This study aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying primary bud necrosis(PBN)in grapevines.PBN is a physiological disorder that significantly reduces grape yields.The four varieties,‘Shine Muscat’,‘Summer Blac...This study aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying primary bud necrosis(PBN)in grapevines.PBN is a physiological disorder that significantly reduces grape yields.The four varieties,‘Shine Muscat’,‘Summer Black’,‘Ruby Seedless’,and‘Hutai 8’,were investigated and found to exhibit differences in PBN,which was positively correlated with the speed and extent of inflorescence differentiation.Among them,‘Summer Black’was most susceptible to PBN.Treatment with gibberellin acid 3(GA_(3))notably accelerated and exacerbated PBN in‘Summer Black’,whereas the endogenous gibberellin(GA)inhibitor chlorocholine chloride(CCC)delayed or prevented PBN onset.Histological observations of dormant bud tissues revealed PBN progression in stages,starting with the expansion of cells in the necrosis zone(NZ),followed by cell wall irregularities and collapse,buckling cell layer formation,and subsequent cell separation.In the water control group,NZ mainly occurred in the bud scale layer.However,by the second week after GA_(3) treatment,primary buds visibly elongated,and NZ was formed at multiple locations along the primary buds.Transcriptomic analyses revealed significant regulation of stress-related genes,including reactive oxygen species(ROS)and heat-shock proteins(HSPs),following GA_(3) treatment.Genes related to jasmonic acid(JA)biosynthesis and signaling pathways were upregulated after week 2,whereas CCC treatment led to the downregulation of these genes.Furthermore,genes associated with cations such as calcium,iron,and copper showed significant changes across all transcriptome samples.Genes associated with the degradation of cell membranes and cell walls were upregulated in samples treated with GA_(3) and water control.Overall,these findings suggested that GA_(3) promoted PBN by enhancing JA synthesis and modulating the cell necrosis pathway via JA signaling.This process involved ROS accumulation and activation of cation pathways,leading to endomembrane and cell wall degradation,cell rupture,and,ultimately,PBN development.展开更多
To decipher the relationship between the inhibited shoot growth and expression pattern of key enzymes in nitrogen metabolism under root restriction, the effects of root restriction on diurnal variation of expression o...To decipher the relationship between the inhibited shoot growth and expression pattern of key enzymes in nitrogen metabolism under root restriction, the effects of root restriction on diurnal variation of expression of nitrate reductase （NR）, nitrite reductase （NiR）, glutamine synthetase （GSI-1, GS1-2, GS2） and glutamate synthase （Fd-GOGAT, NADH-GOGAT） genes and nitrogen levels were evaluated in two-year-old Jumeigui grapevines （Vitis vinifera L.xVitis labrusca L.） when significant differences in shoot growth were observed between treatments at expansion stage （22 days after anthesis）. Grapevines were planted in root-restricting pits as root restriction and in an unrestricted field as the control. Results showed that root restriction significantly reduced shoot growth, but promoted the growth of white roots and fibrous brown roots and improved the fruit quality. （NO3-＋NO2-）-N concentration in all plant parts, NH4＋-N concentration in white roots and total N concentration in leaves and brown roots were significantly reduced under root restriction. Gene expression analysis revealed that mRNA levels of genes related to the GS1/NADH-GOGAT pathway were lower in root-restricted than in control petioles, whereas genes involved in the GS2/Fd-GOGAT pathway were up-regulated under root restriction. Root restriction also resulted in downregulation of genes involved in nitrogen metabolism in leaves, especially at 10：00, while transcript levels of all these genes were enhanced in root-restricted white and brown roots at most time points. This organ-dependent response contributed to the alteration in NO3- reduction and NH4＋ assimilation under root restriction, leading to less NO3- transported from roots and then assimilated in root-restricted leaves. Therefore, this study implied that shoot growth inhibition in grapevines under root restriction is closely associated with down-regulation of gene expression in nitrogen metabolism in leaves.展开更多
Strains of a coelomycete isolated from grapevine cankers in southeastern Australia and identified as Dothiorella iberica in previous studies are redescribed in this study as a novel species based on morphological char...Strains of a coelomycete isolated from grapevine cankers in southeastern Australia and identified as Dothiorella iberica in previous studies are redescribed in this study as a novel species based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region(ITS1-5.8S-ITS2),and partial sequences of the translation elongation factor 1-αandβ-tubulin genes.Dothiorella vidmadera sp.nov.is most closely related to D.iberica,D.americana and D.sarmentorum,but differs in morphological characters and DNA sequences.All four species are known to be associated with Botryosphaeria dieback of grapevines.Additionally,an unidentified ascomycete isolated from dead wood of grapevines in Western Australia is described.Phylogenetically,strains were most closely related to Spencermartinsia viticola,and bore conidia with morphological characters and dimensions consistent with published descriptions.However,ascospores were shorter and narrower than previously reported and lacked the terminal apiculi that typify the genus.展开更多
Cold tolerance is one of the important traits for grapevine,especially in regions with extremely low temperatures in winter.Vitis amurensis is wild species in the Vitis genus with excellent cold hardiness compared wit...Cold tolerance is one of the important traits for grapevine,especially in regions with extremely low temperatures in winter.Vitis amurensis is wild species in the Vitis genus with excellent cold hardiness compared with Vitis vinifera.However,metabolites that contribute to the cold tolerance of V.amurensis remain unknown.Here,the metabolomics of buds from V.amurensis‘Zuoshan-1'during cold acclimation(CA)were identified,and cold-sensitive cultivar(V.vinifera‘Jingzaojing')was used as the control.The buds were collected in October,November,and December in 2016 and 2018.The cold hardiness of the buds increased during CA in the two grapevines.However,browning was observed only in V.vinifera buds at temperature below-10℃.Among detected metabolites from buds,443 metabolites were overlapped between two years.Forty-four and thirty differentially accumulated metabolites(DAMs)were identified in V.amurensis and V.vinifera,respectively.Ten DAMs including monoacylglycerol(MAG,18:2)isomer 1,trehalose 6-phosphate,and D-glucose showed identical variations in the two grapevines,indicating conserved CA responses within the Vitis genus.Eighteen DAMs exhibited higher accumulation in V.amurensis than in V.vinifera.Maltotetraose,D-glucoronic acid,L-aspartic acid,azelaic acid,and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were reported to accumulate during CA in other plants.Enhanced cold tolerance was detected in grapevine leaves with exogenous 5 mmol L^(-1)L-aspartic acid and 1%proanthocyanidins.Potential contributions of other DAMs found in V.amurensis such as Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside need to be further elucidated.Thus,eighteen metabolites accumulated in V.amurensis can be used for practical application in improvement of cold resistance in grapevine.Our findings provide new insights into understanding the cold hardiness of V.amurensis.展开更多
Grapevine(Vitis sp.)is one of the most important economic fruit crops all over the world,and the formation of adventitious roots(ARs)is crucial for the vegetative reproduction of grapes.However,studies on the regulato...Grapevine(Vitis sp.)is one of the most important economic fruit crops all over the world,and the formation of adventitious roots(ARs)is crucial for the vegetative reproduction of grapes.However,studies on the regulatory mechanisms of this process are currently lacking.In this study,we applied an efficient and convenient leave-petiole(LP)system for studying ARs,revealing a significant inhibition of root primordia formation under continuous-light treatment.The results showed that isolated ARs of grapevine were induced and originated from ray cells near the vascular cambium,with the process categorized into induction,initiation,and extension stages.LP samples under light and dark conditions were used for transcriptome sequencing and endogenous hormone measurements at three critical time points of AR formation.A total of 37155 transcripts were obtained,and 7041 genes showed significantly different expression levels in the petiole.An integrated analysis,including Gene Ontology(GO)enrichment analysis,weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA),and hormonal content determination,showed that several genes(ARF4,LAX1,PIN1,SUS2,APX1,TPXL1,CHS3,etc.)associated with hormone signals,sugar synthesis and transport,reactive oxygen species(ROS)scavenging,cell wall biogenesis,flavonoid biosynthesis,microtubule remodeling,and some transcription factors(HY5,COP1,ERF2,MYB15,etc)played vital roles in light-induced AR formation.A hypothetical model was initially constructed,which illustrated the centrality of auxin in HY5-dependent AR formation and the complex crosstalk among various factors.The results of this study provided abundant genetic resources and a novel perspective for understanding the molecular mechanisms of AR formation in grapevine.展开更多
The search for environmentally friendly approaches in viticulture is increasing,driven by the need to minimize the ecological footprint of conventional methods while ensuring high grape quality and stable yields.Among...The search for environmentally friendly approaches in viticulture is increasing,driven by the need to minimize the ecological footprint of conventional methods while ensuring high grape quality and stable yields.Among the various alternatives explored,essential oils(EOs)have drawn attention due to their natural origin and bioactive properties,including antimicrobial,antifungal,and insect-repellent effects.They are characterized by numerous utilisations,from managing diseases and pests in vineyards to post-harvest applications to preserve and prolong storage duration.This innovative review examines,for the first time,the topic of EOs on viticulture,embracing their multiple uses and considering their potential influence on key quality indicators such as fruit firmness,total soluble solids,and phenolic composition.Research findings indicate that EOs can contribute to suppressing fungal development and pest invasions,thereby reducing post-harvest deterioration.However,their effectiveness is influenced by factors such as chemical composition,mode of application,and environmental conditions.Although EOs align well with the principles and broader sustainability goals of integrated pest management(IPM),several obstacles remain,including issues related to their stability,degradation rate,potential phytotoxic effects,and regulatory constraints.In addition to the undoubtedly advantageous aspect for the vineyard,the final chapter of this review focuses right on these obstacles,emphasizing the need to have long-term post-application scientific data on wine organoleptic quality and thus their presence or absence in the must.展开更多
In grapevine,previous studies have suggested that,gibberellin(GA)inhibits bud break before dormancy release while enhanced after dormancy release;the capacity of GA accumulation shows a trend of first inhibition and t...In grapevine,previous studies have suggested that,gibberellin(GA)inhibits bud break before dormancy release while enhanced after dormancy release;the capacity of GA accumulation shows a trend of first inhibition and then upregulation.However,the regulatory mechanism of GA metabolism genes expression is as yet unclear during the process of dormancy release.In this study,we further validated the effect of GA3 and hydrogen cyanamide(HC)on bud break of‘Red Globe’grape,confirmed inhibition and promotion effect,respectively.Restricted GA biosynthetic genes'expression and enhanced GA catabolic gene's expression were observed in the early stage after HC treatment,while opposite expression trend showed in the late stage.VvSVP1,a MADS-box transcription factor gene,was downregulated in the late stage,which might play an important role in regulating GA metabolism genes'expression.It was shown that,VvSVP1 could bind to the promoter regions of GA biosynthetic gene VvGA20ox6 and catabolic gene VvGA2ox3,negatively and positively regulated the corresponding genes'expression,respectively;the contents of GAs related to GA20ox were significantly reduced in the grape callus overexpressed VvSVP1,while the ratio of GAs related to GA2ox were significantly increased.Taken together,VvSVP1 can regulate the endogenous GAs level by manipulating the expression of GA metabolism genes before dormant bud break induced by HC.Our findings may provide some new theoretical insights for the study of bud dormancy regulation in the perennial woody fruit trees.展开更多
[Objective] The study aimed at investigating the influence of enhanced UV-B radiation on photosynthesis of grapevine.[Method] The seedlings of Cabernet sauvignon were treated with different intensities of UV-B radiati...[Objective] The study aimed at investigating the influence of enhanced UV-B radiation on photosynthesis of grapevine.[Method] The seedlings of Cabernet sauvignon were treated with different intensities of UV-B radiation under outdoor conditions,and then the contents of photosynthetic pigments and flavonoids in leaves were determined by measuring the absorbance of leaves extracts at 663,645,470 and 300 nm,respectively.[Result] The content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of grapevine obviously increased with time under the treatments of different enhanced UV-B radiation.Compared with the control,the chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,total chlorophyll and carotenoid were obviously increased by 5%,2%,4% and 3% in the enhanced UV-B radiation treatment of 10.8 μW/cm2（T1）,and in the treatment of 25.6 μW/cm2（T2） the corresponding levels were subsequently increased by 11%,9%,10% and 7% with a significant increase in the content of chlorophyll a.On the other hand,the flavonoids content in the leaves of grapevine were obviously increased by 13%,9% in T1 and T2.[Conclusion] The grapevine has strong adaptability to UV-B radiation,and appropriate enhanced UV-B radiation couldn＇t decrease the photosynthesis of grapevine leaves.展开更多
The present work is devoted to the study of antiradical and antimicrobial activities of phenolic compounds extracted from different grapevine varieties grown in the Bekaa plane-Lebanon. The amount of phenolic compound...The present work is devoted to the study of antiradical and antimicrobial activities of phenolic compounds extracted from different grapevine varieties grown in the Bekaa plane-Lebanon. The amount of phenolic compounds in selected grape extracts was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method. Phenolic composition was specified by high performance liquid chromatography. Free radical scavenging activity was examined by using the (2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhy-drazyl) DPPH assay. The potential antimicrobial activity was studied using a new quantitative method developed during this work. This activity was tested against several microbial pathogens, including a Gram-positive strain (Listeria monocytogenes), two Gram-negative strains (Escherichia coli and Salmonella arizonae) and a fungal strain (Candida albicans). According to the results of the present screening study, a great variability in the composition of phenolic com-pounds in red grape extracts was detected. All phenolic compounds extracts, demonstrated important scavenging properties and antimicrobial effect against bacterial and fungal strains. Yet, a different response degree was noticed depending on the tested microorganism and the phenolic composition of grape extracts. Antimicrobial activity was more effective against Gram-positive than Gram-negative and yeast strains. Furthermore, our results highlighted a significant role of synergistic effect between various phenolic compounds in the free radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities.展开更多
Eutypella vitis is reported for the first time on several new host trees viz.Fagus grandifolia,Fraxinus pennsylvanica and Syringa reticulata with associated branch dieback symptoms in the Niagara Region of Southern On...Eutypella vitis is reported for the first time on several new host trees viz.Fagus grandifolia,Fraxinus pennsylvanica and Syringa reticulata with associated branch dieback symptoms in the Niagara Region of Southern Ontario,Canada.Morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of ITS sequence data confirmed the species identification.Eutypella vitis is known as a woody plant pathogen causing dieback of grapevines and other economically important fruit trees widely cultivated in Ontario.The fungus ability to infect several alternate new hosts can promote its faster and wider spread across vineyards and consequently increase a dieback hazard to viticulture in Canada.展开更多
To develop a rapid and high-sensitivity method for detection of grapevine virus E(GVE),a SYBR Green based real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR method(RT-qPCR)was established.This method could be used to detect G...To develop a rapid and high-sensitivity method for detection of grapevine virus E(GVE),a SYBR Green based real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR method(RT-qPCR)was established.This method could be used to detect GVE specifically,and the sensitivity was about 100 times greater than conventional RT-PCR.An excellent linear correlation(R=0.997)and a high amplification efficiency(E=97.5%)were obtained from the standard curve of this method.Reproducibility tests revealed that the coefficients of variation in the intra-and inter-assay results were 0.31-1.03%and 0.82--262%,respectively,indicating a good reproduiblity.The RT-qPCR method could be used to detect GVE in a wide range of grapevine sample types.The detection rates of RT-qPCR for nearly all sample types from different positions and seasons were higher than conventional RT-PCR.The detection rates in spring,summer,autumn and winter increased gradually.Samples in autumn and winter were best for detection,and the detection rates of most samples were 80-100%,which were 10 to 40%higher than conventional RT-PCR.In general,old petioles and branches were the best tissues for GVE detection.The detection rates of these samples in each season were all 100%,which were 20 to 40%higher than conventional RT-PCR.The second highest rates were in the old leaf,with detection rates for RT-qPCR of 80-100%in all seasons,which were 20 to 40%higher than conventional RT-PCR.GVE could be difficultly detected in young leaves by conventional RT-PCR,and the detection rates were only 0-50%,while by RT-qPCR the rates could increase to 0--80%.A total of 33 out of 363 samples(belonging to 68 cultivars)from 20 regions in China were detected to be positive by RT-qPCR(9.1%),which was more than twice the rate of the conventional RT-PCR(3.9%).展开更多
Grapevine(Vitis spp.)is one of the most economically important fruit crops worldwide,and there is considerable interest in improving its major agronomic and enological traits in response to ever-changing agricultural ...Grapevine(Vitis spp.)is one of the most economically important fruit crops worldwide,and there is considerable interest in improving its major agronomic and enological traits in response to ever-changing agricultural environments and consumer demands.Molecular genetic techniques in particular,associated with rapid technological advancements,provide an attractive alternative to conventional breeding approaches for developing new grapevine varieties with enhanced yield performance,quality,stress tolerance and disease resistance.To date,several grapevine varieties have been transformed with genes associated with diverse functions through biolistic bombardment and/or Agrobacterium-mediated transformation,and transgenic grape lines have been obtained using established regeneration systems.Nevertheless,a wide range of factors,including genotype,explant source and culture medium,have been shown to affect the efficiency of plant regeneration.Moreover,the selection and use of acceptor materials,bacterial strain and cell density,selectable markers and selection methods also influence transformation efficiency.This paper provides an overview of recent advances in grapevine regeneration and genetic transformation and in-depth discussion of the major limiting factors,and discusses promising future strategies to develop robust plant regeneration and genetic transformation in grapevine.展开更多
Salt stress is a typical abiotic stress in plants that causes slow growth,stunting,and reduced yield and fruit quality.Fertilization is necessary to ensure proper crop growth.However,the effect of fertilization on sal...Salt stress is a typical abiotic stress in plants that causes slow growth,stunting,and reduced yield and fruit quality.Fertilization is necessary to ensure proper crop growth.However,the effect of fertilization on salt tolerance in grapevine is unclear.In this study,we investigated the effect of nitrogen fertilizer(0.01 and 0.1 mol L^(-1)NH_(4)NO_(3))application on the salt(200 mmol L^(-1)NaCl)tolerance of grapevine based on physiological indices,and transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses.The results revealed that 0.01 mol L^(-1)NH_(4)NO_(3) supplementation significantly reduced the accumulation of superoxide anion(O_(2)^(-)·),enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and peroxidase(POD),and improved the levels of ascorbic acid(AsA)and glutathione(GSH)in grape leaves compared to salt treatment alone.Specifically,joint transcriptome and metabolome analyses showed that the differentially expressed genes(DEGs)and differentially accumulated metabolites(DAMs)were significantly enriched in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway(ko00941)and the flavone and flavonol biosynthesis pathway(ko00944).In particular,the relative content of quercetin(C00389)was markedly regulated by salt and nitrogen.Further analysis revealed that exogenous foliar application of quercetin improved the SOD and POD activities,increased the AsA and GSH contents,and reduced the H_(2)O_(2) and O_(2)^(-)·contents.Meanwhile,10 hub DEGs,which had high Pearson correlations(R^(2)>0.9)with quercetin,were repressed by nitrogen.In conclusion,all the results indicated that moderate nitrogen and quercetin application under salt stress enhanced the antioxidant system defense response,thus providing a new perspective for improving salt tolerance in grapes.展开更多
Nudix hydrolases are widely distributed across all classes of organisms and provide the potential capacity to hydrolyze a wide range of organic pyrophosphates. Although Nudix hydrolases are involved in plant detoxific...Nudix hydrolases are widely distributed across all classes of organisms and provide the potential capacity to hydrolyze a wide range of organic pyrophosphates. Although Nudix hydrolases are involved in plant detoxification processes in response to abiotic and biotic stresses, the biological functions of Nudix hydrolases remain largely unclear in grapevine.In the present study, a total of 25 putative grapevine Nudix hydrolases(VvNUDXs) were identified by bioinformatics analysis and classified into eight subfamilies based to their preferred substrates. Both tandem and segmental duplications were responsible for the evolution and expansion of the NUDX gene family in grapevine. To investigate the regulatory roles of VvNUDX genes during growth and development, as well as in response to abiotic and biotic stresses in grapevine, the expression patterns were revealed in publicly available microarray data. The spatial and temporal expression patterns of the VvNUDX genes indicated that they might play important roles in multiple developmental processes. Transcriptome and qRT-PCR analyses showed that ten VvNUDX genes were specifically expressed in grapevine berries, suggesting potential roles in grapevine berry development. Expression and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that VvNUDX1 and VvNUDX3 might be involved in terpenoid biosynthesis in grapevine. Furthermore,most VvNUDX genes active toward the ADP-ribose/NADH showed different patterns in response to various abiotic and biotic stresses, such as salinity and drought, as well as different types of biotic treatments, such as Erysiphe necator,Bois Noir phytoplasma and leaf-roll-associated virus-3(GLRaV-3). These results indicated that VvNUDX genes were associated with plant detoxification processes in response to abiotic and biotic stresses, and regulate the disease immunity and resistance pathways. The information obtained here may provide good opportunities to explore the physiological functions of VvNUDX genes in berry development and stress response networks in grapevine.展开更多
To lay a biological foundation for rootstocks and alternate irrigation （AI） popularization, the effects of partial rootzone drying （PRD） on the growth of the grapevine Malvasia grafted on different rootstocks were...To lay a biological foundation for rootstocks and alternate irrigation （AI） popularization, the effects of partial rootzone drying （PRD） on the growth of the grapevine Malvasia grafted on different rootstocks were investigated. Biological effects of 1/2 divided root irrigation on three combinations, i.e., Malvasia/420A, Malvasia/3309C, and Malvasia/110R, were studied by wood-boxed plants. All the plants were separated into three groups for different irrigation strategies. Mass growth of new root in alternate-irrigated plants was remarkably promoted by about 7.8-22.2% higher than the well- watered ones. However, new shoot growth, especially the internode was reduced by alternate irrigation. The average root-shoot ratio of all the three combinations was increased from 1.1 to 1.46. New root growth and internode length were decreased by fixed partial rootzone irrigation （FI） at different amount, M/3309C at 37.9 and 36.9%, M/110R at 18.4 and 22.5%, respectively. Total biomass of all the three combinations under FI decreased at the rate of 19.2-34.3% compared with well-watered ones. Water stress adaptation of grapevine mainly depends on rootstock. 110R is more efficient than 3309C and 420A in water stress adaptation. PRD-AI benefited root growth, thus improved the drought-resistant ability of grapevine.展开更多
Trincadeira and Aragonez are two important grapevine cultivars in the Iberian Peninsula, used for high quality red wines production. Both cultivars are strongly affected by fungal diseases, with consequent high loses ...Trincadeira and Aragonez are two important grapevine cultivars in the Iberian Peninsula, used for high quality red wines production. Both cultivars are strongly affected by fungal diseases, with consequent high loses on plant productivity and fruit quality. A successful protocol for plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis (SE) was established for both cultivars allowing further plant improvement based on gene transfer technology. Several factors were evaluated during the three different phases which characterize an SE plant regeneration protocol. The culture room temperature during the induction phase, a parameter usually accepted as standard by most researchers, proved in these trials to significantly affect the embryo induction rates. Concerning embryo conversion, it was specially affected by the embryo developmental stage, by the intensity and duration of the chilling treatment and by the supplementation of conversion culture medium with activated charcoal. The responses obtained, both for induction and conversion, proved to be highly genotype dependent. Calli structure, as well as embryo integrity, was histologically observed, allowing to characterize embryonic and non-embryonic masses and to identify abnormalities on embryo development.展开更多
Grapevine growing areas are increasingly affected by drought,which has greatly limited global wine production and quality.DEAD-box is one of the largest subfamilies of the RNA helicase family,and its members play key ...Grapevine growing areas are increasingly affected by drought,which has greatly limited global wine production and quality.DEAD-box is one of the largest subfamilies of the RNA helicase family,and its members play key roles in the growth and development of plants and their stress responses.Previous studies have shown the potential of DEAD-box genes in the drought stress responses of Arabidopsis and tomato,rice,and other crop species.However,information about DEAD-box genes in grapevine remains limited.In this report,a total of 40 DEAD-box genes were identified in grapevine and their protein sequence characteristics and gene structures were analyzed.By comparing the expression profiles of VviDEADRHs in response to drought stress in different grapevine varieties,nine candidate genes(VviDEADRH10c,-13,-22,-25a,-25b,-33,-34,-36,and-39)were screened based on expression profiling data.Combined with qRTPCR results,Vvi DEADRH25a was selected for functional verification.Heterologous overexpression of Vvi DEADRH25a in Arabidopsis showed the transgenic plants were more sensitive to drought stress than the control.Both electrolyte permeability and malondialdehyde content were significantly increased in transgenic plants,whereas the chlorophyll content and superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD),catalase(CAT),and ascorbate peroxidase(APX)enzyme activities were significantly decreased.Furthermore,VviDEADRH25a-overexpressing plants showed down-regulated expression levels of several drought stress-related marker genes,namely At COR15a,At RD29A,At ERD15,and At P5CS1,which indicated that they participated in the drought stress response.In summary,this study provides new insights into the structure,evolution,and participation of DEAD-box RNA helicase genes in the response to drought stress in grapevines.展开更多
To study the influence of photoperiod on roots differentiation in the Tunisian grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivar Perle noir, roots and callus initiation were analyzed under three different conditions of day lengt...To study the influence of photoperiod on roots differentiation in the Tunisian grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivar Perle noir, roots and callus initiation were analyzed under three different conditions of day length: long day (LD), short day (SD) and darkness (D). The photoperiod influenced the number of callus and roots per cuttings;it has a significant effect on the roots and callus initiation. Expression profile analysis of six MADS-box genes (VTM8, VSEP2, VAG12, VAG17-1, VAG17-2 and VSOC1.3) during root and callus development is in agreement with the above-mentioned observation. The expression of the MADS-box genes during root and callus development fluctuated in a tissue-dependent manner. These data suggest that all genes are expressed in roots under three photoperiods. Total darkness gives the number of the most important root per cutting compared to the other two conditions. This photoperiodic condition gave the most important expression of the studied genes VAG12, VAG17-2, VAG17-1, VTM8 and VSEP2 transcripts were not found in callus grown in the dark or in LD conditions, respectively. VSOC1.3 transcripts were not found in callus grown in the dark or in SD conditions, respectively. Transcript abundance of VTM8 and VSOC1 was highest in LD.展开更多
Harpins play a key role in inducing disease resistance in crops,and identifying their core functional regions and establishing a system for their efficient expression would be very valuable.In this study,large amounts...Harpins play a key role in inducing disease resistance in crops,and identifying their core functional regions and establishing a system for their efficient expression would be very valuable.In this study,large amounts of soluble fusion proteins of harpin HrpZ and its subpeptides were obtained via the optimized induction conditions(28℃ with 0.5 mmol·L^(-1) IPTG for 6 h)in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3).Hypersensitive response(HR)assays demonstrated that the C-terminal 66 aa of HrpZ(HrpZ_C_2_2)elicited a strong HR in tobacco(Nicotiana benthamiana)and grape(Flame Seedless)leaves.Additionally,treatment with HrpZ,and particularly HrpZ_C_2_2,significantly reduced the disease incidence and severity index of field vine leaves and those inoculated with downy mildew.The determination of the physiological parameters indicated that HrpZ,and especially HrpZ_C_2_2,improved the photosynthesis-and chlorophyll fluorescence-related parameters,enhanced the activity of defense-related enzymes,including SOD,POD,CAT and PAL,and increased the H_(2)O_(2) level.Collectively,we efficiently expressed a core peptide of HrpZ and elucidated its strong ability to elicit a HR and resistance to downy mildew.This research provides insight into understanding the structure and function of HrpZ and will advance the application of HrpZ_C_2_2 to increase the resistance of grapevine to downy mildew.展开更多
基金supported by National Technology System for Grape Industry(Grant No.CARS-29-zp-9)National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFD1200200)Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China(Grant No.2023JJ50063).
文摘This study aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying primary bud necrosis(PBN)in grapevines.PBN is a physiological disorder that significantly reduces grape yields.The four varieties,‘Shine Muscat’,‘Summer Black’,‘Ruby Seedless’,and‘Hutai 8’,were investigated and found to exhibit differences in PBN,which was positively correlated with the speed and extent of inflorescence differentiation.Among them,‘Summer Black’was most susceptible to PBN.Treatment with gibberellin acid 3(GA_(3))notably accelerated and exacerbated PBN in‘Summer Black’,whereas the endogenous gibberellin(GA)inhibitor chlorocholine chloride(CCC)delayed or prevented PBN onset.Histological observations of dormant bud tissues revealed PBN progression in stages,starting with the expansion of cells in the necrosis zone(NZ),followed by cell wall irregularities and collapse,buckling cell layer formation,and subsequent cell separation.In the water control group,NZ mainly occurred in the bud scale layer.However,by the second week after GA_(3) treatment,primary buds visibly elongated,and NZ was formed at multiple locations along the primary buds.Transcriptomic analyses revealed significant regulation of stress-related genes,including reactive oxygen species(ROS)and heat-shock proteins(HSPs),following GA_(3) treatment.Genes related to jasmonic acid(JA)biosynthesis and signaling pathways were upregulated after week 2,whereas CCC treatment led to the downregulation of these genes.Furthermore,genes associated with cations such as calcium,iron,and copper showed significant changes across all transcriptome samples.Genes associated with the degradation of cell membranes and cell walls were upregulated in samples treated with GA_(3) and water control.Overall,these findings suggested that GA_(3) promoted PBN by enhancing JA synthesis and modulating the cell necrosis pathway via JA signaling.This process involved ROS accumulation and activation of cation pathways,leading to endomembrane and cell wall degradation,cell rupture,and,ultimately,PBN development.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30871695)
文摘To decipher the relationship between the inhibited shoot growth and expression pattern of key enzymes in nitrogen metabolism under root restriction, the effects of root restriction on diurnal variation of expression of nitrate reductase （NR）, nitrite reductase （NiR）, glutamine synthetase （GSI-1, GS1-2, GS2） and glutamate synthase （Fd-GOGAT, NADH-GOGAT） genes and nitrogen levels were evaluated in two-year-old Jumeigui grapevines （Vitis vinifera L.xVitis labrusca L.） when significant differences in shoot growth were observed between treatments at expansion stage （22 days after anthesis）. Grapevines were planted in root-restricting pits as root restriction and in an unrestricted field as the control. Results showed that root restriction significantly reduced shoot growth, but promoted the growth of white roots and fibrous brown roots and improved the fruit quality. （NO3-＋NO2-）-N concentration in all plant parts, NH4＋-N concentration in white roots and total N concentration in leaves and brown roots were significantly reduced under root restriction. Gene expression analysis revealed that mRNA levels of genes related to the GS1/NADH-GOGAT pathway were lower in root-restricted than in control petioles, whereas genes involved in the GS2/Fd-GOGAT pathway were up-regulated under root restriction. Root restriction also resulted in downregulation of genes involved in nitrogen metabolism in leaves, especially at 10：00, while transcript levels of all these genes were enhanced in root-restricted white and brown roots at most time points. This organ-dependent response contributed to the alteration in NO3- reduction and NH4＋ assimilation under root restriction, leading to less NO3- transported from roots and then assimilated in root-restricted leaves. Therefore, this study implied that shoot growth inhibition in grapevines under root restriction is closely associated with down-regulation of gene expression in nitrogen metabolism in leaves.
基金funded by the Winegrowing Futures Program,a joint initiative between the NWGICthe Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation(GWRDC)F.P.Trouillas was the recipient of a GWRDC travel grant for the duration of these studies.
文摘Strains of a coelomycete isolated from grapevine cankers in southeastern Australia and identified as Dothiorella iberica in previous studies are redescribed in this study as a novel species based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region(ITS1-5.8S-ITS2),and partial sequences of the translation elongation factor 1-αandβ-tubulin genes.Dothiorella vidmadera sp.nov.is most closely related to D.iberica,D.americana and D.sarmentorum,but differs in morphological characters and DNA sequences.All four species are known to be associated with Botryosphaeria dieback of grapevines.Additionally,an unidentified ascomycete isolated from dead wood of grapevines in Western Australia is described.Phylogenetically,strains were most closely related to Spencermartinsia viticola,and bore conidia with morphological characters and dimensions consistent with published descriptions.However,ascospores were shorter and narrower than previously reported and lacked the terminal apiculi that typify the genus.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFD1000300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32272691 and 32025032)+1 种基金the Grape Breeding Project of Ningxia(Grant No.NXNYYZ202101-04)the Major Program of Technological Innovation in Hubei Province(Grant No.2022BBA0022)。
文摘Cold tolerance is one of the important traits for grapevine,especially in regions with extremely low temperatures in winter.Vitis amurensis is wild species in the Vitis genus with excellent cold hardiness compared with Vitis vinifera.However,metabolites that contribute to the cold tolerance of V.amurensis remain unknown.Here,the metabolomics of buds from V.amurensis‘Zuoshan-1'during cold acclimation(CA)were identified,and cold-sensitive cultivar(V.vinifera‘Jingzaojing')was used as the control.The buds were collected in October,November,and December in 2016 and 2018.The cold hardiness of the buds increased during CA in the two grapevines.However,browning was observed only in V.vinifera buds at temperature below-10℃.Among detected metabolites from buds,443 metabolites were overlapped between two years.Forty-four and thirty differentially accumulated metabolites(DAMs)were identified in V.amurensis and V.vinifera,respectively.Ten DAMs including monoacylglycerol(MAG,18:2)isomer 1,trehalose 6-phosphate,and D-glucose showed identical variations in the two grapevines,indicating conserved CA responses within the Vitis genus.Eighteen DAMs exhibited higher accumulation in V.amurensis than in V.vinifera.Maltotetraose,D-glucoronic acid,L-aspartic acid,azelaic acid,and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were reported to accumulate during CA in other plants.Enhanced cold tolerance was detected in grapevine leaves with exogenous 5 mmol L^(-1)L-aspartic acid and 1%proanthocyanidins.Potential contributions of other DAMs found in V.amurensis such as Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside need to be further elucidated.Thus,eighteen metabolites accumulated in V.amurensis can be used for practical application in improvement of cold resistance in grapevine.Our findings provide new insights into understanding the cold hardiness of V.amurensis.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFD1200200)Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department(Grant No.23A0190)。
文摘Grapevine(Vitis sp.)is one of the most important economic fruit crops all over the world,and the formation of adventitious roots(ARs)is crucial for the vegetative reproduction of grapes.However,studies on the regulatory mechanisms of this process are currently lacking.In this study,we applied an efficient and convenient leave-petiole(LP)system for studying ARs,revealing a significant inhibition of root primordia formation under continuous-light treatment.The results showed that isolated ARs of grapevine were induced and originated from ray cells near the vascular cambium,with the process categorized into induction,initiation,and extension stages.LP samples under light and dark conditions were used for transcriptome sequencing and endogenous hormone measurements at three critical time points of AR formation.A total of 37155 transcripts were obtained,and 7041 genes showed significantly different expression levels in the petiole.An integrated analysis,including Gene Ontology(GO)enrichment analysis,weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA),and hormonal content determination,showed that several genes(ARF4,LAX1,PIN1,SUS2,APX1,TPXL1,CHS3,etc.)associated with hormone signals,sugar synthesis and transport,reactive oxygen species(ROS)scavenging,cell wall biogenesis,flavonoid biosynthesis,microtubule remodeling,and some transcription factors(HY5,COP1,ERF2,MYB15,etc)played vital roles in light-induced AR formation.A hypothetical model was initially constructed,which illustrated the centrality of auxin in HY5-dependent AR formation and the complex crosstalk among various factors.The results of this study provided abundant genetic resources and a novel perspective for understanding the molecular mechanisms of AR formation in grapevine.
文摘The search for environmentally friendly approaches in viticulture is increasing,driven by the need to minimize the ecological footprint of conventional methods while ensuring high grape quality and stable yields.Among the various alternatives explored,essential oils(EOs)have drawn attention due to their natural origin and bioactive properties,including antimicrobial,antifungal,and insect-repellent effects.They are characterized by numerous utilisations,from managing diseases and pests in vineyards to post-harvest applications to preserve and prolong storage duration.This innovative review examines,for the first time,the topic of EOs on viticulture,embracing their multiple uses and considering their potential influence on key quality indicators such as fruit firmness,total soluble solids,and phenolic composition.Research findings indicate that EOs can contribute to suppressing fungal development and pest invasions,thereby reducing post-harvest deterioration.However,their effectiveness is influenced by factors such as chemical composition,mode of application,and environmental conditions.Although EOs align well with the principles and broader sustainability goals of integrated pest management(IPM),several obstacles remain,including issues related to their stability,degradation rate,potential phytotoxic effects,and regulatory constraints.In addition to the undoubtedly advantageous aspect for the vineyard,the final chapter of this review focuses right on these obstacles,emphasizing the need to have long-term post-application scientific data on wine organoleptic quality and thus their presence or absence in the must.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32172514).
文摘In grapevine,previous studies have suggested that,gibberellin(GA)inhibits bud break before dormancy release while enhanced after dormancy release;the capacity of GA accumulation shows a trend of first inhibition and then upregulation.However,the regulatory mechanism of GA metabolism genes expression is as yet unclear during the process of dormancy release.In this study,we further validated the effect of GA3 and hydrogen cyanamide(HC)on bud break of‘Red Globe’grape,confirmed inhibition and promotion effect,respectively.Restricted GA biosynthetic genes'expression and enhanced GA catabolic gene's expression were observed in the early stage after HC treatment,while opposite expression trend showed in the late stage.VvSVP1,a MADS-box transcription factor gene,was downregulated in the late stage,which might play an important role in regulating GA metabolism genes'expression.It was shown that,VvSVP1 could bind to the promoter regions of GA biosynthetic gene VvGA20ox6 and catabolic gene VvGA2ox3,negatively and positively regulated the corresponding genes'expression,respectively;the contents of GAs related to GA20ox were significantly reduced in the grape callus overexpressed VvSVP1,while the ratio of GAs related to GA2ox were significantly increased.Taken together,VvSVP1 can regulate the endogenous GAs level by manipulating the expression of GA metabolism genes before dormant bud break induced by HC.Our findings may provide some new theoretical insights for the study of bud dormancy regulation in the perennial woody fruit trees.
文摘[Objective] The study aimed at investigating the influence of enhanced UV-B radiation on photosynthesis of grapevine.[Method] The seedlings of Cabernet sauvignon were treated with different intensities of UV-B radiation under outdoor conditions,and then the contents of photosynthetic pigments and flavonoids in leaves were determined by measuring the absorbance of leaves extracts at 663,645,470 and 300 nm,respectively.[Result] The content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of grapevine obviously increased with time under the treatments of different enhanced UV-B radiation.Compared with the control,the chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,total chlorophyll and carotenoid were obviously increased by 5%,2%,4% and 3% in the enhanced UV-B radiation treatment of 10.8 μW/cm2（T1）,and in the treatment of 25.6 μW/cm2（T2） the corresponding levels were subsequently increased by 11%,9%,10% and 7% with a significant increase in the content of chlorophyll a.On the other hand,the flavonoids content in the leaves of grapevine were obviously increased by 13%,9% in T1 and T2.[Conclusion] The grapevine has strong adaptability to UV-B radiation,and appropriate enhanced UV-B radiation couldn＇t decrease the photosynthesis of grapevine leaves.
文摘The present work is devoted to the study of antiradical and antimicrobial activities of phenolic compounds extracted from different grapevine varieties grown in the Bekaa plane-Lebanon. The amount of phenolic compounds in selected grape extracts was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method. Phenolic composition was specified by high performance liquid chromatography. Free radical scavenging activity was examined by using the (2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhy-drazyl) DPPH assay. The potential antimicrobial activity was studied using a new quantitative method developed during this work. This activity was tested against several microbial pathogens, including a Gram-positive strain (Listeria monocytogenes), two Gram-negative strains (Escherichia coli and Salmonella arizonae) and a fungal strain (Candida albicans). According to the results of the present screening study, a great variability in the composition of phenolic com-pounds in red grape extracts was detected. All phenolic compounds extracts, demonstrated important scavenging properties and antimicrobial effect against bacterial and fungal strains. Yet, a different response degree was noticed depending on the tested microorganism and the phenolic composition of grape extracts. Antimicrobial activity was more effective against Gram-positive than Gram-negative and yeast strains. Furthermore, our results highlighted a significant role of synergistic effect between various phenolic compounds in the free radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities.
文摘Eutypella vitis is reported for the first time on several new host trees viz.Fagus grandifolia,Fraxinus pennsylvanica and Syringa reticulata with associated branch dieback symptoms in the Niagara Region of Southern Ontario,Canada.Morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of ITS sequence data confirmed the species identification.Eutypella vitis is known as a woody plant pathogen causing dieback of grapevines and other economically important fruit trees widely cultivated in Ontario.The fungus ability to infect several alternate new hosts can promote its faster and wider spread across vineyards and consequently increase a dieback hazard to viticulture in Canada.
基金This research was supported by the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-29-bC-1).
文摘To develop a rapid and high-sensitivity method for detection of grapevine virus E(GVE),a SYBR Green based real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR method(RT-qPCR)was established.This method could be used to detect GVE specifically,and the sensitivity was about 100 times greater than conventional RT-PCR.An excellent linear correlation(R=0.997)and a high amplification efficiency(E=97.5%)were obtained from the standard curve of this method.Reproducibility tests revealed that the coefficients of variation in the intra-and inter-assay results were 0.31-1.03%and 0.82--262%,respectively,indicating a good reproduiblity.The RT-qPCR method could be used to detect GVE in a wide range of grapevine sample types.The detection rates of RT-qPCR for nearly all sample types from different positions and seasons were higher than conventional RT-PCR.The detection rates in spring,summer,autumn and winter increased gradually.Samples in autumn and winter were best for detection,and the detection rates of most samples were 80-100%,which were 10 to 40%higher than conventional RT-PCR.In general,old petioles and branches were the best tissues for GVE detection.The detection rates of these samples in each season were all 100%,which were 20 to 40%higher than conventional RT-PCR.The second highest rates were in the old leaf,with detection rates for RT-qPCR of 80-100%in all seasons,which were 20 to 40%higher than conventional RT-PCR.GVE could be difficultly detected in young leaves by conventional RT-PCR,and the detection rates were only 0-50%,while by RT-qPCR the rates could increase to 0--80%.A total of 33 out of 363 samples(belonging to 68 cultivars)from 20 regions in China were detected to be positive by RT-qPCR(9.1%),which was more than twice the rate of the conventional RT-PCR(3.9%).
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1603234)the 948 Project from the Ministry of Agriculture of China(2012-S12)+1 种基金the Project for the Key Science and Technology Innovation Team of Shaanxi Province,China(2013KCT-25)the Key Research and Development Plan of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China(2019BEF02005)。
文摘Grapevine(Vitis spp.)is one of the most economically important fruit crops worldwide,and there is considerable interest in improving its major agronomic and enological traits in response to ever-changing agricultural environments and consumer demands.Molecular genetic techniques in particular,associated with rapid technological advancements,provide an attractive alternative to conventional breeding approaches for developing new grapevine varieties with enhanced yield performance,quality,stress tolerance and disease resistance.To date,several grapevine varieties have been transformed with genes associated with diverse functions through biolistic bombardment and/or Agrobacterium-mediated transformation,and transgenic grape lines have been obtained using established regeneration systems.Nevertheless,a wide range of factors,including genotype,explant source and culture medium,have been shown to affect the efficiency of plant regeneration.Moreover,the selection and use of acceptor materials,bacterial strain and cell density,selectable markers and selection methods also influence transformation efficiency.This paper provides an overview of recent advances in grapevine regeneration and genetic transformation and in-depth discussion of the major limiting factors,and discusses promising future strategies to develop robust plant regeneration and genetic transformation in grapevine.
基金supported by the Key Talent Project of Gansu Provincial Party Committee Organization Department Funding,China(2023RCXM23)the Industrial Support of Gansu Provincial Department of Education Funding,China(2021CYZC-55)the Key Research and Development Projects of Gansu Provincial Funding,China(21YF5NA090)。
文摘Salt stress is a typical abiotic stress in plants that causes slow growth,stunting,and reduced yield and fruit quality.Fertilization is necessary to ensure proper crop growth.However,the effect of fertilization on salt tolerance in grapevine is unclear.In this study,we investigated the effect of nitrogen fertilizer(0.01 and 0.1 mol L^(-1)NH_(4)NO_(3))application on the salt(200 mmol L^(-1)NaCl)tolerance of grapevine based on physiological indices,and transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses.The results revealed that 0.01 mol L^(-1)NH_(4)NO_(3) supplementation significantly reduced the accumulation of superoxide anion(O_(2)^(-)·),enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and peroxidase(POD),and improved the levels of ascorbic acid(AsA)and glutathione(GSH)in grape leaves compared to salt treatment alone.Specifically,joint transcriptome and metabolome analyses showed that the differentially expressed genes(DEGs)and differentially accumulated metabolites(DAMs)were significantly enriched in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway(ko00941)and the flavone and flavonol biosynthesis pathway(ko00944).In particular,the relative content of quercetin(C00389)was markedly regulated by salt and nitrogen.Further analysis revealed that exogenous foliar application of quercetin improved the SOD and POD activities,increased the AsA and GSH contents,and reduced the H_(2)O_(2) and O_(2)^(-)·contents.Meanwhile,10 hub DEGs,which had high Pearson correlations(R^(2)>0.9)with quercetin,were repressed by nitrogen.In conclusion,all the results indicated that moderate nitrogen and quercetin application under salt stress enhanced the antioxidant system defense response,thus providing a new perspective for improving salt tolerance in grapes.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFD100140502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC+3 种基金32002005 and 31801809)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M661866)the Breeding Plan of Shandong Provincial Qingchuang Research Team(2019)the High-level Scientific Research Foundation of Qingdao Agricultural University,China(665/1118011 and 665/1119002)。
文摘Nudix hydrolases are widely distributed across all classes of organisms and provide the potential capacity to hydrolyze a wide range of organic pyrophosphates. Although Nudix hydrolases are involved in plant detoxification processes in response to abiotic and biotic stresses, the biological functions of Nudix hydrolases remain largely unclear in grapevine.In the present study, a total of 25 putative grapevine Nudix hydrolases(VvNUDXs) were identified by bioinformatics analysis and classified into eight subfamilies based to their preferred substrates. Both tandem and segmental duplications were responsible for the evolution and expansion of the NUDX gene family in grapevine. To investigate the regulatory roles of VvNUDX genes during growth and development, as well as in response to abiotic and biotic stresses in grapevine, the expression patterns were revealed in publicly available microarray data. The spatial and temporal expression patterns of the VvNUDX genes indicated that they might play important roles in multiple developmental processes. Transcriptome and qRT-PCR analyses showed that ten VvNUDX genes were specifically expressed in grapevine berries, suggesting potential roles in grapevine berry development. Expression and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that VvNUDX1 and VvNUDX3 might be involved in terpenoid biosynthesis in grapevine. Furthermore,most VvNUDX genes active toward the ADP-ribose/NADH showed different patterns in response to various abiotic and biotic stresses, such as salinity and drought, as well as different types of biotic treatments, such as Erysiphe necator,Bois Noir phytoplasma and leaf-roll-associated virus-3(GLRaV-3). These results indicated that VvNUDX genes were associated with plant detoxification processes in response to abiotic and biotic stresses, and regulate the disease immunity and resistance pathways. The information obtained here may provide good opportunities to explore the physiological functions of VvNUDX genes in berry development and stress response networks in grapevine.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30471197).
文摘To lay a biological foundation for rootstocks and alternate irrigation （AI） popularization, the effects of partial rootzone drying （PRD） on the growth of the grapevine Malvasia grafted on different rootstocks were investigated. Biological effects of 1/2 divided root irrigation on three combinations, i.e., Malvasia/420A, Malvasia/3309C, and Malvasia/110R, were studied by wood-boxed plants. All the plants were separated into three groups for different irrigation strategies. Mass growth of new root in alternate-irrigated plants was remarkably promoted by about 7.8-22.2% higher than the well- watered ones. However, new shoot growth, especially the internode was reduced by alternate irrigation. The average root-shoot ratio of all the three combinations was increased from 1.1 to 1.46. New root growth and internode length were decreased by fixed partial rootzone irrigation （FI） at different amount, M/3309C at 37.9 and 36.9%, M/110R at 18.4 and 22.5%, respectively. Total biomass of all the three combinations under FI decreased at the rate of 19.2-34.3% compared with well-watered ones. Water stress adaptation of grapevine mainly depends on rootstock. 110R is more efficient than 3309C and 420A in water stress adaptation. PRD-AI benefited root growth, thus improved the drought-resistant ability of grapevine.
文摘Trincadeira and Aragonez are two important grapevine cultivars in the Iberian Peninsula, used for high quality red wines production. Both cultivars are strongly affected by fungal diseases, with consequent high loses on plant productivity and fruit quality. A successful protocol for plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis (SE) was established for both cultivars allowing further plant improvement based on gene transfer technology. Several factors were evaluated during the three different phases which characterize an SE plant regeneration protocol. The culture room temperature during the induction phase, a parameter usually accepted as standard by most researchers, proved in these trials to significantly affect the embryo induction rates. Concerning embryo conversion, it was specially affected by the embryo developmental stage, by the intensity and duration of the chilling treatment and by the supplementation of conversion culture medium with activated charcoal. The responses obtained, both for induction and conversion, proved to be highly genotype dependent. Calli structure, as well as embryo integrity, was histologically observed, allowing to characterize embryonic and non-embryonic masses and to identify abnormalities on embryo development.
基金financially supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072517)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD1000105)+2 种基金the Program for Science&Technology Innovation Talents in Universities of Henan Province,China(21HASTIT035)the Program for Innovative Research Team(in Science and Technology)in University of Henan Province,China(21IRTSTHN021)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Luoyang City,China(2101102A)。
文摘Grapevine growing areas are increasingly affected by drought,which has greatly limited global wine production and quality.DEAD-box is one of the largest subfamilies of the RNA helicase family,and its members play key roles in the growth and development of plants and their stress responses.Previous studies have shown the potential of DEAD-box genes in the drought stress responses of Arabidopsis and tomato,rice,and other crop species.However,information about DEAD-box genes in grapevine remains limited.In this report,a total of 40 DEAD-box genes were identified in grapevine and their protein sequence characteristics and gene structures were analyzed.By comparing the expression profiles of VviDEADRHs in response to drought stress in different grapevine varieties,nine candidate genes(VviDEADRH10c,-13,-22,-25a,-25b,-33,-34,-36,and-39)were screened based on expression profiling data.Combined with qRTPCR results,Vvi DEADRH25a was selected for functional verification.Heterologous overexpression of Vvi DEADRH25a in Arabidopsis showed the transgenic plants were more sensitive to drought stress than the control.Both electrolyte permeability and malondialdehyde content were significantly increased in transgenic plants,whereas the chlorophyll content and superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD),catalase(CAT),and ascorbate peroxidase(APX)enzyme activities were significantly decreased.Furthermore,VviDEADRH25a-overexpressing plants showed down-regulated expression levels of several drought stress-related marker genes,namely At COR15a,At RD29A,At ERD15,and At P5CS1,which indicated that they participated in the drought stress response.In summary,this study provides new insights into the structure,evolution,and participation of DEAD-box RNA helicase genes in the response to drought stress in grapevines.
文摘To study the influence of photoperiod on roots differentiation in the Tunisian grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivar Perle noir, roots and callus initiation were analyzed under three different conditions of day length: long day (LD), short day (SD) and darkness (D). The photoperiod influenced the number of callus and roots per cuttings;it has a significant effect on the roots and callus initiation. Expression profile analysis of six MADS-box genes (VTM8, VSEP2, VAG12, VAG17-1, VAG17-2 and VSOC1.3) during root and callus development is in agreement with the above-mentioned observation. The expression of the MADS-box genes during root and callus development fluctuated in a tissue-dependent manner. These data suggest that all genes are expressed in roots under three photoperiods. Total darkness gives the number of the most important root per cutting compared to the other two conditions. This photoperiodic condition gave the most important expression of the studied genes VAG12, VAG17-2, VAG17-1, VTM8 and VSEP2 transcripts were not found in callus grown in the dark or in LD conditions, respectively. VSOC1.3 transcripts were not found in callus grown in the dark or in SD conditions, respectively. Transcript abundance of VTM8 and VSOC1 was highest in LD.
基金Major Project of Science and Technology of Shandong Province(Grant No.2022CXGC010605)Fruit Industrial Technology System of Shandong Province(Grant No.SDAIT-06-03)+1 种基金Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province(Grant No.2022LZGCQY019)Agriculture Improved Variety Project of Shandong Province(Grant No.2020 LZGC008).
文摘Harpins play a key role in inducing disease resistance in crops,and identifying their core functional regions and establishing a system for their efficient expression would be very valuable.In this study,large amounts of soluble fusion proteins of harpin HrpZ and its subpeptides were obtained via the optimized induction conditions(28℃ with 0.5 mmol·L^(-1) IPTG for 6 h)in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3).Hypersensitive response(HR)assays demonstrated that the C-terminal 66 aa of HrpZ(HrpZ_C_2_2)elicited a strong HR in tobacco(Nicotiana benthamiana)and grape(Flame Seedless)leaves.Additionally,treatment with HrpZ,and particularly HrpZ_C_2_2,significantly reduced the disease incidence and severity index of field vine leaves and those inoculated with downy mildew.The determination of the physiological parameters indicated that HrpZ,and especially HrpZ_C_2_2,improved the photosynthesis-and chlorophyll fluorescence-related parameters,enhanced the activity of defense-related enzymes,including SOD,POD,CAT and PAL,and increased the H_(2)O_(2) level.Collectively,we efficiently expressed a core peptide of HrpZ and elucidated its strong ability to elicit a HR and resistance to downy mildew.This research provides insight into understanding the structure and function of HrpZ and will advance the application of HrpZ_C_2_2 to increase the resistance of grapevine to downy mildew.
