Grassland resource governance is an important part of ecological civilization construction,and it directly af‐fects grassland governance performance.This study deploys principal-agent theory and uses social network a...Grassland resource governance is an important part of ecological civilization construction,and it directly af‐fects grassland governance performance.This study deploys principal-agent theory and uses social network analysis to compare grassland resource governance modes in China in terms of institutional settings and insti‐tutional network characteristics.This study found three types of grassland resource governance modes:self-designed,docked,and integrated.The self-designed mode forms a network structure with dual centers and multiple members,and has the second-best structural mode of the three types.The docked mode forms a net‐work structure with a single center in which the institution is the absolute core and is relatively divergent.It has the weakest structural advantage of the three types.The integrated mode forms a network structure with a single institution at the core and other institutions distributed evenly throughout the structure.This mode has the strongest structural advantage among the three types.This study offers the practical application of improv‐ing the practice of grassland governance in China and is theoretically significant because it can contribute to improving grassland governance modes and enriching the public goods resources governance.展开更多
As the basic level of national governance, local governance is deeply influenced by administrative tradition, political system and economic development level of a country. With more than thirty years of reform and ope...As the basic level of national governance, local governance is deeply influenced by administrative tradition, political system and economic development level of a country. With more than thirty years of reform and opening up, the pattern of local governance has become diversified. The diversity of governance model cannot be managed in the same way, however, it cannot affect the government’s ability to play the initiative role of governance. We need to innovate and improve the existing local governance models.展开更多
The Grauer’s gorilla is one of the species most affected by biodiversity degradation,and all the protected areas(PAs)in its range face management challenges(Plumptre et al.,2021).This research examines how the combin...The Grauer’s gorilla is one of the species most affected by biodiversity degradation,and all the protected areas(PAs)in its range face management challenges(Plumptre et al.,2021).This research examines how the combination of rangers’capacity,conservation models,mode of governance,and the presence of armed groups influences the Return On Investment in Rangers(ROIR)for conservation in Grauer’s gorilla range.ROIR is expressed in terms of site coverage rate,the level,extent,and trend of poaching in the PAs.The rangers represent investment.We collected data from 11 PAs in Grauer’s gorilla range.Among the 11 protected areas(PAs),five are governmentally protected areas(GPAs)and six are community-protected areas(CPAs).Due to the small sample size,the analysis focused on descriptive statistics,including means and comparisons of means.Overall,we found that the rangers’density is low in Grauer’s gorilla range(77.05 km^(2) per ranger),which is very low compared to the overall average density of a forest landscape(25 km^(2) per ranger).The rangers’capacity is also low in the Grauer’s gorilla distribution area(22.6 km^(2) per ranger).The rangers’capacity,as well as the ROIR,is influenced by several factors,including the presence of armed groups,conservation models,community engagement,and the holding of weapons by rangers.However,the factors studied in this chapter are not the only ones that influence either rangers’capacity and ROIR.However,the negative impact of armed groups on rangers’capacity ROIR can be alleviated or even aggravated by the local communities’collaboration,not by holding firearms by rangers.In conclusion,community forestry for conservation has a better ROIR overall than Fortress,with the highest site coverage rate,a low level of poaching and hunting,and a decreasing poaching trend,while the extent of poaching is the same in both Fortress and community forestry for conservation.Additionally,ForesCom is more resilient to the presence of armed groups than Fortress.Community forestry for conservation appears to be a viable option for expanding conservation efforts in Grauer’s gorilla range,ensuring its control and combating poaching with a limited number of rangers.展开更多
Government interventions to manage and improve trade-offs in social and ecological systems are made through various policy instruments.The conditions of the social ecological system(SES)are a function of the cumulativ...Government interventions to manage and improve trade-offs in social and ecological systems are made through various policy instruments.The conditions of the social ecological system(SES)are a function of the cumulatively implemented policy instruments.Although both policy instruments and social ecological system frameworks have played important roles in theoretical developments in resource management,they have largely been considered in isolation from each other.By including policy instruments into the SES framework,the proposed conceptual model serves as a template to examine how governing takes place by deciphering:1)how the biophysical system has been understood in resource governance;2)how the social system has been set up in resource governance;and 3)how the trade-offbetween dynamic biophysical and social systems has been managed in the governance of SESs.This model can assist identifying any absent,overlapping or contradictory policy instruments in the governance of an SES.展开更多
The ＂middle income trap＂ is a significant theoretical and practical issue closely related to the economic and social transition and sustainable development of a country. This paper explores the essence of the ＂midd...The ＂middle income trap＂ is a significant theoretical and practical issue closely related to the economic and social transition and sustainable development of a country. This paper explores the essence of the ＂middle income trap＂ and ways to avoid it. It reveals that the inner nature of the ＂middle income trap＂ lies in the institutional transition dilemma, which results essentially from a lack of reasonable and clear definitions of governance boundaries between government and market as well as government and society. This lack of boundaries causes coexistent and interrelated government inefficiency, market distortion/failure and social anomie, leading to a stagnant transition from a factor-driven to an efficiency-driven and further innovation-driven economy. Moreover, this paper proposes that the proper way to avoid the ＂trap＂ can be found in the reconstruction of the state governance mode, that is, to transition from a development-oriented and omnipotent government to a public service-oriented and limited government, from factor-driven to efficiency-driven and further innovation-driven development, and from a traditional society to a modem civil society through defining reasonable and clear boundaries between government and market as well as government and society. Thus, reconstruction can establish a state public governance mode featuring the interactive role of government, market and society, and achieve the modernization of state governance systems and capacity.展开更多
基金This research was funded by the Ministry of Education in China’s Project of Humanities and Social Sciences[Grant number:21YJC630004]the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation[Grant number:2021M691739].
文摘Grassland resource governance is an important part of ecological civilization construction,and it directly af‐fects grassland governance performance.This study deploys principal-agent theory and uses social network analysis to compare grassland resource governance modes in China in terms of institutional settings and insti‐tutional network characteristics.This study found three types of grassland resource governance modes:self-designed,docked,and integrated.The self-designed mode forms a network structure with dual centers and multiple members,and has the second-best structural mode of the three types.The docked mode forms a net‐work structure with a single center in which the institution is the absolute core and is relatively divergent.It has the weakest structural advantage of the three types.The integrated mode forms a network structure with a single institution at the core and other institutions distributed evenly throughout the structure.This mode has the strongest structural advantage among the three types.This study offers the practical application of improv‐ing the practice of grassland governance in China and is theoretically significant because it can contribute to improving grassland governance modes and enriching the public goods resources governance.
文摘As the basic level of national governance, local governance is deeply influenced by administrative tradition, political system and economic development level of a country. With more than thirty years of reform and opening up, the pattern of local governance has become diversified. The diversity of governance model cannot be managed in the same way, however, it cannot affect the government’s ability to play the initiative role of governance. We need to innovate and improve the existing local governance models.
文摘The Grauer’s gorilla is one of the species most affected by biodiversity degradation,and all the protected areas(PAs)in its range face management challenges(Plumptre et al.,2021).This research examines how the combination of rangers’capacity,conservation models,mode of governance,and the presence of armed groups influences the Return On Investment in Rangers(ROIR)for conservation in Grauer’s gorilla range.ROIR is expressed in terms of site coverage rate,the level,extent,and trend of poaching in the PAs.The rangers represent investment.We collected data from 11 PAs in Grauer’s gorilla range.Among the 11 protected areas(PAs),five are governmentally protected areas(GPAs)and six are community-protected areas(CPAs).Due to the small sample size,the analysis focused on descriptive statistics,including means and comparisons of means.Overall,we found that the rangers’density is low in Grauer’s gorilla range(77.05 km^(2) per ranger),which is very low compared to the overall average density of a forest landscape(25 km^(2) per ranger).The rangers’capacity is also low in the Grauer’s gorilla distribution area(22.6 km^(2) per ranger).The rangers’capacity,as well as the ROIR,is influenced by several factors,including the presence of armed groups,conservation models,community engagement,and the holding of weapons by rangers.However,the factors studied in this chapter are not the only ones that influence either rangers’capacity and ROIR.However,the negative impact of armed groups on rangers’capacity ROIR can be alleviated or even aggravated by the local communities’collaboration,not by holding firearms by rangers.In conclusion,community forestry for conservation has a better ROIR overall than Fortress,with the highest site coverage rate,a low level of poaching and hunting,and a decreasing poaching trend,while the extent of poaching is the same in both Fortress and community forestry for conservation.Additionally,ForesCom is more resilient to the presence of armed groups than Fortress.Community forestry for conservation appears to be a viable option for expanding conservation efforts in Grauer’s gorilla range,ensuring its control and combating poaching with a limited number of rangers.
基金This work was funded by the Commonwealth of Australia under the Australia Awards Scholarship and was partly supported through the Aus-tralian Research Council Future Fellowship Program(FT130100274).
文摘Government interventions to manage and improve trade-offs in social and ecological systems are made through various policy instruments.The conditions of the social ecological system(SES)are a function of the cumulatively implemented policy instruments.Although both policy instruments and social ecological system frameworks have played important roles in theoretical developments in resource management,they have largely been considered in isolation from each other.By including policy instruments into the SES framework,the proposed conceptual model serves as a template to examine how governing takes place by deciphering:1)how the biophysical system has been understood in resource governance;2)how the social system has been set up in resource governance;and 3)how the trade-offbetween dynamic biophysical and social systems has been managed in the governance of SESs.This model can assist identifying any absent,overlapping or contradictory policy instruments in the governance of an SES.
文摘The ＂middle income trap＂ is a significant theoretical and practical issue closely related to the economic and social transition and sustainable development of a country. This paper explores the essence of the ＂middle income trap＂ and ways to avoid it. It reveals that the inner nature of the ＂middle income trap＂ lies in the institutional transition dilemma, which results essentially from a lack of reasonable and clear definitions of governance boundaries between government and market as well as government and society. This lack of boundaries causes coexistent and interrelated government inefficiency, market distortion/failure and social anomie, leading to a stagnant transition from a factor-driven to an efficiency-driven and further innovation-driven economy. Moreover, this paper proposes that the proper way to avoid the ＂trap＂ can be found in the reconstruction of the state governance mode, that is, to transition from a development-oriented and omnipotent government to a public service-oriented and limited government, from factor-driven to efficiency-driven and further innovation-driven development, and from a traditional society to a modem civil society through defining reasonable and clear boundaries between government and market as well as government and society. Thus, reconstruction can establish a state public governance mode featuring the interactive role of government, market and society, and achieve the modernization of state governance systems and capacity.
