Background: Immune stress induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) influences the gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)/luteinizing hormone(LH) secretion. Presence of LPS interacting Toll-like receptor(TLR) 4 in the hypothal...Background: Immune stress induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) influences the gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)/luteinizing hormone(LH) secretion. Presence of LPS interacting Toll-like receptor(TLR) 4 in the hypothalamus may enable the direct action of LPS on the GnRH/LH secretion. So, the aim of the study was to investigate the influence of intracerebroventricular(icv) injection of TLR4 antagonist on GnRH/LH secretion in anestrous ewes during LPS-induced central inflammation. Animals were divided into three groups icv-treated with: Ringer-Locke solution, LPS and TLR4 antagonist followed by LPS.Results: It was demonstrated that TLR4 antagonist reduced LPS-dependent suppression of GnRH gene expression in the preoptic area and in the medial basal hypothalamus, and suppression of receptor for GnRH gene expression in the anterior pituitary gland. It was also shown that TLR4 antagonist reduced suppression of LH release caused by icv injection of LPS. Central administration of LPS stimulated TLR4 gene expression in the medial basal hypothalamus.Conclusions: It was indicated that blockade of TLR4 prevents the inhibitory effect of centrally acting LPS on the GnRH/LH secretion. This suggests that some negative effects of bacterial infection on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity at the hypothalamic level may be caused by central action of LPS acting through TLR4.展开更多
The objective of the study is to investigate the effects of active immunization against gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist （GnRH-A） on secretion of luteinizing hormone （LH） and follicle-stimulating hormone （...The objective of the study is to investigate the effects of active immunization against gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist （GnRH-A） on secretion of luteinizing hormone （LH） and follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH） in the pituitary, and to observe the histological structures and development about ovaries and uteri in female rabbits. 24 female rabbits （Oryctolagus cuniculus） were divided randomly into 4 groups （n=6）, namely, experimental group I （EG-I）, experimental II （EG-II）, experimental III （EG-III）, and control group （CG）. Rabbits were subcutaneously injected with 1.0 mL GnRH-A （alarelin） antigen respectively at concentrations of 100, 100 and 50 μg mL-1 respectively, in EG-I, EG-II and EG-III. Alarelin antigen was re-injected in EG-II and EG-III with the same dosage on 20 d. CG was a blank. The ovarian and uterine samples were collected aseptically at the end of the experiment of 70 d. The tissue slices were observed under light and electron microscopes. Serum concentrations of LH and FSH were measured with ELISA. The results showed that serum LH concentrations in EG-II and EG-III reached the peak levels on 50 and 40 d respectively, and LH level in EG-II exceeded other 3 groups on 50 d （P0.05）. FSH level in EG-II was higher than those in EG-I, CG （P0.01） and EG-III （P0.05） on 40 d. GnRH-A could increase the number of primary follicles, enlarge the primary follicle vertical diameter （PFV） and primary follicle transverse diameter （PFT）, and promote growth and maturation of follicles. The endometrial epithelium thickness （EET） and uterine wall thickness （UWT） in three EGs were less than that in CG （P0.05）. GnRH-A can increase the quantities of mitochondrial cristaes, cortex granules in cytoplasm, broaden and lengthen zona pellucidas and microvilli of oocytes. It also enlarged nuclei of ooxytes and mitochondria, thereby it promoted the development of oocytes. Re-injection of 100 μg alarelin antigen enhanced the secretion of LH and FSH. GnRH-A promoted the growth and maturation of ovaries and follicles, suppressed uterine development, and also influenced histostructure of ovaries and uteri in female rabbits.展开更多
BACKGROUND In diabetic patients,persistent hyperglycemia creates an optimal environment for the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria,resulting in severe complications.Con-sequently,chronic rhinosinusitis(CRS)complicat...BACKGROUND In diabetic patients,persistent hyperglycemia creates an optimal environment for the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria,resulting in severe complications.Con-sequently,chronic rhinosinusitis(CRS)complicated by diabetes is highly pre-valent in clinical settings.AIM To analyze the results of nasal secretion cultures in diabetic patients with CRS and identify the factors influencing postoperative recurrence.METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 203 diabetic pa-tients with CRS with nasal polyps who underwent the Messerklinger technique at Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University between January 2021 and January 2023.Preoperative nasal secretions were cultured to determine the types and distribution of pathogenic bacteria and assess antimicrobial suscept-ibility.Based on a one-year follow-up,patients were categorized into recurrence and nonrecurrence groups to analyze differences in their clinical data.Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify factors influencing postoperative recurrence.RESULTS Pathogens were detected in 153 of the 203 nasal secretion specimens collected from diabetic patients with CRS.A total of 134 pathogenic bacteria strains were isolated and identified,including 81 strains(60.4%)of gram-positive bacteria and 53 strains(39.6%)of gram-negative bacteria.Gram-positive bacteria exhibited relatively high resistance to penicillin G and erythromycin,while remaining highly sensitive to vancomycin,gentamicin,and rifampicin.Gram-negative bacteria demonstrated relatively high resistance to cefazolin and gentamicin,but showed high sensitivity to imipenem,meropenem,cefepime,and ceftazidime.Univariate analysis revealed statistically significant differences between the recurrence and nonrecurrence groups in fasting blood glucose levels,smoking history,Lund-Mackay scores,visual analog scale(VAS)scores,nasal septum deviation,allergic rhinitis,bronchial asthma,postoperative infection,long-term use of nasal decongestants,and adherence to medical prescriptions.Multivariate regression analysis identified fasting blood glucose levels and VAS-measured nasal symptom severity scores as independent factors influencing postoperative recurrence.CONCLUSION In CRS patients with nasal polyps(CRSwNP),the detection rate of nasal pathogens is relatively high,and most of the isolated bacteria exhibit antimicrobial resistance.Additionally,the blood glucose level of patients with CRS combined with CRSwNP is a risk factor for postoperative recurrence.展开更多
The exponential growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes(ARGs)in soil-crop systems in recent years has posed a great challenge to ecological security and human health.While many studies h...The exponential growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes(ARGs)in soil-crop systems in recent years has posed a great challenge to ecological security and human health.While many studies have documented the residues of ARGs in soils and crops,but little is known about who drives the proliferation of ARGs in farming systems and what their underlying mechanisms are.Herein,we explored the occurrence and proliferating behavior of ARGs in soil-crop environments in terms of root secretions and plant volatiles.This review highlighted that plant root secretions and volatile organic compounds(VOCs)served as key substances mediating the development of antibiotic resistance in the soil-crop system.Still,there is controversy here as to plant root secretions promote the ARGs proliferation or inhibit.Some studies indicated that root secretions can suppress the colonization of ARGs,mainly attributed by the production of bluntedmetabolic enzymes and blocking of cellular exocytosis systems.Whereas the others have evidenced that root secretions can promote ARGs proliferation,primarily by altering the structure of microbial communities to influence species interactions and thus indirectly affect the proliferation of ARGs.Also,VOCs can act as molecular signals to convey antibiotic resistance information to their neighbors,which in turn drive the up-regulation of ARGs expression.Even so,the mechanism by which VOC-driven antibiotic resistance acquisition and proliferation need to be further probed.Overall,this review contributed to the development of products and technologies to impede the ARGs proliferation in agricultural environment.展开更多
The oral secretions of insect herbivores are complex mixtures of organic and inorganic solutes and enzymes that are deposited onto plant tissues during the feeding process.Some specific components of insect oral secre...The oral secretions of insect herbivores are complex mixtures of organic and inorganic solutes and enzymes that are deposited onto plant tissues during the feeding process.Some specific components of insect oral secretions have been shown to confer important functions in mediating plant–insect interactions at the molecular level.In this review,we examined the biochemical studies of insect oral secretions to summarize the current knowledge of their compositions.We then moved beyond the functional studies of components of oral secretions,and focused on the literature that pinpointed specific molecular targets of these compounds.Finally,we highlighted the investigations of oral secretion components in the context of insect physiology,which shed light on the potential evolutionary trajectory of these multi-functional molecules.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the relationship between Jiaotai pill(JTP),its main component berberine(BBR),and the serotonin(5-HT)system in regulating islet hormone secretion and alleviating pancreatic b-cell dysfunction d...Objective:To investigate the relationship between Jiaotai pill(JTP),its main component berberine(BBR),and the serotonin(5-HT)system in regulating islet hormone secretion and alleviating pancreatic b-cell dysfunction during type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)progression.Methods:T2DM rat model was established using a high-fat diet and streptozotocin injection.JTP,BBR,and Metformin were intragastrically administered for 35 days.The analyzed indices included blood glucose,blood lipids,islet hormones,and proteins related to 5-HT synthesis,secretion,and transport.Additionally,an in vitro model of glucose injury in islet cells was established to study the effects of JTP and BBR on islet hormone secretion following tryptophan hydroxylase 1(TPH1)inhibition.Results:JTP and BBR significantly improved blood glucose and lipid levels and islet morphology in T2DM rats.Both models exhibited reduced islet 5-HT levels and impaired islet hormone secretion.However,the administration of JTP and BBR reversed these effects.Furthermore,JTP and BBR upregulated the expression of TPH1(P=.0194,P=.0413)transglutaminase 2(TGase2;P=.0492,P=.0349),serotonin transporter(SERT,P=.0090),and 5-hydroxytryptamine 1F receptor(5-HT1FR)in the islet 5-HT pathway(P=.0194).In the cell model,the regulatory effects of JTP and BBR on islet hormone levels were significantly weakened after TPH1 inhibition(P=.001),suggesting that JTP and BBR influence islet hormone secretion through the pancreatic 5-HT system.Conclusion:The islet 5-HT system is correlated with islet hormone secretion dysfunction in T2DM.JTP and BBR can improve islet hormone secretion by activating the TPH1/TGase2/SERT/5-HT1FR pathway in the islet 5-HT system in T2DM rats.展开更多
Recent studies have shown that mucilage secretion from aerial roots is an essential feature of modern maize inbred lines,with some retaining the nitrogen-fixing capabilities of ancient landraces.To explore the genetic...Recent studies have shown that mucilage secretion from aerial roots is an essential feature of modern maize inbred lines,with some retaining the nitrogen-fixing capabilities of ancient landraces.To explore the genetic basis of nitrogen fixation in mucilage and its evolution from teosinte(Zea mays ssp.mexicana)to modern maize,we developed a recombinant inbred line(RIL)population from teosinte and cultivated it under low-nitrogen conditions.Large-scale,multi-year,and multi-environment analyses of RIL-Teo,Doubled Haploid-A(DH-A),Doubled Haploid-B(DH-B),and association populations led to the identification of 15 quantitative trait loci(QTL),68 quantitative trait nucleotides(QTN),and 59 candidate genes linked to mucilage secretion from aerial roots.Functional verification of the candidate gene ZmAco3,which is associated with mucilage secretion in aerial roots,demonstrated that deletion of this gene resulted in a reduction in mucilage secretion in aerial roots.In addition,most maize inbred lines exhibited stronger mucilage secretion from aerial roots under low-nitrogen conditions than under normal-nitrogen conditions.We categorized mucilage secretion into constitutive and low-nitrogen-inducible types.Through genotype-by-environment interaction studies,8 QTL,16 QTN,and 19 candidate genes were identified,revealing the genetic mechanisms underlying mucilage secretion under low-nitrogen conditions.These findings provide a comprehensive genetic analysis of the mucilage-secreting ability of maize aerial roots,contributing to our understanding of nitrogen fixation and offering potential avenues for enhancing nitrogen fixation in modern maize lines.This research advances knowledge of plant nutrient acquisition strategies and has implications for sustainable agricultural practices.展开更多
基金supported by the National Science Centre,Poland,Grant No.2013/09/N/NZ9/00212
文摘Background: Immune stress induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) influences the gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)/luteinizing hormone(LH) secretion. Presence of LPS interacting Toll-like receptor(TLR) 4 in the hypothalamus may enable the direct action of LPS on the GnRH/LH secretion. So, the aim of the study was to investigate the influence of intracerebroventricular(icv) injection of TLR4 antagonist on GnRH/LH secretion in anestrous ewes during LPS-induced central inflammation. Animals were divided into three groups icv-treated with: Ringer-Locke solution, LPS and TLR4 antagonist followed by LPS.Results: It was demonstrated that TLR4 antagonist reduced LPS-dependent suppression of GnRH gene expression in the preoptic area and in the medial basal hypothalamus, and suppression of receptor for GnRH gene expression in the anterior pituitary gland. It was also shown that TLR4 antagonist reduced suppression of LH release caused by icv injection of LPS. Central administration of LPS stimulated TLR4 gene expression in the medial basal hypothalamus.Conclusions: It was indicated that blockade of TLR4 prevents the inhibitory effect of centrally acting LPS on the GnRH/LH secretion. This suggests that some negative effects of bacterial infection on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity at the hypothalamic level may be caused by central action of LPS acting through TLR4.
基金supported by the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China (MW2007-ZD-8610)
文摘The objective of the study is to investigate the effects of active immunization against gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist （GnRH-A） on secretion of luteinizing hormone （LH） and follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH） in the pituitary, and to observe the histological structures and development about ovaries and uteri in female rabbits. 24 female rabbits （Oryctolagus cuniculus） were divided randomly into 4 groups （n=6）, namely, experimental group I （EG-I）, experimental II （EG-II）, experimental III （EG-III）, and control group （CG）. Rabbits were subcutaneously injected with 1.0 mL GnRH-A （alarelin） antigen respectively at concentrations of 100, 100 and 50 μg mL-1 respectively, in EG-I, EG-II and EG-III. Alarelin antigen was re-injected in EG-II and EG-III with the same dosage on 20 d. CG was a blank. The ovarian and uterine samples were collected aseptically at the end of the experiment of 70 d. The tissue slices were observed under light and electron microscopes. Serum concentrations of LH and FSH were measured with ELISA. The results showed that serum LH concentrations in EG-II and EG-III reached the peak levels on 50 and 40 d respectively, and LH level in EG-II exceeded other 3 groups on 50 d （P0.05）. FSH level in EG-II was higher than those in EG-I, CG （P0.01） and EG-III （P0.05） on 40 d. GnRH-A could increase the number of primary follicles, enlarge the primary follicle vertical diameter （PFV） and primary follicle transverse diameter （PFT）, and promote growth and maturation of follicles. The endometrial epithelium thickness （EET） and uterine wall thickness （UWT） in three EGs were less than that in CG （P0.05）. GnRH-A can increase the quantities of mitochondrial cristaes, cortex granules in cytoplasm, broaden and lengthen zona pellucidas and microvilli of oocytes. It also enlarged nuclei of ooxytes and mitochondria, thereby it promoted the development of oocytes. Re-injection of 100 μg alarelin antigen enhanced the secretion of LH and FSH. GnRH-A promoted the growth and maturation of ovaries and follicles, suppressed uterine development, and also influenced histostructure of ovaries and uteri in female rabbits.
文摘BACKGROUND In diabetic patients,persistent hyperglycemia creates an optimal environment for the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria,resulting in severe complications.Con-sequently,chronic rhinosinusitis(CRS)complicated by diabetes is highly pre-valent in clinical settings.AIM To analyze the results of nasal secretion cultures in diabetic patients with CRS and identify the factors influencing postoperative recurrence.METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 203 diabetic pa-tients with CRS with nasal polyps who underwent the Messerklinger technique at Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University between January 2021 and January 2023.Preoperative nasal secretions were cultured to determine the types and distribution of pathogenic bacteria and assess antimicrobial suscept-ibility.Based on a one-year follow-up,patients were categorized into recurrence and nonrecurrence groups to analyze differences in their clinical data.Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify factors influencing postoperative recurrence.RESULTS Pathogens were detected in 153 of the 203 nasal secretion specimens collected from diabetic patients with CRS.A total of 134 pathogenic bacteria strains were isolated and identified,including 81 strains(60.4%)of gram-positive bacteria and 53 strains(39.6%)of gram-negative bacteria.Gram-positive bacteria exhibited relatively high resistance to penicillin G and erythromycin,while remaining highly sensitive to vancomycin,gentamicin,and rifampicin.Gram-negative bacteria demonstrated relatively high resistance to cefazolin and gentamicin,but showed high sensitivity to imipenem,meropenem,cefepime,and ceftazidime.Univariate analysis revealed statistically significant differences between the recurrence and nonrecurrence groups in fasting blood glucose levels,smoking history,Lund-Mackay scores,visual analog scale(VAS)scores,nasal septum deviation,allergic rhinitis,bronchial asthma,postoperative infection,long-term use of nasal decongestants,and adherence to medical prescriptions.Multivariate regression analysis identified fasting blood glucose levels and VAS-measured nasal symptom severity scores as independent factors influencing postoperative recurrence.CONCLUSION In CRS patients with nasal polyps(CRSwNP),the detection rate of nasal pathogens is relatively high,and most of the isolated bacteria exhibit antimicrobial resistance.Additionally,the blood glucose level of patients with CRS combined with CRSwNP is a risk factor for postoperative recurrence.
基金supported by the Youth innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(No.Y2023QC32)the foundation of Tianjin Natural Science Foundation(No.22JCQNJC01460)the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Agro-Environmental Protection Institute,Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs)and the Youth Talent Project of Agro-Environmental Protection Institute,Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs(Xu Yan).
文摘The exponential growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes(ARGs)in soil-crop systems in recent years has posed a great challenge to ecological security and human health.While many studies have documented the residues of ARGs in soils and crops,but little is known about who drives the proliferation of ARGs in farming systems and what their underlying mechanisms are.Herein,we explored the occurrence and proliferating behavior of ARGs in soil-crop environments in terms of root secretions and plant volatiles.This review highlighted that plant root secretions and volatile organic compounds(VOCs)served as key substances mediating the development of antibiotic resistance in the soil-crop system.Still,there is controversy here as to plant root secretions promote the ARGs proliferation or inhibit.Some studies indicated that root secretions can suppress the colonization of ARGs,mainly attributed by the production of bluntedmetabolic enzymes and blocking of cellular exocytosis systems.Whereas the others have evidenced that root secretions can promote ARGs proliferation,primarily by altering the structure of microbial communities to influence species interactions and thus indirectly affect the proliferation of ARGs.Also,VOCs can act as molecular signals to convey antibiotic resistance information to their neighbors,which in turn drive the up-regulation of ARGs expression.Even so,the mechanism by which VOC-driven antibiotic resistance acquisition and proliferation need to be further probed.Overall,this review contributed to the development of products and technologies to impede the ARGs proliferation in agricultural environment.
基金received financial support from the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program,China(KQTD20180411143628272)the special funds for Science Technology Innovation and Industrial Development of Shenzhen Dapeng New District,China(PT202101-02)。
文摘The oral secretions of insect herbivores are complex mixtures of organic and inorganic solutes and enzymes that are deposited onto plant tissues during the feeding process.Some specific components of insect oral secretions have been shown to confer important functions in mediating plant–insect interactions at the molecular level.In this review,we examined the biochemical studies of insect oral secretions to summarize the current knowledge of their compositions.We then moved beyond the functional studies of components of oral secretions,and focused on the literature that pinpointed specific molecular targets of these compounds.Finally,we highlighted the investigations of oral secretion components in the context of insect physiology,which shed light on the potential evolutionary trajectory of these multi-functional molecules.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81673680)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(YZX-202306).
文摘Objective:To investigate the relationship between Jiaotai pill(JTP),its main component berberine(BBR),and the serotonin(5-HT)system in regulating islet hormone secretion and alleviating pancreatic b-cell dysfunction during type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)progression.Methods:T2DM rat model was established using a high-fat diet and streptozotocin injection.JTP,BBR,and Metformin were intragastrically administered for 35 days.The analyzed indices included blood glucose,blood lipids,islet hormones,and proteins related to 5-HT synthesis,secretion,and transport.Additionally,an in vitro model of glucose injury in islet cells was established to study the effects of JTP and BBR on islet hormone secretion following tryptophan hydroxylase 1(TPH1)inhibition.Results:JTP and BBR significantly improved blood glucose and lipid levels and islet morphology in T2DM rats.Both models exhibited reduced islet 5-HT levels and impaired islet hormone secretion.However,the administration of JTP and BBR reversed these effects.Furthermore,JTP and BBR upregulated the expression of TPH1(P=.0194,P=.0413)transglutaminase 2(TGase2;P=.0492,P=.0349),serotonin transporter(SERT,P=.0090),and 5-hydroxytryptamine 1F receptor(5-HT1FR)in the islet 5-HT pathway(P=.0194).In the cell model,the regulatory effects of JTP and BBR on islet hormone levels were significantly weakened after TPH1 inhibition(P=.001),suggesting that JTP and BBR influence islet hormone secretion through the pancreatic 5-HT system.Conclusion:The islet 5-HT system is correlated with islet hormone secretion dysfunction in T2DM.JTP and BBR can improve islet hormone secretion by activating the TPH1/TGase2/SERT/5-HT1FR pathway in the islet 5-HT system in T2DM rats.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32401919)the Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province(242102111126).
文摘Recent studies have shown that mucilage secretion from aerial roots is an essential feature of modern maize inbred lines,with some retaining the nitrogen-fixing capabilities of ancient landraces.To explore the genetic basis of nitrogen fixation in mucilage and its evolution from teosinte(Zea mays ssp.mexicana)to modern maize,we developed a recombinant inbred line(RIL)population from teosinte and cultivated it under low-nitrogen conditions.Large-scale,multi-year,and multi-environment analyses of RIL-Teo,Doubled Haploid-A(DH-A),Doubled Haploid-B(DH-B),and association populations led to the identification of 15 quantitative trait loci(QTL),68 quantitative trait nucleotides(QTN),and 59 candidate genes linked to mucilage secretion from aerial roots.Functional verification of the candidate gene ZmAco3,which is associated with mucilage secretion in aerial roots,demonstrated that deletion of this gene resulted in a reduction in mucilage secretion in aerial roots.In addition,most maize inbred lines exhibited stronger mucilage secretion from aerial roots under low-nitrogen conditions than under normal-nitrogen conditions.We categorized mucilage secretion into constitutive and low-nitrogen-inducible types.Through genotype-by-environment interaction studies,8 QTL,16 QTN,and 19 candidate genes were identified,revealing the genetic mechanisms underlying mucilage secretion under low-nitrogen conditions.These findings provide a comprehensive genetic analysis of the mucilage-secreting ability of maize aerial roots,contributing to our understanding of nitrogen fixation and offering potential avenues for enhancing nitrogen fixation in modern maize lines.This research advances knowledge of plant nutrient acquisition strategies and has implications for sustainable agricultural practices.
