并融合地磁环境信息实现手机端地磁SLAM。然后,针对因子图优化算法动态适应能力不足,采用前端卡尔曼滤波与后端因子图优化相结合的定位框架提升时效性,同时设计方差时序递增机制,动态融合不同定位方法。最后,为了缓解大型场景地磁SLAM性能恶化,在时序维度上扩展关键帧概念和特征表达能力,有效缓解大型场景地磁误匹配问题;结合多源数据设计稳健回环探测与匹配算法,构建关键帧评分机制降低空间密度,从而提高算法效率。试验结果表明,本文实现了大型室内场景闭环情形下的地磁SLAM,相比惯性定位和经典地磁SLAM,本文提出的地磁SLAM增强优化方法的位置均方根误差降低了18%~67%;并且在仅利用标准方法22.6%的关键帧数量的前提下,本文方法仍能保持更高精度、更平滑的定位结果;通过试验探究了参数设置对定位精度和运行时间的影响,明确了地磁图构建首要因素基函数体素网格边长。展开更多
基金supported by the German Academic Scholarship Foundation,the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG,German Research Foundation,Project number 422117092)the Saxon Ministry of Science and Arts.
文摘Geo-monitoring provides quantitative and reliable information to identify hazards and adopt appropriate measures timely.However,this task inherently exposes monitoring staff to hazardous environments,especially in underground settings.Since 2000s,robots have been widely applied in various fields and many studies have focused on establishing autonomous mobile robotic systems as well as solving the issue of underground navigation and mapping.However,only a few studies have conducted quantitative evaluations of these methods,and almost none have provided a systematic and comprehensive assessment of the suitability of mapping robots for underground geo-monitoring.In this study,a methodology for objective and quantitative assessment of the applicability of SLAM methods in underground geo-monitoring is proposed.This involves the development of an underground test field and some specific metrics,which allow detailed local accuracy analysis of point measurements,line segments,and areas using artificial targets.With this proposed methodology,a series of repeated experimental measurements has been performed with an autonomous driving robot and the selected LiDAR-and visual-based SLAM methods.The resulting point cloud was compared with the reference data measured by a total station and a terrestrial laser scanner.The accuracy and precision of the selected SLAM methods as well as the verifiability and reliability of the results are evaluated and discussed by analysing quantities such as the deviations of the control points coordinates,cloudto-cloud distances between the test and reference point cloud,normal vector,centre point coordinates and area of the planar objects.The results demonstrate that the HDL Graph SLAM achieves satisfactory precision,accuracy,and repeatability with a mean cloud-to-cloud distance of 0.12 m(with a standard deviation of 0.13 m)in an 80 m closed-loop measurement area.Although RTAB-Map exhibits better plane-capturing capabilities,the measurement results reveal instability and inaccuracies.
文摘地磁同步定位与构图(simultaneously localization and mapping,SLAM)无须先验地磁指纹库,即可实现基于智能手机的未知室内环境定位。然而,智能手机地磁SLAM仍受限于惯性定位精度差、因子图优化算法动态适应能力不足及大型场景SLAM应用系统性能恶化等技术瓶颈。为解决此问题,本文通过设计方差时序递增机制和多源关键数据帧,提出一种面向大型室内场景的地磁SLAM增强优化算法。首先,为了提高惯性定位精度,本文挖掘行人运动过程中呈现出的特征规律构建观测方程,并融合地磁环境信息实现手机端地磁SLAM。然后,针对因子图优化算法动态适应能力不足,采用前端卡尔曼滤波与后端因子图优化相结合的定位框架提升时效性,同时设计方差时序递增机制,动态融合不同定位方法。最后,为了缓解大型场景地磁SLAM性能恶化,在时序维度上扩展关键帧概念和特征表达能力,有效缓解大型场景地磁误匹配问题;结合多源数据设计稳健回环探测与匹配算法,构建关键帧评分机制降低空间密度,从而提高算法效率。试验结果表明,本文实现了大型室内场景闭环情形下的地磁SLAM,相比惯性定位和经典地磁SLAM,本文提出的地磁SLAM增强优化方法的位置均方根误差降低了18%~67%;并且在仅利用标准方法22.6%的关键帧数量的前提下,本文方法仍能保持更高精度、更平滑的定位结果;通过试验探究了参数设置对定位精度和运行时间的影响,明确了地磁图构建首要因素基函数体素网格边长。
