The investigation of whether sediment samples contain representative grain size distribution information is important for the accurate extraction of sediment characteristics and conduct of related sedimentary record s...The investigation of whether sediment samples contain representative grain size distribution information is important for the accurate extraction of sediment characteristics and conduct of related sedimentary record studies.This study comparatively analyzed the numerical and qualitative differences and the degree of correlation of 36 sets of the characteristic parameters of surface sediment parallel sample grain size distribution from three sampling profiles at Jinsha Bay Beach in Zhanjiang,western Guangdong.At each sampling point,five parallel subsamples were established at intervals of 0,10,20,50,and 100 cm along the coastline.The research findings indicate the following:1)relatively large differences in the mean values of the different parallel samples(0.19–0.34Φ),with smaller differences observed in other characteristic grain sizes(D_(10),D_(50),and D_(90));2)small differences in characteristic values among various parallel sample grain size parameters,with at least 33%of the combinations of qualitative results showing inconsistency;3)50%of the regression equations between the skewness of different parallel samples displaying no significant correlation;4)relative deviations of−47.91%to 27.63%and−49.20%to 2.08%existing between the particle size parameters of a single sample and parallel samples(with the average obtained)at intervals of 10 and 50 cm,respectively.As such,small spatial differences,even within 100 cm,can considerably affect grain size parameters.Given the uncertain reasons underlying the representativeness of the samples,which may only cover the area immediately surrounding the sampling station,researchers are advised to design parallel sample collection strategies based on the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of the parameters of interest during sediment sample collection.This study provides a typical case of the comparative analysis of parallel sample grain size parameters,with a focus on small spatial beach sediment,which contributes to the enhanced understanding of the accuracy and reliability of sediment sample collection strategies and extraction of grain size information.展开更多
This study examines the effects of friction stir welding(FSW)and post-weld heat treatment(PWHT)on the grain boundary character distribution and corrosion resistance of cross sectional(top and bottom)regions of nickel-...This study examines the effects of friction stir welding(FSW)and post-weld heat treatment(PWHT)on the grain boundary character distribution and corrosion resistance of cross sectional(top and bottom)regions of nickel-and molybdenum-free high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel(HNASS).FSW at 400 rpm and 30 mm/min resulted in finer grains(4.18μm)and higher coincident site lattice(CSL)boundaries(32.3%)at the top of the stir zone(SZ)due to dynamic recrystallization(DRX).PWHT at 900℃for 1 h led to grain coarsening(12.91μm the bottom SZ)but enhanced CSL boundaries from 24.6%to 30.2%,improving grain boundary stability.PWHT reduced the kernel average misorientation(KAM)by 14.9%in the SZ-top layer and 20.4%in the SZ-bottom layer,accompanied by a 25%decrease in hardness in the SZ-top layer and 26.7%in the SZ-bottom layer,indicating strain recovery and reduced dislocation density.Potentiodynamic polarization tests(PDP)showed a 18%increase in pitting potential and a 76%reduction in corrosion rate after PWHT.The improvement in corrosion resistance is attributed to the increase inΣ3 twin boundaries,which enhance grain boundary stability and reduce susceptibility to localized corrosion.These findings highlight the role of PWHT in refining the microstructure and strengthening corrosion resistance,making HNASS a promising material for demanding applications.展开更多
Studies were conducted with rice varieties developed in recent years in Liaoning Province of China as test materials. Results showed that the varieties tested could be divided into three types： （1） the high-yieldi...Studies were conducted with rice varieties developed in recent years in Liaoning Province of China as test materials. Results showed that the varieties tested could be divided into three types： （1） the high-yielding （HYV）, （2） the mediumyielding （MYV）, and （3） the low-yielding （LYV）. The panicle population was in the order of HYV〈 MYV 〈 LYV, while the grain number per panicle and seed-setting rate were just opposite. There was no significant difference in the 1 000-grain weight. Biomass was higher in HYV than in MYV and LYV, while the harvest index was higher in HYV and MYV than in LYV. Yield was inversely correlated with panicle population, but positively correlated with the grain number per panicle, seed-setting rate, the number of primary and secondary branch grains, seed density and harvest index. Yield was most closely linked with the grain number per panicle which was determined chiefly by the number of secondary branch grains and to a lesser degree by seed density and the number of primary branch grains. The seed-setting rate of the secondary branches was positively correlated with that of the whole panicle and yield. The peak value of primary branches for HYV, MYV and LYV was 12-14, 10-13 and 8-12, respectively. LYV had fewer secondary branch grains, while MYV and HYV had more. Such grains distributed mainly in the middle and lower parts of panicle axis for LYV and in the middle and upper parts for MYV and HYV.展开更多
The Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloys are representational and potential age-hardening systems as reported in the past ten years,but their mechanical properties are still dependent on the grain size and its distribution.The effect...The Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloys are representational and potential age-hardening systems as reported in the past ten years,but their mechanical properties are still dependent on the grain size and its distribution.The effect of bimodal structure on mechanical properties of Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy with bimodal grain size distributions was investigated.The results suggested that the volume fraction of fine grain(FG)and coarse grain(CG)could be controlled by combined processes of hot forging,extrusion and annealing.And for the present alloys with bimodal grain size distribution,the improvement of strength is still attributed to the grain refinement.The morphology of bimodal grain size distribution has a marked impact on the ductility of the alloy,i.e.with the increase of coarse grain volume fraction,the elongation to failure increases at the beginning and then decreases.The mechanism of the toughening effect of bimodal grain size distribution on the Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloys with bimodal grain size structure has been discussed.展开更多
In the present study,AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets were processed by friction stir processing(FSP)to investigate the effect of the grain refinement and grain size distribution on the corrosion behavior.Grain refinement ...In the present study,AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets were processed by friction stir processing(FSP)to investigate the effect of the grain refinement and grain size distribution on the corrosion behavior.Grain refinement from a starting size of 16.4±6.8µm to 3.2±1.2µm was attained after FSP.Remarkably,bimodal grain size distribution was observed in the nugget zone with a combination of coarse(11.62±8.4µm)and fine grains(3.2±1.2µm).Due to the grain refinement,a slight improvement in the hardness was found in the nugget zone of FSPed AZ31.The bimodal grain size distribution in the stir zone showed pronounced influence on the corrosion rate of FSPed AZ31 as observed from the immersion and electrochemical tests.From the X-ray diffraction analysis,more amount of Mg(OH)_(2) was observed on FSPed AZ31 compared with the unprocessed AZ31.Polarization measurements demonstrated the higher corrosion current density for FSPed AZ31(8.92×10^(−5)A/cm^(2))compared with the unprocessed condition(2.90×10^(−5)A/cm^(2))that can be attributed to the texture effect and large variations in the grain size which led to non-uniform galvanic intensities.展开更多
The grain size composition, distribution characteristics and spatial variation of eolian sand soil on distinct positions across two longitudinal dunes and interdune areas were studied by means of conventional grain si...The grain size composition, distribution characteristics and spatial variation of eolian sand soil on distinct positions across two longitudinal dunes and interdune areas were studied by means of conventional grain size analysis and geostatistical methods. In the study, 184 samples of eolian sand soil from the 0-30cm layer were systemically collected and measured from two longitudinal dunes and interdunes in the southern Gurbantunggut Desert. The results show that the dominant grain sizes are fine and very fine sands, and the differences of grain size compositions between the distinct geomorphologic positions are significant. The contents of clay and silt are highest on the interdune areas and lowest on the crests, and higher on the leeward slopes than on the windward slopes. The contents of very fine and fine sands are highest on the windward slopes and lowest on the crests. The contents of medium, coarse and very coarse sands are lowest on the interdune lands, and highest on the crests, and are identical on the two slopes. The coarser sizes (phi(1)) and mean sizes (Mz) for eolian sand soil all have a varying tendency from fine to coarse sizes with interdune area -> leeward slope -> windward slope -> crest, and the sorting (sigma) are poorly to well sorted. The results of geostatistical analysis reveal that phi(1), Mz and a values are moderately to strongly spatially autocorrelated. The values of the spatially correlated ranges are phi(1) < sigma < Mz. The spatial variation for these grain size parameters is significant across the longitudinal dune landscape. From the crests towards the bottom of the slope, there is a varying gradient of zonal distribution, and the gradient values on the leeward slopes are larger than sites on the windward slopes.展开更多
Grain composition of debris flow varies considerably from fluid to deposit, making it uncertain to estimate flow properties （e.g., density, velocity and discharge） using deposit as done in practice. Tracing the vari...Grain composition of debris flow varies considerably from fluid to deposit, making it uncertain to estimate flow properties （e.g., density, velocity and discharge） using deposit as done in practice. Tracing the variation of grain composition is thus more important than estimating some certain properties of flow because every debris flow event consists of a series of surges that are distinct in properties and flow regimes. We find that the materials of debris flows, both the fluid and the source soils, satisfy a universal grain size distribution （GSD） in a form of P （D） = CD-zexp（-D/Dc）, where the parameters C, p and De are determined by fitting the function to the grain size frequency. A small At implies a small porosity and possible high excess pore pressure in flow; and a large D~ means a wide range of grain composition and hence a high sediment concentration. Flow density increases as 11 decreases or Dc increases, in a power law form. A debris flow always achieves a state of certain mobility and density that can be well described by the coupling of p and Dc, which imposes a constraint on the fluctuations of flow surges. The GSD also describes the changes in grain composition in that it is always satisfied during the course of debris flow developing. Numerical simulation using the GSD can well illustrate the variation ofμ and Dc from source soils to deposits.展开更多
Understanding the relationship between microstructure features and mechanical properties is of great significance for the improvement and specific adjustment of steel properties.The relationship between mean grain siz...Understanding the relationship between microstructure features and mechanical properties is of great significance for the improvement and specific adjustment of steel properties.The relationship between mean grain size and yield strength is established by the well-known Hall-Petch equation.But due to the complexity of the grain configuration within materials,considering only the mean value is unlikely to give a complete representation of the mechanical behavior.The classical Taylor equation is often used to account for the effect of dislocation density,but not thoroughly tested in combination with grain size influence.In the present study,systematic heat treatment routes and cold rolling followed by annealing are designed for interstitial free(IF)steel to achieve ferritic microstructures that not only vary in mean grain size,but also in grain size distribution and in dislocation density,a combination that is rarely studied in the literature.Optical microscopy is applied to determine the grain size distribution.The dislocation density is determined through XRD measurements.The hardness is analyzed on its relation with the mean grain size,as well as with the grain size distribution and the dislocation density.With the help of the variable selection tool LASSO,it is shown that dislocation density,mean grain size and kurtosis of grain size distribution are the three features which most strongly affect hardness of IF steel.展开更多
This paper presents results of a study on the mechanical properties of sandy and gravely soils within the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. The soils were divided into groups according to their origin(glacial, fluvial, or debr...This paper presents results of a study on the mechanical properties of sandy and gravely soils within the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. The soils were divided into groups according to their origin(glacial, fluvial, or debris flow). The grain size distribution of forty three soil samples was used to classify the soils according to the scheme of the Unified Soil Classification System(USCS). These distributions have then been used to estimate shear strength and hydraulic properties of the soils. There are clear differences between the soils which reflect their divergent origins. The glacial soils normally fit within one of two distinctive groups according to the proportion of fines(Group A, 7%-21.5%; Group B, 21%-65%). The estimation of shear strength at constant volume friction angle and peak shear strength of the glacial sediments with low content of fines was made using published data relating to the measured shear strength characteristics of soils with similar origins and grain size distributions. The estimated values were supported by measurements of the angle of repose taken from fourteen samples from two moraines and by shear tests on samples from one locality. The results of the grain size distribution werealso used to estimate the average hydraulic conductivity using the empirical Hazen formula which results were verified by field infiltration tests at two localities.展开更多
Three-dimensional normal grain growth was appropriately simulated using a Potts model Monte Carlo algorithm. The quasi-stationary grain size distribution obtained from simulation agreed well with the experimental resu...Three-dimensional normal grain growth was appropriately simulated using a Potts model Monte Carlo algorithm. The quasi-stationary grain size distribution obtained from simulation agreed well with the experimental result of pure iron. The Weibull function with a parameter β=2.77 and the Yu-Liu function with a parameter v =2.71 fit the quasi-stationary grain size distribution well. The grain volume distribution is a function that decreased exponentially with increasing grain volume. The distribution of boundary area of grains has a peak at S/〈S〉=0.5, where S is the boundary area of a grain and 〈S〉 is the mean boundary area of all grains in the system. The lognormal function fits the face number distribution well and the peak of the face number distribution is f=10. The mean radius off-faced grains is not proportional to the face number, but appears to be related by a curve convex upward. In the 2D cross-section, both the perimeter law and the Aboav-Weaire law are observed to hold.展开更多
A 3-dimensional(3D)micromagnetic model combined with Fast Fourier Transform(FFT)method was built up to study the writability in the L1_(0)FePt perpendicular medium.The effects of controllable grain size distributions ...A 3-dimensional(3D)micromagnetic model combined with Fast Fourier Transform(FFT)method was built up to study the writability in the L1_(0)FePt perpendicular medium.The effects of controllable grain size distributions were studied by grain growth simulation.It is found that the cross-track-averaged magnetization changes little between the L1_(0)FePt medium with uniform or non-uniform grain size distribution.展开更多
High-strength interstitial-free steel sheets have very good deep drawability when processed to have { 111 } recrystallization texture. The microtexture evolution and grain boundary character distribution of interstiti...High-strength interstitial-free steel sheets have very good deep drawability when processed to have { 111 } recrystallization texture. The microtexture evolution and grain boundary character distribution of interstitial-free steels as a function of moderate levels of cold rolling reductions were investigated by the metallographic microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction technique. The results showed that there was a close relationship between micro- texture and grain boundary character distribution for interstitial-free steel, especially the distribution and features of some specific types of coincident-site lattice boundaries. In addition, a-fiber texture was weakened to vanish while 7- fiber texture strengthened gradually as cold rolling reduction was increased from 20% to 75 % for cold rolled and an- nealed samples. Accordingly, increasing the rolling reduction from 20 % to 750% would lead to a significant increase in the proportion of ∑3 boundaries. Also, it was found that the microtexture of 20% cold rolled sample would induce a high frequency of ∑11 grain boundaries, but the microtexture of 75% cold rolled sample would produce more ∑7 and ∑17 grain boundaries. It was suggested that texture played a significant role in the formation of grain boundary character distribution.展开更多
As-hot-rolled medium-entropy alloys(MEAs)with unevenly distributed grain sizes of face-centered cubic grains exhibit better yield strength without uniform elongation loss compared to cold-rolled and an-nealed ones.Suc...As-hot-rolled medium-entropy alloys(MEAs)with unevenly distributed grain sizes of face-centered cubic grains exhibit better yield strength without uniform elongation loss compared to cold-rolled and an-nealed ones.Successive operation of dynamic recrystallization(DRX)during several hot rolling passes leads to a wide range of grain sizes from submicrons to tens of micrometers due to the grain growth after nucleation:early recrystallized grains are coarser than recently recrystallized ones.Not only the grain size but internal dislocation density of the recently recrystallized grain is low.During the tensile deformation of the hot-rolled MEAs at-196 ℃,dislocation pile-ups in the relatively soft and fine DRX grains enhance yield stress and hetero-deformation-induced strain hardening.Thanks to the enhanced yield stress of the as-hot-rolled MEAs,stress-induced martensitic transformation easily occurs.Notably,partially DRXed MEAs hot-rolled at 800 ℃ have lower yield stress than fully DRXed ones,hot-rolled at 900 and 1000 ℃.This is attributed to the softening effect of the stress-induced body-centered cubic martensitic transformation in unrecrystallized coarse grains prior to the yielding,which lowers the yield stress of the partially DRXed ones.After yielding,the martensitic transformation facilitates strain hard-ening and early necking is precluded.This study presents a fresh outlook on the uneven distribution of grain sizes by hot rolling beneficial to mechanical responses of uniform elongation of~45%despite the as-rolled states with an advantage of simplified thermo-mechanical processes.展开更多
Most of the available methods for the calculation of the three dimensional(3D)grain size dis- tribution functions(SDF)are based on the S model and lead a grave systematical error.The origin is the basic supposition of...Most of the available methods for the calculation of the three dimensional(3D)grain size dis- tribution functions(SDF)are based on the S model and lead a grave systematical error.The origin is the basic supposition of spherical grains in the S model,which does not correspond with the feature of real grains.A new model called A model is developed based on the hypothe- sis of polvhedral grains.The probability functions of the A model and the method to calculate the 3D SDFs using the A model are given in the present paper.The theoretical analyses and experimental tests have demonstrated that the A model reduces the systematical error radical- ly.It is nearly as simple as the so far used S model,but gives much better results in repro- ducing of 3D SDFs from the measured ID or 2D SDFs.展开更多
Determination of the critical state line(CSL)is important to characterize engineering properties of granular soils.Grain size distribution(GSD)has a significant influence on the location of CSL.The influence of partic...Determination of the critical state line(CSL)is important to characterize engineering properties of granular soils.Grain size distribution(GSD)has a significant influence on the location of CSL.The influence of particle breakage on the CSL is mainly attributed to the change in GSD due to particle breakage.However,GSD has not been properly considered in modeling the CSL with influence of particle breakage.This study aims to propose a quantitative model to determine the CSL considering the effect of GSD.We hypothesize that the change of critical state void ratio with respect to GSD is caused by the same mechanism that influences of the change of minimum void ratio with respect to GSD.Consequently,the particle packing model for minimum void ratio proposed by Chang et al.(2017)is extended to predict critical state void ratio.The developed model is validated by experimental results of CSLs for several types of granular materials.Then the evolution of GSD due to particle breakage is incorporated into the model.The model is further evaluated using the experimental results on rockfill material,which illustrates the applicability of the model in predicting CSL for granular material with particle breakage.展开更多
Grain size distribution of bed material is an important characteristic for studying evolution of natural river channel by means of experimental ways and numerical modeling of flow and sediment process.In this study,th...Grain size distribution of bed material is an important characteristic for studying evolution of natural river channel by means of experimental ways and numerical modeling of flow and sediment process.In this study,the fractal characteristic of sediment particle has been defined by means of fractal theory based on ana- lyzing the property of grain size distribution of bed material in the river channel.Furthennore,the fractal prop- erty of sediment particle has been applied to judge the process of armorin...展开更多
The feasibility of applying the grain boundary character distribution(GBCD)optimization to Inconel 625 for improving the intergranular corrosion(IGC)resistance was studied.The GBCD was obtained and characterized by el...The feasibility of applying the grain boundary character distribution(GBCD)optimization to Inconel 625 for improving the intergranular corrosion(IGC)resistance was studied.The GBCD was obtained and characterized by electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)analysis,and its optimization was mainly attributed to annealing twins(Σ3)and twins related to boundaries formed during thermal-mechanical processing(TMP).Through TMP of 5%cold rolling and subsequent annealing at 1150℃for 5 min,the proportion of lowΣcoincidence site lattice(CSL)grain boundaries of the Inconel 625 can be enhanced to about 35.8%which mainly were ofΣ3^(n)(n=1,2,3)type.There is an increase of 24.8%compared with the solution-treated sample,and simultaneously the large-size highly-twinned grain-cluster microstructure is formed.The grain-cluster is mainly composed ofΣ3-Σ3-Σ9 orΣ3-Σ9-Σ27 triple junctions,which is mainly caused by boundary reactions during grain growth.Among them,the IGC resistance ofΣ3 grain boundaries,Σ9 grain boundaries and random grain boundaries is sequentially weakened.With the increase of the lowΣCSL grain boundary fraction,the IGC resistance of Inconel 625 improves.The essential reason is the amount ofΣ3 boundaries interrupting the random boundary network increases and the large grain-cluster arrests the penetration of IGC.展开更多
In order to better understand the relation between grain boundary characteristic distribution （GBCD） and the brittle cracking of ferritic stainless steel, the GBCD, impact test and bend test were investigated using ...In order to better understand the relation between grain boundary characteristic distribution （GBCD） and the brittle cracking of ferritic stainless steel, the GBCD, impact test and bend test were investigated using scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and the electron backscatter diffraction （EBSD） technique. The results show that a crack occurs preferentially at high angle boundaries, and that low angle and low-∑ coincidence site lattice（CSL） boundaries can offer resistance to the propagation of cracks. It is suggested that an optimum GBCD, i.e. a high frequency of low angle or low-∑ CSL boundaries and discontinuous high angle boundaries network can offer the potential for decreasing the ductile-to-brittle transition temoerature （DBTT） of ferritic stainless steels.展开更多
The grain boundary character distribution(GBCD) optimization and its effect on the intergranular stress corrosion cracking(IGSCC) resistance in a cold-rolled and subsequently annealed Fe-18 Cr-17 Mn-2 Mo-0.85 N high-n...The grain boundary character distribution(GBCD) optimization and its effect on the intergranular stress corrosion cracking(IGSCC) resistance in a cold-rolled and subsequently annealed Fe-18 Cr-17 Mn-2 Mo-0.85 N high-nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steel were systematically explored.The results show that stacking faults and planar slip bands appearing at the right amount of deformation(lower than 10%) are beneficial cold-rolled microstructures to the GBCD optimization.The proportion of special boundaries gradually increases in the subsequent stages of recrystallization and grain growth,accompanying with the growth of twin-related domain in the experimental steel.In this way,the fraction of low ∑ coincidence site lattice(CSL) boundaries can reach as high as 82.85% for the specimen cold-rolled by 5% and then annealed at 1423 K for 72 h.After GBCD optimization,low ∑ CSL boundaries and the special triple junctions(J2,J3) of high proportion can greatly hinder the nitride precipitation along grain boundaries and enhance the capability for intergranular crack arrest,thus improving the IGSCC resistance of the experimental steel.展开更多
基金supported by the Innovation Driven Development Foundation of Guangxi(No.AD22080035)the Open Project Funding of the Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Ecosystem and Bioresource,Ministry of Natural Resources(No.2023-QN04)+1 种基金the Guangdong Provincial Ordinary University Youth Innovative Talent Project in 2024(No.2024KQNCX134)the Guangdong Provincial Special Fund Project for Talent Development Strategy in 2024(No.2024R3005).
文摘The investigation of whether sediment samples contain representative grain size distribution information is important for the accurate extraction of sediment characteristics and conduct of related sedimentary record studies.This study comparatively analyzed the numerical and qualitative differences and the degree of correlation of 36 sets of the characteristic parameters of surface sediment parallel sample grain size distribution from three sampling profiles at Jinsha Bay Beach in Zhanjiang,western Guangdong.At each sampling point,five parallel subsamples were established at intervals of 0,10,20,50,and 100 cm along the coastline.The research findings indicate the following:1)relatively large differences in the mean values of the different parallel samples(0.19–0.34Φ),with smaller differences observed in other characteristic grain sizes(D_(10),D_(50),and D_(90));2)small differences in characteristic values among various parallel sample grain size parameters,with at least 33%of the combinations of qualitative results showing inconsistency;3)50%of the regression equations between the skewness of different parallel samples displaying no significant correlation;4)relative deviations of−47.91%to 27.63%and−49.20%to 2.08%existing between the particle size parameters of a single sample and parallel samples(with the average obtained)at intervals of 10 and 50 cm,respectively.As such,small spatial differences,even within 100 cm,can considerably affect grain size parameters.Given the uncertain reasons underlying the representativeness of the samples,which may only cover the area immediately surrounding the sampling station,researchers are advised to design parallel sample collection strategies based on the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of the parameters of interest during sediment sample collection.This study provides a typical case of the comparative analysis of parallel sample grain size parameters,with a focus on small spatial beach sediment,which contributes to the enhanced understanding of the accuracy and reliability of sediment sample collection strategies and extraction of grain size information.
文摘This study examines the effects of friction stir welding(FSW)and post-weld heat treatment(PWHT)on the grain boundary character distribution and corrosion resistance of cross sectional(top and bottom)regions of nickel-and molybdenum-free high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel(HNASS).FSW at 400 rpm and 30 mm/min resulted in finer grains(4.18μm)and higher coincident site lattice(CSL)boundaries(32.3%)at the top of the stir zone(SZ)due to dynamic recrystallization(DRX).PWHT at 900℃for 1 h led to grain coarsening(12.91μm the bottom SZ)but enhanced CSL boundaries from 24.6%to 30.2%,improving grain boundary stability.PWHT reduced the kernel average misorientation(KAM)by 14.9%in the SZ-top layer and 20.4%in the SZ-bottom layer,accompanied by a 25%decrease in hardness in the SZ-top layer and 26.7%in the SZ-bottom layer,indicating strain recovery and reduced dislocation density.Potentiodynamic polarization tests(PDP)showed a 18%increase in pitting potential and a 76%reduction in corrosion rate after PWHT.The improvement in corrosion resistance is attributed to the increase inΣ3 twin boundaries,which enhance grain boundary stability and reduce susceptibility to localized corrosion.These findings highlight the role of PWHT in refining the microstructure and strengthening corrosion resistance,making HNASS a promising material for demanding applications.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （30370866）the National 863 Program of China.
文摘Studies were conducted with rice varieties developed in recent years in Liaoning Province of China as test materials. Results showed that the varieties tested could be divided into three types： （1） the high-yielding （HYV）, （2） the mediumyielding （MYV）, and （3） the low-yielding （LYV）. The panicle population was in the order of HYV〈 MYV 〈 LYV, while the grain number per panicle and seed-setting rate were just opposite. There was no significant difference in the 1 000-grain weight. Biomass was higher in HYV than in MYV and LYV, while the harvest index was higher in HYV and MYV than in LYV. Yield was inversely correlated with panicle population, but positively correlated with the grain number per panicle, seed-setting rate, the number of primary and secondary branch grains, seed density and harvest index. Yield was most closely linked with the grain number per panicle which was determined chiefly by the number of secondary branch grains and to a lesser degree by seed density and the number of primary branch grains. The seed-setting rate of the secondary branches was positively correlated with that of the whole panicle and yield. The peak value of primary branches for HYV, MYV and LYV was 12-14, 10-13 and 8-12, respectively. LYV had fewer secondary branch grains, while MYV and HYV had more. Such grains distributed mainly in the middle and lower parts of panicle axis for LYV and in the middle and upper parts for MYV and HYV.
基金supports of the National Key Research and Development Plan(Grant Nos.2016YFB0701201 and 2016YFB0301103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51771109 and 51631006).
文摘The Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloys are representational and potential age-hardening systems as reported in the past ten years,but their mechanical properties are still dependent on the grain size and its distribution.The effect of bimodal structure on mechanical properties of Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy with bimodal grain size distributions was investigated.The results suggested that the volume fraction of fine grain(FG)and coarse grain(CG)could be controlled by combined processes of hot forging,extrusion and annealing.And for the present alloys with bimodal grain size distribution,the improvement of strength is still attributed to the grain refinement.The morphology of bimodal grain size distribution has a marked impact on the ductility of the alloy,i.e.with the increase of coarse grain volume fraction,the elongation to failure increases at the beginning and then decreases.The mechanism of the toughening effect of bimodal grain size distribution on the Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloys with bimodal grain size structure has been discussed.
文摘In the present study,AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets were processed by friction stir processing(FSP)to investigate the effect of the grain refinement and grain size distribution on the corrosion behavior.Grain refinement from a starting size of 16.4±6.8µm to 3.2±1.2µm was attained after FSP.Remarkably,bimodal grain size distribution was observed in the nugget zone with a combination of coarse(11.62±8.4µm)and fine grains(3.2±1.2µm).Due to the grain refinement,a slight improvement in the hardness was found in the nugget zone of FSPed AZ31.The bimodal grain size distribution in the stir zone showed pronounced influence on the corrosion rate of FSPed AZ31 as observed from the immersion and electrochemical tests.From the X-ray diffraction analysis,more amount of Mg(OH)_(2) was observed on FSPed AZ31 compared with the unprocessed AZ31.Polarization measurements demonstrated the higher corrosion current density for FSPed AZ31(8.92×10^(−5)A/cm^(2))compared with the unprocessed condition(2.90×10^(−5)A/cm^(2))that can be attributed to the texture effect and large variations in the grain size which led to non-uniform galvanic intensities.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2009CB825105)
文摘The grain size composition, distribution characteristics and spatial variation of eolian sand soil on distinct positions across two longitudinal dunes and interdune areas were studied by means of conventional grain size analysis and geostatistical methods. In the study, 184 samples of eolian sand soil from the 0-30cm layer were systemically collected and measured from two longitudinal dunes and interdunes in the southern Gurbantunggut Desert. The results show that the dominant grain sizes are fine and very fine sands, and the differences of grain size compositions between the distinct geomorphologic positions are significant. The contents of clay and silt are highest on the interdune areas and lowest on the crests, and higher on the leeward slopes than on the windward slopes. The contents of very fine and fine sands are highest on the windward slopes and lowest on the crests. The contents of medium, coarse and very coarse sands are lowest on the interdune lands, and highest on the crests, and are identical on the two slopes. The coarser sizes (phi(1)) and mean sizes (Mz) for eolian sand soil all have a varying tendency from fine to coarse sizes with interdune area -> leeward slope -> windward slope -> crest, and the sorting (sigma) are poorly to well sorted. The results of geostatistical analysis reveal that phi(1), Mz and a values are moderately to strongly spatially autocorrelated. The values of the spatially correlated ranges are phi(1) < sigma < Mz. The spatial variation for these grain size parameters is significant across the longitudinal dune landscape. From the crests towards the bottom of the slope, there is a varying gradient of zonal distribution, and the gradient values on the leeward slopes are larger than sites on the windward slopes.
基金supported by the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.KZZD-EW-05-01)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41471011)the Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Earth Surface Processes,Chinese Academy of Sciences,China
文摘Grain composition of debris flow varies considerably from fluid to deposit, making it uncertain to estimate flow properties （e.g., density, velocity and discharge） using deposit as done in practice. Tracing the variation of grain composition is thus more important than estimating some certain properties of flow because every debris flow event consists of a series of surges that are distinct in properties and flow regimes. We find that the materials of debris flows, both the fluid and the source soils, satisfy a universal grain size distribution （GSD） in a form of P （D） = CD-zexp（-D/Dc）, where the parameters C, p and De are determined by fitting the function to the grain size frequency. A small At implies a small porosity and possible high excess pore pressure in flow; and a large D~ means a wide range of grain composition and hence a high sediment concentration. Flow density increases as 11 decreases or Dc increases, in a power law form. A debris flow always achieves a state of certain mobility and density that can be well described by the coupling of p and Dc, which imposes a constraint on the fluctuations of flow surges. The GSD also describes the changes in grain composition in that it is always satisfied during the course of debris flow developing. Numerical simulation using the GSD can well illustrate the variation ofμ and Dc from source soils to deposits.
基金carried out under project number S41.5.14547a in the framework of the Partnership Program of the Materials Innovation Institute M2i(www.m2i.nl)the Technology Foundation TTW(www.stw.nl)which is part of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research(www.nwo.nl)。
文摘Understanding the relationship between microstructure features and mechanical properties is of great significance for the improvement and specific adjustment of steel properties.The relationship between mean grain size and yield strength is established by the well-known Hall-Petch equation.But due to the complexity of the grain configuration within materials,considering only the mean value is unlikely to give a complete representation of the mechanical behavior.The classical Taylor equation is often used to account for the effect of dislocation density,but not thoroughly tested in combination with grain size influence.In the present study,systematic heat treatment routes and cold rolling followed by annealing are designed for interstitial free(IF)steel to achieve ferritic microstructures that not only vary in mean grain size,but also in grain size distribution and in dislocation density,a combination that is rarely studied in the literature.Optical microscopy is applied to determine the grain size distribution.The dislocation density is determined through XRD measurements.The hardness is analyzed on its relation with the mean grain size,as well as with the grain size distribution and the dislocation density.With the help of the variable selection tool LASSO,it is shown that dislocation density,mean grain size and kurtosis of grain size distribution are the three features which most strongly affect hardness of IF steel.
基金Financial support for the contribution was provided by Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (Project No. GACR P209/11/1000)
文摘This paper presents results of a study on the mechanical properties of sandy and gravely soils within the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. The soils were divided into groups according to their origin(glacial, fluvial, or debris flow). The grain size distribution of forty three soil samples was used to classify the soils according to the scheme of the Unified Soil Classification System(USCS). These distributions have then been used to estimate shear strength and hydraulic properties of the soils. There are clear differences between the soils which reflect their divergent origins. The glacial soils normally fit within one of two distinctive groups according to the proportion of fines(Group A, 7%-21.5%; Group B, 21%-65%). The estimation of shear strength at constant volume friction angle and peak shear strength of the glacial sediments with low content of fines was made using published data relating to the measured shear strength characteristics of soils with similar origins and grain size distributions. The estimated values were supported by measurements of the angle of repose taken from fourteen samples from two moraines and by shear tests on samples from one locality. The results of the grain size distribution werealso used to estimate the average hydraulic conductivity using the empirical Hazen formula which results were verified by field infiltration tests at two localities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50671010)
文摘Three-dimensional normal grain growth was appropriately simulated using a Potts model Monte Carlo algorithm. The quasi-stationary grain size distribution obtained from simulation agreed well with the experimental result of pure iron. The Weibull function with a parameter β=2.77 and the Yu-Liu function with a parameter v =2.71 fit the quasi-stationary grain size distribution well. The grain volume distribution is a function that decreased exponentially with increasing grain volume. The distribution of boundary area of grains has a peak at S/〈S〉=0.5, where S is the boundary area of a grain and 〈S〉 is the mean boundary area of all grains in the system. The lognormal function fits the face number distribution well and the peak of the face number distribution is f=10. The mean radius off-faced grains is not proportional to the face number, but appears to be related by a curve convex upward. In the 2D cross-section, both the perimeter law and the Aboav-Weaire law are observed to hold.
文摘A 3-dimensional(3D)micromagnetic model combined with Fast Fourier Transform(FFT)method was built up to study the writability in the L1_(0)FePt perpendicular medium.The effects of controllable grain size distributions were studied by grain growth simulation.It is found that the cross-track-averaged magnetization changes little between the L1_(0)FePt medium with uniform or non-uniform grain size distribution.
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(50901054,51101114)
文摘High-strength interstitial-free steel sheets have very good deep drawability when processed to have { 111 } recrystallization texture. The microtexture evolution and grain boundary character distribution of interstitial-free steels as a function of moderate levels of cold rolling reductions were investigated by the metallographic microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction technique. The results showed that there was a close relationship between micro- texture and grain boundary character distribution for interstitial-free steel, especially the distribution and features of some specific types of coincident-site lattice boundaries. In addition, a-fiber texture was weakened to vanish while 7- fiber texture strengthened gradually as cold rolling reduction was increased from 20% to 75 % for cold rolled and an- nealed samples. Accordingly, increasing the rolling reduction from 20 % to 750% would lead to a significant increase in the proportion of ∑3 boundaries. Also, it was found that the microtexture of 20% cold rolled sample would induce a high frequency of ∑11 grain boundaries, but the microtexture of 75% cold rolled sample would produce more ∑7 and ∑17 grain boundaries. It was suggested that texture played a significant role in the formation of grain boundary character distribution.
基金POSCO(No.2021Y037)Nano&Material Technology Development Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by Ministry of Science and ICT(No.RS-2023-00281246)+1 种基金National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIP)(Nos.NRF–2021R1A2C3006662 and NRF-2022R1F1A1073796)J.L.acknowledges support from the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(No.RS-2023-00276120).
文摘As-hot-rolled medium-entropy alloys(MEAs)with unevenly distributed grain sizes of face-centered cubic grains exhibit better yield strength without uniform elongation loss compared to cold-rolled and an-nealed ones.Successive operation of dynamic recrystallization(DRX)during several hot rolling passes leads to a wide range of grain sizes from submicrons to tens of micrometers due to the grain growth after nucleation:early recrystallized grains are coarser than recently recrystallized ones.Not only the grain size but internal dislocation density of the recently recrystallized grain is low.During the tensile deformation of the hot-rolled MEAs at-196 ℃,dislocation pile-ups in the relatively soft and fine DRX grains enhance yield stress and hetero-deformation-induced strain hardening.Thanks to the enhanced yield stress of the as-hot-rolled MEAs,stress-induced martensitic transformation easily occurs.Notably,partially DRXed MEAs hot-rolled at 800 ℃ have lower yield stress than fully DRXed ones,hot-rolled at 900 and 1000 ℃.This is attributed to the softening effect of the stress-induced body-centered cubic martensitic transformation in unrecrystallized coarse grains prior to the yielding,which lowers the yield stress of the partially DRXed ones.After yielding,the martensitic transformation facilitates strain hard-ening and early necking is precluded.This study presents a fresh outlook on the uneven distribution of grain sizes by hot rolling beneficial to mechanical responses of uniform elongation of~45%despite the as-rolled states with an advantage of simplified thermo-mechanical processes.
文摘Most of the available methods for the calculation of the three dimensional(3D)grain size dis- tribution functions(SDF)are based on the S model and lead a grave systematical error.The origin is the basic supposition of spherical grains in the S model,which does not correspond with the feature of real grains.A new model called A model is developed based on the hypothe- sis of polvhedral grains.The probability functions of the A model and the method to calculate the 3D SDFs using the A model are given in the present paper.The theoretical analyses and experimental tests have demonstrated that the A model reduces the systematical error radical- ly.It is nearly as simple as the so far used S model,but gives much better results in repro- ducing of 3D SDFs from the measured ID or 2D SDFs.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of the United States under a research grant (CMMI-1917238)
文摘Determination of the critical state line(CSL)is important to characterize engineering properties of granular soils.Grain size distribution(GSD)has a significant influence on the location of CSL.The influence of particle breakage on the CSL is mainly attributed to the change in GSD due to particle breakage.However,GSD has not been properly considered in modeling the CSL with influence of particle breakage.This study aims to propose a quantitative model to determine the CSL considering the effect of GSD.We hypothesize that the change of critical state void ratio with respect to GSD is caused by the same mechanism that influences of the change of minimum void ratio with respect to GSD.Consequently,the particle packing model for minimum void ratio proposed by Chang et al.(2017)is extended to predict critical state void ratio.The developed model is validated by experimental results of CSLs for several types of granular materials.Then the evolution of GSD due to particle breakage is incorporated into the model.The model is further evaluated using the experimental results on rockfill material,which illustrates the applicability of the model in predicting CSL for granular material with particle breakage.
基金Supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant 50409012).
文摘Grain size distribution of bed material is an important characteristic for studying evolution of natural river channel by means of experimental ways and numerical modeling of flow and sediment process.In this study,the fractal characteristic of sediment particle has been defined by means of fractal theory based on ana- lyzing the property of grain size distribution of bed material in the river channel.Furthennore,the fractal prop- erty of sediment particle has been applied to judge the process of armorin...
基金Funded in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFA07007003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51661019)+1 种基金the Major Projects of Science and Technology in Gansu Province(No.145RTSA004)the Hongliu First-class Discipline Construction Plan of Lanzhou University of Technology。
文摘The feasibility of applying the grain boundary character distribution(GBCD)optimization to Inconel 625 for improving the intergranular corrosion(IGC)resistance was studied.The GBCD was obtained and characterized by electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)analysis,and its optimization was mainly attributed to annealing twins(Σ3)and twins related to boundaries formed during thermal-mechanical processing(TMP).Through TMP of 5%cold rolling and subsequent annealing at 1150℃for 5 min,the proportion of lowΣcoincidence site lattice(CSL)grain boundaries of the Inconel 625 can be enhanced to about 35.8%which mainly were ofΣ3^(n)(n=1,2,3)type.There is an increase of 24.8%compared with the solution-treated sample,and simultaneously the large-size highly-twinned grain-cluster microstructure is formed.The grain-cluster is mainly composed ofΣ3-Σ3-Σ9 orΣ3-Σ9-Σ27 triple junctions,which is mainly caused by boundary reactions during grain growth.Among them,the IGC resistance ofΣ3 grain boundaries,Σ9 grain boundaries and random grain boundaries is sequentially weakened.With the increase of the lowΣCSL grain boundary fraction,the IGC resistance of Inconel 625 improves.The essential reason is the amount ofΣ3 boundaries interrupting the random boundary network increases and the large grain-cluster arrests the penetration of IGC.
文摘In order to better understand the relation between grain boundary characteristic distribution （GBCD） and the brittle cracking of ferritic stainless steel, the GBCD, impact test and bend test were investigated using scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and the electron backscatter diffraction （EBSD） technique. The results show that a crack occurs preferentially at high angle boundaries, and that low angle and low-∑ coincidence site lattice（CSL） boundaries can offer resistance to the propagation of cracks. It is suggested that an optimum GBCD, i.e. a high frequency of low angle or low-∑ CSL boundaries and discontinuous high angle boundaries network can offer the potential for decreasing the ductile-to-brittle transition temoerature （DBTT） of ferritic stainless steels.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51871048 and 52171108)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos.N2002014 and N2202011)。
文摘The grain boundary character distribution(GBCD) optimization and its effect on the intergranular stress corrosion cracking(IGSCC) resistance in a cold-rolled and subsequently annealed Fe-18 Cr-17 Mn-2 Mo-0.85 N high-nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steel were systematically explored.The results show that stacking faults and planar slip bands appearing at the right amount of deformation(lower than 10%) are beneficial cold-rolled microstructures to the GBCD optimization.The proportion of special boundaries gradually increases in the subsequent stages of recrystallization and grain growth,accompanying with the growth of twin-related domain in the experimental steel.In this way,the fraction of low ∑ coincidence site lattice(CSL) boundaries can reach as high as 82.85% for the specimen cold-rolled by 5% and then annealed at 1423 K for 72 h.After GBCD optimization,low ∑ CSL boundaries and the special triple junctions(J2,J3) of high proportion can greatly hinder the nitride precipitation along grain boundaries and enhance the capability for intergranular crack arrest,thus improving the IGSCC resistance of the experimental steel.
