In order to investigate the global distributions of temporal variations of OH and O2 nightglow emissions,we statistically analyzed their variations with altitude,local time,and season,using the OH and O2 airglow emiss...In order to investigate the global distributions of temporal variations of OH and O2 nightglow emissions,we statistically analyzed their variations with altitude,local time,and season,using the OH and O2 airglow emission rate data observed by the TIMED satellite between 2002 and 2009.The results indicated that the OH nightglow emission was stronger than dayglow emission and the O2 nightglow emission was weaker than dayglow emission.In the tropics,the OH nightglow intensity reached its maximum near midnight;at higher latitudes,the OH nightglow intensities after sunset and before sunrise were much strong.At the equinoxes,the O2 nightglow intensity in the tropics decreased with local time;at the solstices,the local time-latitude distribution of the O2 nightglow intensity had a valley(with weak emission).As for the altitude-latitude distributions of nightglow emission rates,the distribution for OH nightglow at the equinoxes had one peak(with strong emission)at the equator,with a peak height around 85 km;the peak for the March equinox was stronger than that for the September equinox.The distribution for O2 nightglow at the equinoxes had three peaks,lying at 30°in the spring and autumn hemispheres and at the equator,and the peak height at the equator was the lowest.The distributions for both OH and O2 nightglow emissions at the solstices had three peaks.Both nightglow intensities in the tropics had obvious annual and semi-annual variations,the peaks and valleys for semi-annual variations appeared near the equinoxes and solstices,respectively,and the peak at the March equinox was larger than that at the September equinox.The distributions of both OH and O2 nightglow intensities showed a hemispheric asymmetry.展开更多
The radiance lights data in 2006 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) and authoritative energy data distrib...The radiance lights data in 2006 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) and authoritative energy data distributed by the United State Energy Information Administration were applied to estimate the global distribution of anthropogenic heat flux.A strong linear relationship was found to exist between the anthropogenic heat flux and the DMSP/OLS radiance data.On a global scale,the average value of anthropogenic heat flux is approximately 0.03 W m 2 and 0.10 W m 2 for global land area.The results indicate that global anthropogenic heat flux was geographically concentrated and distributed,fundamentally correlating to the economical activities.The anthropogenic heat flux concentrated in the economically developed areas including East Asia,Europe,and eastern North America.The anthropogenic heat flux in the concentrated regions,including the northeastern United States,Central Europe,United Kingdom,Japan,India,and East and South China is much larger than global average level,reaching a large enough value that could affect regional climate.In the center of the concentrated area,the anthropogenic heat flux density may exceed 100 W m 2,according to the results of the model.In developing areas,including South America,Central and North China,India,East Europe,and Middle East,the anthropogenic heat flux can reach a level of more than 10 W m 2 ;however,the anthropogenic heat flux in a vast area,including Africa,Central and North Asia,and South America,is low.With the development of global economy and urban agglomerations,the effect on climate of anthropogenic heat is essential for the research of climate change.展开更多
A review and updated checklist of Corynespora(Dematiaceous hyphomycetes)diversity and distribution reported from all over the world is prepared and presented over here based on available bibliographic survey upon publ...A review and updated checklist of Corynespora(Dematiaceous hyphomycetes)diversity and distribution reported from all over the world is prepared and presented over here based on available bibliographic survey upon published data.After critical review and verification,a total of 207 taxonomic records of Corynespora has been found in Index Fungorum,among them 179 spp.(86.47%)have been found as nomenclaurally valid/accepted taxa,while 14 spp.(6.76%)found to be transferred to other different taxa,11 spp.(5.31%)synonymously transferred to other Corynespora taxa,and 3 spp.(1.44%)found as invalid taxa.In all word-wide recorded Corynespora species,114 spp.(55.07%)have been found as foliicolous,90 spp.(43.47%)as lignicolous,2 spp.(0.96%)as lichenicolous,and 1 sp.(0.48%)from the air.Similarly,184 spp.(88.88%)have been reported on Angiosperms,1 sp.(0.48%)on Gymnosperms,22 spp.(10.62%)recorded on unidentified plant parts/taxa,whereas no one species recorded on Bryophytes and Pteridophytes.Likewise,166 spp.(80.19%)have been recorded on 54 families of Dicot,18 spp.(8.69%)on 6 families of monocot,1 sp.(0.48%)on 1 family of Gymnosperm,and 22 spp.(10.62%)on unidentified plant parts/taxa.Furthermore,the distribution of Corynespora spp.have been recorded from 34 countries,in which the species richness recorded maximum in India(80 spp.,38.64%)followed by China(31 spp.,14.97%),USA(11 spp.,5.31%),and other countries.Besides,distinguishing features of valid Corynespora spp.are also provided along with their hosts/substrate,host’s family,distribution(country),and references.This paper provides an updated checklist of Corynespora spp.reported from all over the world with their current status in the context of current nomenclature.In order to get all collected scientific information at one shop for further scientific study on exploration of Corynespora,this compiled up-to-date checklist with their comparative morphology would be vital and helpful to the researchers of concern fields as well as allied disciplines.展开更多
Background: There is a notable scarcity of comprehensive bibliometric studies examining plastic surgery research across extended or recent timeframes and diverse regions in relevant journals. The major objective of th...Background: There is a notable scarcity of comprehensive bibliometric studies examining plastic surgery research across extended or recent timeframes and diverse regions in relevant journals. The major objective of this study was to comprehensively map historical trends and the global distribution of plastic surgery research efforts.Methods: We conducted a comprehensive bibliometric analysis(using the Scopus database) of 35 core plastic surgery journals identified in these studies. All the data were extracted from the Scopus database in June 2025.The timeframe was set from 1946 to June 2025, and only original research and review articles were included in the detailed analysis. Countries(Regions) were grouped into seven regions(Europe, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East,Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, and the United States as standalone categories) to examine regional publication trends.Results: From 1946 to June 2025, 208 381 documents were published in 35 journals, of which 162 014 were eligible for analysis. The annual publication output has grown steadily, peaking at 8 277 by 2024. The United States led with 66 174 publications, followed by Europe(46 688), and Asia(31 785). Citation analysis of the top100 regional papers revealed that the United States(70 530 citations) was the most impactful, followed by Europe(43 869), Asia(28 657), and Australia and New Zealand(23 409). The 100 most-cited papers globally accrued 78 833 citations, were dominated by United States-based contributions(71%), and were primarily published in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery(57 papers). Chung KC, Mulliken JB, and Coleman SR emerged as the top authors(among the 100 most-cited global publications). Authors' performance is presented as the number of publications, citations, h-index, g-index, m-index, HG composite, and Q2 index.Conclusion: This study extends prior bibliometric investigations by offering a complete historical and geographical perspective on plastic surgery research. This inclusive, regionalized methodology provides a robust framework for future benchmarking and global equity assessments in surgical scholarship.展开更多
The existence of three well-defined tongue-shaped zones of swell dominance,termed as 'swell pools',in the Pacific,the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans,was reported by Chen et al.(2002)using satellite data.In thi...The existence of three well-defined tongue-shaped zones of swell dominance,termed as 'swell pools',in the Pacific,the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans,was reported by Chen et al.(2002)using satellite data.In this paper,the ECMWF Re-analyses wind wave data,including wind speed,significant wave height,averaged wave period and direction,are applied to verify the existence of these swell pools.The swell indices calculated from wave height,wave age and correlation coefficient are used to identify swell events.The wave age swell index can be more appropriately related to physical processes compared to the other two swell indices.Based on the ECMWF data the swell pools in the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans are confirmed,but the expected swell pool in the Indian Ocean is not pronounced.The seasonal variations of global and hemispherical swell indices are investigated,and the argument that swells in the pools seemed to originate mostly from the winter hemisphere is supported by the seasonal variation of the averaged wave direction.The northward bending of the swell pools in the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans in summer is not revealed by the ECMWF data.The swell pool in the Indian Ocean and the summer northward bending of the swell pools in the Pacific and the Atlan-tic Oceans need to be further verified by other datasets.展开更多
This study aims to find the altitudinal distribution pattern of vascular plant species reported from high mountain of Nepal(Manang) along the whole Himalayan elevation gradient, and evaluate their fate against climate...This study aims to find the altitudinal distribution pattern of vascular plant species reported from high mountain of Nepal(Manang) along the whole Himalayan elevation gradient, and evaluate their fate against climate change. Data was gathered from multiple sources, field investigations, literatures, and herbarium specimens. Altogether, 303 vascular plant species were reported from Manang. We used a published data to calculate distribution range of each species by interpolating between its upper and lower elevation limits. The relationship between elevation and species richness is elucidated by generalized linear model. The consequence of global warming upon Manang's vascular plant species was estimated based on projected temperature change for next century and adiabatic lapse rate along the elevation gradient of the Himalayas. The vascular plant species richness has a unimodel relationship with elevation along the whole elevation gradient of Nepal as well as in three biogeographical regions of Nepal. Vascular plants of Manang are found distributed from low land Terai to high alpine regions of Nepal and their elevation distribution range varies from 200 to 4700 m. Out of 303 vascular plants of Manang, only seven species might be affected if temperature increase by 1.5°C, whereas at least 70 species will be affected with 5°C temperature increased. However, the majority of species(233 species) have wider distribution range(> 1000 m) and more than 5°C temperature tolerance range, thus they are likely to be less affected from global warming by the end of 21 st century.展开更多
The dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans is one of the most important and abundant red tide organisms and it is distributed world-wide. It occurs in two forms. Red Noctiluca is heterotrophic and fills the role of one ...The dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans is one of the most important and abundant red tide organisms and it is distributed world-wide. It occurs in two forms. Red Noctiluca is heterotrophic and fills the role of one of the microzooplankton grazers in the foodweb. In contrast, green Noctiluca contains a photosynthetic symbiont Pedinomonas noctilucae （a prasinophyte）, but it also feeds on other plankton when the food supply is abundant. In this review, we document the global distribution of these two forms and include the first maps of their global distribution. Red Noctiluca occurs widely in the temperate to sub-tropical coastal regions of the world. It occurs over a wide temperature range of about 10℃ to 25℃ and at higher salinities （generally not in estuaries）. It is particularly abundant in high productivity areas such as upwelling or eutrophic areas where diatoms dominate since they are its preferred food source. Green Noctiluca is much more restricted to a temperature range of 25℃-30℃ and mainly occurs in tropical waters of Southeast Asia, Bay of Bengal （east coast of India）, in the eastern, western and northern Arabian Sea, the Red Sea, and recently it has become very abundant in the Gulf of Oman. Red and green Noctiluca do overlap in their distribution in the eastern, northern and western Arabian Sea with a seasonal shift from green Noctiluca in the cooler winter convective mixing, higher productivity season, to red Noctiluca in the more oligotrophic warmer summer season.展开更多
Response of the air temperature over the land surface to the global vegetation distribution is investigated,using a three-dimensional governing equation to simulate the steady,large-scale,limited amplitude perturbatio...Response of the air temperature over the land surface to the global vegetation distribution is investigated,using a three-dimensional governing equation to simulate the steady,large-scale,limited amplitude perturbation of the free,inviscid and adiabatic atmosphere.The adoption of the static equation leads to a temperature governing equation in the terrain following coordinate.With the prescribed temperature as the upper boundary condition and the radiation balance as the lower boundary condition,the semi-analytical solution of the global circulation temperature can be calculated.In this article,only the air temperature(at 2 m height)over the land surface is analyzed,and the result suggests that this model can simulate the air temperature pattern over the land surface reasonably.A better simulation occurs when a simple feedback of the albedo on the temperature is included.Two sensitivity experiments are analyzed through this model.One suggests that the air temperature over the land surface descends obviously when the land surface is covered with ice all over,while another suggests that the air temperature rises a little when the land surface is covered with forest except the ice-covered area.This model appears to be a good tool to study the response of the air temperature to the vegetation distribution.Limitations of the model are also discussed.展开更多
Global solar radiation（GSR） is the most direct source and form of global energy, and calculation of its quantity is highly complex due to influences of local topography and terrain inter-shielding. Digital elevation...Global solar radiation（GSR） is the most direct source and form of global energy, and calculation of its quantity is highly complex due to influences of local topography and terrain inter-shielding. Digital elevation model（DEM） data as a representation of the complex terrain and multiplicity condition produces a series of topographic factors（e.g. slope, aspect, etc.）. Based on 1 km resolution DEM data, meteorological observations and NOAA-AVHRR remote sensing data, a distributed model for the calculation of GSR over rugged terrain within the Yangtze River Basin has been developed. The overarching model permits calculation of astronomical solar radiation for rugged topography and comprises a distributed direct solar radiation model, a distributed diffuse radiation model and a distributed terrain reflectance radiation model. Using the developed model, a quantitative simulation of the GSR space distribution and visualization has been undertaken, with results subsequently analyzed with respect to locality and terrain. Analyses suggest that GSR magnitude is seasonally affected, while the degree of influence was found to increase in concurrence with increasing altitude. Moreover, GSR magnitude exhibited clear spatial variation with respect to the dominant local aspect; GSR values associated with the sunny southern slopes were significantly greater than those associated with shaded slopes. Error analysis indicates a mean absolute error of 12.983 MJm-2 and a mean relative error of 3.608%, while the results based on a site authentication procedure display an absolute error of 22.621 MJm-2 and a relative error of 4.626%.展开更多
The concept of pedodiversity and its measurement methodology proposed and developed by Ibá?ez research term is introduced. An attempt to apply pedodiversity to analyze spatial soil variation and distribution patt...The concept of pedodiversity and its measurement methodology proposed and developed by Ibá?ez research term is introduced. An attempt to apply pedodiversity to analyze spatial soil variation and distribution patterns on the global scale is briefly demonstrated. Furthermore, constructive comments and criticisms on pedodiversity and its measurement from the noted pedologists and ecologists are outlined. Finally, potential applications of pedodiversity in soil science and other relevant disciplines are discussed.展开更多
Sandfly fever is a febrile emerging arboviral illness which is a huge threat posed to public health.Sandfly fever viruses(Sicilian,Naples,and Toscana)are endemic to the Mediterranean region.Evidence suggests an increa...Sandfly fever is a febrile emerging arboviral illness which is a huge threat posed to public health.Sandfly fever viruses(Sicilian,Naples,and Toscana)are endemic to the Mediterranean region.Evidence suggests an increase in the activity of sandfly-borne phleboviruses and their extension to other places.The infection is relatively benign but may cause severe clinical manifestations and complications.Sandfly fever viruses belongs to the genus Phlebovirus(family Bunyaviridae),and the four main serotypes include sandfly fever Sicilian virus,sandfly fever Naples virus,sandfly fever Cyprus virus,and Toscana virus.Sandfly fever has flu-like symptoms such as fever,headache,photophobia,malaise,myalgia,and retro-orbital pain.The incubation period of the disease is 4-8 days,and the patient usually recovers within a week.The first infection provides the host with immunity.Sandfly fever viruses are transmitted through the bites of infected female sandflies,thus,the epidemiology of sandfly fever is closely related to the presence and activity of sandfly species that act as the vectors for transmission.Cases and outbreaks of the disease have been reported worldwide for more than 100 years.All in all,this disease is important for non-endemic countries because it is a travel-related and/or imported illness.展开更多
The aim of this paper is to study and analyse the intemationalisation strategies chosen by the main luxury-goods players in the Chinese market, demonstrating the business intemationalisation processes. The research qu...The aim of this paper is to study and analyse the intemationalisation strategies chosen by the main luxury-goods players in the Chinese market, demonstrating the business intemationalisation processes. The research questions are： ttow luxury companies have developed distribution strategies in the Chinese markets？ What are the main formats of distribution for the Chinese markets？ Are there any differences in the internationalization process between the main players of the luxury markets and the smaller ones？ The methodology is based on the analysis on multiple-case ~.nalysis on a sample of luxury-goods companies and identifies and compares the different strategies used by the players analysed. The research process starts from identifying and selecting the most well-known companies operating in the luxury branded sector, which have established a presence in the Chinese market with their own brand, collecting secondary data for the selected companies （website, corporate profile, articles on websites and in trade magazines and interviews with the management）, analysing the data collected and interpreting the main results to have emerged from the research. The main findings and conclusions are that the route to development in the Chinese market taken by the players in the luxury-goods sector, historically undertaken by delocalising production operations, has in recent years begun to accelerate with new forms in play, principally linked to distribution. The Chinese market tbr luxury brands is ever more an outlet market rather than a production hub. The ability to create brand awareness will become a key factor for successful consolidation of the competitive position in this market, an operation that can only be performed through distribution. Moreover, Chinese high-end consumers are becoming ever more demanding, seeking out an ever more sophisticated shopping experience. Just as happening in other markets, opening directly operated stores is a strategic choice for reaching and convincing end-consumers, since these stores become their point of contact with the brand. Creating a shopping experience plays a central role in communicating the values, heritage and spirit of the brand to consumers. Global luxury-goods enterprises are multiplying their investment in opening new sales outlets, using different formats to create distribution system that is predominantly selective but that ensures adequate distribution coverage. The development of direct distribution channels, alongside the more traditional forms of indirect presence, is accompanied by the more innovative players developing the digital channel to accompany and support their retailing activities.展开更多
The main objective of this study is to generate accurate synthetic hourly solar radiation data by using an easily accessible open source data.In this regard,a new approach is proposed for estimation of synthetic hourl...The main objective of this study is to generate accurate synthetic hourly solar radiation data by using an easily accessible open source data.In this regard,a new approach is proposed for estimation of synthetic hourly global solar radiation during the day by utilizing only annual solar energy data.First time in literature,a model has been developed for prediction hourly and daily solar radiation based on annual solar energy parameter in this study.Parameters of the model were generated and tested for Turkey and one of them was presented as a case study within this paper.Long term measured hourly horizontal solar irradiance data from a network of Turkish meteorological stations was used to calibrate the model function.The predictions are compared with the solar data available in literature for Turkey.The advanced simple new model is utilized in open source computer program and has the potential to be adapted to other countries.展开更多
Western flower thrip,Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande),is among the most economically important agricultural pests globally,attacking a wide range of vegetable and horticultural crops.In addition to causing extensi...Western flower thrip,Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande),is among the most economically important agricultural pests globally,attacking a wide range of vegetable and horticultural crops.In addition to causing extensive crop damage,the species is notorious for vectoring destructive plant viruses,mainly belonging to the genera Orthotospovirus,Ilarvirus.AIphacarmovirus and Machlomovirus.Once infected by orthotospoviruses,thrips can remain virulent throughout their lifespan and continue transmitting viruses to host plants when and wherever they feed.These irruptive viral outbreaks in crops will permanently disrupt functional integrated pest management systems,and typically require a remedial treatment involving insecticides,contributing to further development of insecticide resistance.To mitigate against this continuing cycle,the most effective management is early and comprehensive surveillance of the pest species and recognition of plant viruses in the field.This review provides information on the pest status of F.occidentalis,discusses the current global status of the viruses vectored by this thrip species,examines the mechanisms involved in transmitting virus-induced diseases by thrips,and reviews different management strategies,highlighting the potential management tactics developed for various cropping systems.The early surveillance and the utilization of potential methods for control of both F occidentalis and viruses are proposed.展开更多
With increasing urbanization and agricultural expansion, large tracts of wetlands have been either disturbed or converted to other uses. To protect wetlands, accurate distribution maps are needed. However, because of ...With increasing urbanization and agricultural expansion, large tracts of wetlands have been either disturbed or converted to other uses. To protect wetlands, accurate distribution maps are needed. However, because of the dramatic diversity of wetlands and difficulties in field work, wetland mapping on a large spatial scale is very difficult to do. Until recently there were only a few high resolution global wetland distribution datasets developed for wetland protection and restoration. In this paper, we used hydrologic and climatic variables in combination with Compound Topographic Index （CTI） data in modeling the average annual water table depth at 30 arc-second grids over the continental areas of the world except for Antarctica. The water table depth data were modeled without considering influences of anthropogenic activities. We adopted a relationship between poten- tial wetland distribution and water table depth to develop the global wetland suitability distribution dataset. The modeling re- suits showed that the total area of global wetland reached 3.316× 10^7 km^2. Remote-sensing-based validation based on a compi- lation of wetland areas from multiple sources indicates that the overall accuracy of our product is 83.7%. This result can be used as the basis for mapping the actual global wetland distribution. Because the modeling process did not account for the im- pact of anthropogenic water management such as irrigation and reservoir construction over suitable wetland areas, our result represents the upper bound of wetland areas when compared with some other global wetland datasets. Our method requires relatively fewer datasets and has a higher accuracy than a recently developed global wetland dataset.展开更多
Based on the global distribution of land and soil quality and the world population,future trends in the agricultural use of land and soil resources are described,which will severely compromise future global food and f...Based on the global distribution of land and soil quality and the world population,future trends in the agricultural use of land and soil resources are described,which will severely compromise future global food and fiber production through the increase and the spatial changes of world population,through the loss of fertile land caused by insufficient soil management and through urbanisation and industrialization Moreover,future changes in life style and the increasing demand for food and bioenergy,trough changes in world economy,through climate change and a worldwide decrease in fresh water supply,sustainable land use for the production of food and fiber will be under threat.Until 2050 global food production must be doubled for satisfying global needs.Our scenarios should help to preview future changes,to counterbalance and to mitigate possible negative impacts,thus sustaining global food security.展开更多
The Cenomanian-Turonian boundary oceanic anoxic event(OAE-2;Bonarelli event;~94 Ma)is associated with a species turnover in the marine calcareous microfossil record,widespread marine anoxia,black shale deposition and ...The Cenomanian-Turonian boundary oceanic anoxic event(OAE-2;Bonarelli event;~94 Ma)is associated with a species turnover in the marine calcareous microfossil record,widespread marine anoxia,black shale deposition and positiveδ13C excursions.This study reviews 141 CTBE sites globally,aiming to understand micropaleontological,geochemical,and sedimentological expressions of OAE-2.There is a clear palaeogeographic and palaeobathymetric heterogeneity in the development of OAE-2 marine anoxia.A majority of the documented OAE-2 sites are from deep marine environments.The calcareous nannoplankton and benthic foraminifera record a diversity decline,while planktic foraminifera shows community level shifts and no major mass extinction.The variability of total organic carbon in OAE-2 sediments across sites(<1 to>10 wt.%)and theδ13C profiles(diachronous)have been attributed to different mechanisms of anoxia development.The increased primary“productivity model”gains support from productivity proxies(e.g.,Ba,P,Cu,Ni),redox-sensitive elements(e.g.,Mn,Mo,U,V,As),and eutrophic genera(e.g.,benthic foraminifera Gabonita spp.,calcareous nannofossils Biscutum spp.and Zeugrhabdotus erectus).The enhanced organic carbon“preservation model”in stratified(semi)restricted basins gains support from sites with lower enrichment of redox-sensitive elements and oligotrophic flora and fauna in the OAE-2 records.Geochronology of the Caribbean and the High Atlantic Large Igneous Province events(CLIP and HALIP)mark them as likely triggers of the OAE-2 related global perturbation of marine biogeochemistry.Volcanic triggers may have caused climate warming,altered hydrological cycles,enhanced continental weathering,shifts in ocean circulation,and nutrient flows.Addressing knowledge gaps,further research is urged,utilizing innovative proxies,and exploring underrepresented depositional systems to comprehensively understand OAE-2 onset and biotic crisis.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.40874080,40890165,40911120063,41004062)the National Basic Research Program of China("973"Project)(Grant No.2006CB806306)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project(Grnat No.20100481450)the Specialized Research Fund for State Key Laboratories
文摘In order to investigate the global distributions of temporal variations of OH and O2 nightglow emissions,we statistically analyzed their variations with altitude,local time,and season,using the OH and O2 airglow emission rate data observed by the TIMED satellite between 2002 and 2009.The results indicated that the OH nightglow emission was stronger than dayglow emission and the O2 nightglow emission was weaker than dayglow emission.In the tropics,the OH nightglow intensity reached its maximum near midnight;at higher latitudes,the OH nightglow intensities after sunset and before sunrise were much strong.At the equinoxes,the O2 nightglow intensity in the tropics decreased with local time;at the solstices,the local time-latitude distribution of the O2 nightglow intensity had a valley(with weak emission).As for the altitude-latitude distributions of nightglow emission rates,the distribution for OH nightglow at the equinoxes had one peak(with strong emission)at the equator,with a peak height around 85 km;the peak for the March equinox was stronger than that for the September equinox.The distribution for O2 nightglow at the equinoxes had three peaks,lying at 30°in the spring and autumn hemispheres and at the equator,and the peak height at the equator was the lowest.The distributions for both OH and O2 nightglow emissions at the solstices had three peaks.Both nightglow intensities in the tropics had obvious annual and semi-annual variations,the peaks and valleys for semi-annual variations appeared near the equinoxes and solstices,respectively,and the peak at the March equinox was larger than that at the September equinox.The distributions of both OH and O2 nightglow intensities showed a hemispheric asymmetry.
基金supported by theNational Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.40775008and41075015)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2010DFA22770)the Chinese Academy of Sciences Strategic Prior Research Program(Grant No.XDA05100504)
文摘The radiance lights data in 2006 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) and authoritative energy data distributed by the United State Energy Information Administration were applied to estimate the global distribution of anthropogenic heat flux.A strong linear relationship was found to exist between the anthropogenic heat flux and the DMSP/OLS radiance data.On a global scale,the average value of anthropogenic heat flux is approximately 0.03 W m 2 and 0.10 W m 2 for global land area.The results indicate that global anthropogenic heat flux was geographically concentrated and distributed,fundamentally correlating to the economical activities.The anthropogenic heat flux concentrated in the economically developed areas including East Asia,Europe,and eastern North America.The anthropogenic heat flux in the concentrated regions,including the northeastern United States,Central Europe,United Kingdom,Japan,India,and East and South China is much larger than global average level,reaching a large enough value that could affect regional climate.In the center of the concentrated area,the anthropogenic heat flux density may exceed 100 W m 2,according to the results of the model.In developing areas,including South America,Central and North China,India,East Europe,and Middle East,the anthropogenic heat flux can reach a level of more than 10 W m 2 ;however,the anthropogenic heat flux in a vast area,including Africa,Central and North Asia,and South America,is low.With the development of global economy and urban agglomerations,the effect on climate of anthropogenic heat is essential for the research of climate change.
基金the Science&Engineering Research Board(SERB),Department of Science&Technology(DST),Govt.of India for financial assistance(CRG/2019/005014).
文摘A review and updated checklist of Corynespora(Dematiaceous hyphomycetes)diversity and distribution reported from all over the world is prepared and presented over here based on available bibliographic survey upon published data.After critical review and verification,a total of 207 taxonomic records of Corynespora has been found in Index Fungorum,among them 179 spp.(86.47%)have been found as nomenclaurally valid/accepted taxa,while 14 spp.(6.76%)found to be transferred to other different taxa,11 spp.(5.31%)synonymously transferred to other Corynespora taxa,and 3 spp.(1.44%)found as invalid taxa.In all word-wide recorded Corynespora species,114 spp.(55.07%)have been found as foliicolous,90 spp.(43.47%)as lignicolous,2 spp.(0.96%)as lichenicolous,and 1 sp.(0.48%)from the air.Similarly,184 spp.(88.88%)have been reported on Angiosperms,1 sp.(0.48%)on Gymnosperms,22 spp.(10.62%)recorded on unidentified plant parts/taxa,whereas no one species recorded on Bryophytes and Pteridophytes.Likewise,166 spp.(80.19%)have been recorded on 54 families of Dicot,18 spp.(8.69%)on 6 families of monocot,1 sp.(0.48%)on 1 family of Gymnosperm,and 22 spp.(10.62%)on unidentified plant parts/taxa.Furthermore,the distribution of Corynespora spp.have been recorded from 34 countries,in which the species richness recorded maximum in India(80 spp.,38.64%)followed by China(31 spp.,14.97%),USA(11 spp.,5.31%),and other countries.Besides,distinguishing features of valid Corynespora spp.are also provided along with their hosts/substrate,host’s family,distribution(country),and references.This paper provides an updated checklist of Corynespora spp.reported from all over the world with their current status in the context of current nomenclature.In order to get all collected scientific information at one shop for further scientific study on exploration of Corynespora,this compiled up-to-date checklist with their comparative morphology would be vital and helpful to the researchers of concern fields as well as allied disciplines.
文摘Background: There is a notable scarcity of comprehensive bibliometric studies examining plastic surgery research across extended or recent timeframes and diverse regions in relevant journals. The major objective of this study was to comprehensively map historical trends and the global distribution of plastic surgery research efforts.Methods: We conducted a comprehensive bibliometric analysis(using the Scopus database) of 35 core plastic surgery journals identified in these studies. All the data were extracted from the Scopus database in June 2025.The timeframe was set from 1946 to June 2025, and only original research and review articles were included in the detailed analysis. Countries(Regions) were grouped into seven regions(Europe, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East,Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, and the United States as standalone categories) to examine regional publication trends.Results: From 1946 to June 2025, 208 381 documents were published in 35 journals, of which 162 014 were eligible for analysis. The annual publication output has grown steadily, peaking at 8 277 by 2024. The United States led with 66 174 publications, followed by Europe(46 688), and Asia(31 785). Citation analysis of the top100 regional papers revealed that the United States(70 530 citations) was the most impactful, followed by Europe(43 869), Asia(28 657), and Australia and New Zealand(23 409). The 100 most-cited papers globally accrued 78 833 citations, were dominated by United States-based contributions(71%), and were primarily published in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery(57 papers). Chung KC, Mulliken JB, and Coleman SR emerged as the top authors(among the 100 most-cited global publications). Authors' performance is presented as the number of publications, citations, h-index, g-index, m-index, HG composite, and Q2 index.Conclusion: This study extends prior bibliometric investigations by offering a complete historical and geographical perspective on plastic surgery research. This inclusive, regionalized methodology provides a robust framework for future benchmarking and global equity assessments in surgical scholarship.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 40830959 and 40921004)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No. 2011BAC03B01)
文摘The existence of three well-defined tongue-shaped zones of swell dominance,termed as 'swell pools',in the Pacific,the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans,was reported by Chen et al.(2002)using satellite data.In this paper,the ECMWF Re-analyses wind wave data,including wind speed,significant wave height,averaged wave period and direction,are applied to verify the existence of these swell pools.The swell indices calculated from wave height,wave age and correlation coefficient are used to identify swell events.The wave age swell index can be more appropriately related to physical processes compared to the other two swell indices.Based on the ECMWF data the swell pools in the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans are confirmed,but the expected swell pool in the Indian Ocean is not pronounced.The seasonal variations of global and hemispherical swell indices are investigated,and the argument that swells in the pools seemed to originate mostly from the winter hemisphere is supported by the seasonal variation of the averaged wave direction.The northward bending of the swell pools in the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans in summer is not revealed by the ECMWF data.The swell pool in the Indian Ocean and the summer northward bending of the swell pools in the Pacific and the Atlan-tic Oceans need to be further verified by other datasets.
基金supported by Norwegian Council for Higher Education’s Program for Development Research and Education
文摘This study aims to find the altitudinal distribution pattern of vascular plant species reported from high mountain of Nepal(Manang) along the whole Himalayan elevation gradient, and evaluate their fate against climate change. Data was gathered from multiple sources, field investigations, literatures, and herbarium specimens. Altogether, 303 vascular plant species were reported from Manang. We used a published data to calculate distribution range of each species by interpolating between its upper and lower elevation limits. The relationship between elevation and species richness is elucidated by generalized linear model. The consequence of global warming upon Manang's vascular plant species was estimated based on projected temperature change for next century and adiabatic lapse rate along the elevation gradient of the Himalayas. The vascular plant species richness has a unimodel relationship with elevation along the whole elevation gradient of Nepal as well as in three biogeographical regions of Nepal. Vascular plants of Manang are found distributed from low land Terai to high alpine regions of Nepal and their elevation distribution range varies from 200 to 4700 m. Out of 303 vascular plants of Manang, only seven species might be affected if temperature increase by 1.5°C, whereas at least 70 species will be affected with 5°C temperature increased. However, the majority of species(233 species) have wider distribution range(> 1000 m) and more than 5°C temperature tolerance range, thus they are likely to be less affected from global warming by the end of 21 st century.
基金the University Grants Council of Hong Kong and its Area of Excellence Program to PJH. KF was supported by a JSPS grant on the ecophysiology of green Noctiluca in the Gulf of Thailand. PMG received funding from NSF （No. OCE-1015980）This is contribution number 4502 from the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Studies. KY Acknowledges Support from the CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams （No. KZCXZYW-T001）. DMA received partial funding through the NSF/NIEHS Centers for Oceans and Human Health （No. NIEHS P50 ES012742, NSF OCE- 043072 and OCE-0911031）, and through NSF Grant （No. OCE-0850421）+1 种基金 This paper is based on work partially supported by SCOR/LOICZ Working Group 132, supported by the Scientific Committee on Oceanographic Research （SCOR） through grants from the U.S. National Science Foundation （No OCE-0938349 and OCE-0813697） from the Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone （LOICZ） Project and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. We thank A. KANA for assistance with the GIS produced maps and LIU Hao for his assistance with the tables and references.
文摘The dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans is one of the most important and abundant red tide organisms and it is distributed world-wide. It occurs in two forms. Red Noctiluca is heterotrophic and fills the role of one of the microzooplankton grazers in the foodweb. In contrast, green Noctiluca contains a photosynthetic symbiont Pedinomonas noctilucae （a prasinophyte）, but it also feeds on other plankton when the food supply is abundant. In this review, we document the global distribution of these two forms and include the first maps of their global distribution. Red Noctiluca occurs widely in the temperate to sub-tropical coastal regions of the world. It occurs over a wide temperature range of about 10℃ to 25℃ and at higher salinities （generally not in estuaries）. It is particularly abundant in high productivity areas such as upwelling or eutrophic areas where diatoms dominate since they are its preferred food source. Green Noctiluca is much more restricted to a temperature range of 25℃-30℃ and mainly occurs in tropical waters of Southeast Asia, Bay of Bengal （east coast of India）, in the eastern, western and northern Arabian Sea, the Red Sea, and recently it has become very abundant in the Gulf of Oman. Red and green Noctiluca do overlap in their distribution in the eastern, northern and western Arabian Sea with a seasonal shift from green Noctiluca in the cooler winter convective mixing, higher productivity season, to red Noctiluca in the more oligotrophic warmer summer season.
文摘Response of the air temperature over the land surface to the global vegetation distribution is investigated,using a three-dimensional governing equation to simulate the steady,large-scale,limited amplitude perturbation of the free,inviscid and adiabatic atmosphere.The adoption of the static equation leads to a temperature governing equation in the terrain following coordinate.With the prescribed temperature as the upper boundary condition and the radiation balance as the lower boundary condition,the semi-analytical solution of the global circulation temperature can be calculated.In this article,only the air temperature(at 2 m height)over the land surface is analyzed,and the result suggests that this model can simulate the air temperature pattern over the land surface reasonably.A better simulation occurs when a simple feedback of the albedo on the temperature is included.Two sensitivity experiments are analyzed through this model.One suggests that the air temperature over the land surface descends obviously when the land surface is covered with ice all over,while another suggests that the air temperature rises a little when the land surface is covered with forest except the ice-covered area.This model appears to be a good tool to study the response of the air temperature to the vegetation distribution.Limitations of the model are also discussed.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41175077 National Natural Science Foundation for Young Scholars,No.S0508016001 Guizhou Branch Major Projects[2011],No.6003
文摘Global solar radiation（GSR） is the most direct source and form of global energy, and calculation of its quantity is highly complex due to influences of local topography and terrain inter-shielding. Digital elevation model（DEM） data as a representation of the complex terrain and multiplicity condition produces a series of topographic factors（e.g. slope, aspect, etc.）. Based on 1 km resolution DEM data, meteorological observations and NOAA-AVHRR remote sensing data, a distributed model for the calculation of GSR over rugged terrain within the Yangtze River Basin has been developed. The overarching model permits calculation of astronomical solar radiation for rugged topography and comprises a distributed direct solar radiation model, a distributed diffuse radiation model and a distributed terrain reflectance radiation model. Using the developed model, a quantitative simulation of the GSR space distribution and visualization has been undertaken, with results subsequently analyzed with respect to locality and terrain. Analyses suggest that GSR magnitude is seasonally affected, while the degree of influence was found to increase in concurrence with increasing altitude. Moreover, GSR magnitude exhibited clear spatial variation with respect to the dominant local aspect; GSR values associated with the sunny southern slopes were significantly greater than those associated with shaded slopes. Error analysis indicates a mean absolute error of 12.983 MJm-2 and a mean relative error of 3.608%, while the results based on a site authentication procedure display an absolute error of 22.621 MJm-2 and a relative error of 4.626%.
文摘The concept of pedodiversity and its measurement methodology proposed and developed by Ibá?ez research term is introduced. An attempt to apply pedodiversity to analyze spatial soil variation and distribution patterns on the global scale is briefly demonstrated. Furthermore, constructive comments and criticisms on pedodiversity and its measurement from the noted pedologists and ecologists are outlined. Finally, potential applications of pedodiversity in soil science and other relevant disciplines are discussed.
基金This project has been financially supported by Student Research Committee,Chancellor for Research Affairs of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences with project number 00S15.
文摘Sandfly fever is a febrile emerging arboviral illness which is a huge threat posed to public health.Sandfly fever viruses(Sicilian,Naples,and Toscana)are endemic to the Mediterranean region.Evidence suggests an increase in the activity of sandfly-borne phleboviruses and their extension to other places.The infection is relatively benign but may cause severe clinical manifestations and complications.Sandfly fever viruses belongs to the genus Phlebovirus(family Bunyaviridae),and the four main serotypes include sandfly fever Sicilian virus,sandfly fever Naples virus,sandfly fever Cyprus virus,and Toscana virus.Sandfly fever has flu-like symptoms such as fever,headache,photophobia,malaise,myalgia,and retro-orbital pain.The incubation period of the disease is 4-8 days,and the patient usually recovers within a week.The first infection provides the host with immunity.Sandfly fever viruses are transmitted through the bites of infected female sandflies,thus,the epidemiology of sandfly fever is closely related to the presence and activity of sandfly species that act as the vectors for transmission.Cases and outbreaks of the disease have been reported worldwide for more than 100 years.All in all,this disease is important for non-endemic countries because it is a travel-related and/or imported illness.
文摘The aim of this paper is to study and analyse the intemationalisation strategies chosen by the main luxury-goods players in the Chinese market, demonstrating the business intemationalisation processes. The research questions are： ttow luxury companies have developed distribution strategies in the Chinese markets？ What are the main formats of distribution for the Chinese markets？ Are there any differences in the internationalization process between the main players of the luxury markets and the smaller ones？ The methodology is based on the analysis on multiple-case ~.nalysis on a sample of luxury-goods companies and identifies and compares the different strategies used by the players analysed. The research process starts from identifying and selecting the most well-known companies operating in the luxury branded sector, which have established a presence in the Chinese market with their own brand, collecting secondary data for the selected companies （website, corporate profile, articles on websites and in trade magazines and interviews with the management）, analysing the data collected and interpreting the main results to have emerged from the research. The main findings and conclusions are that the route to development in the Chinese market taken by the players in the luxury-goods sector, historically undertaken by delocalising production operations, has in recent years begun to accelerate with new forms in play, principally linked to distribution. The Chinese market tbr luxury brands is ever more an outlet market rather than a production hub. The ability to create brand awareness will become a key factor for successful consolidation of the competitive position in this market, an operation that can only be performed through distribution. Moreover, Chinese high-end consumers are becoming ever more demanding, seeking out an ever more sophisticated shopping experience. Just as happening in other markets, opening directly operated stores is a strategic choice for reaching and convincing end-consumers, since these stores become their point of contact with the brand. Creating a shopping experience plays a central role in communicating the values, heritage and spirit of the brand to consumers. Global luxury-goods enterprises are multiplying their investment in opening new sales outlets, using different formats to create distribution system that is predominantly selective but that ensures adequate distribution coverage. The development of direct distribution channels, alongside the more traditional forms of indirect presence, is accompanied by the more innovative players developing the digital channel to accompany and support their retailing activities.
文摘The main objective of this study is to generate accurate synthetic hourly solar radiation data by using an easily accessible open source data.In this regard,a new approach is proposed for estimation of synthetic hourly global solar radiation during the day by utilizing only annual solar energy data.First time in literature,a model has been developed for prediction hourly and daily solar radiation based on annual solar energy parameter in this study.Parameters of the model were generated and tested for Turkey and one of them was presented as a case study within this paper.Long term measured hourly horizontal solar irradiance data from a network of Turkish meteorological stations was used to calibrate the model function.The predictions are compared with the solar data available in literature for Turkey.The advanced simple new model is utilized in open source computer program and has the potential to be adapted to other countries.
文摘Western flower thrip,Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande),is among the most economically important agricultural pests globally,attacking a wide range of vegetable and horticultural crops.In addition to causing extensive crop damage,the species is notorious for vectoring destructive plant viruses,mainly belonging to the genera Orthotospovirus,Ilarvirus.AIphacarmovirus and Machlomovirus.Once infected by orthotospoviruses,thrips can remain virulent throughout their lifespan and continue transmitting viruses to host plants when and wherever they feed.These irruptive viral outbreaks in crops will permanently disrupt functional integrated pest management systems,and typically require a remedial treatment involving insecticides,contributing to further development of insecticide resistance.To mitigate against this continuing cycle,the most effective management is early and comprehensive surveillance of the pest species and recognition of plant viruses in the field.This review provides information on the pest status of F.occidentalis,discusses the current global status of the viruses vectored by this thrip species,examines the mechanisms involved in transmitting virus-induced diseases by thrips,and reviews different management strategies,highlighting the potential management tactics developed for various cropping systems.The early surveillance and the utilization of potential methods for control of both F occidentalis and viruses are proposed.
基金supported by National High-tech R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2009AA12200101)
文摘With increasing urbanization and agricultural expansion, large tracts of wetlands have been either disturbed or converted to other uses. To protect wetlands, accurate distribution maps are needed. However, because of the dramatic diversity of wetlands and difficulties in field work, wetland mapping on a large spatial scale is very difficult to do. Until recently there were only a few high resolution global wetland distribution datasets developed for wetland protection and restoration. In this paper, we used hydrologic and climatic variables in combination with Compound Topographic Index （CTI） data in modeling the average annual water table depth at 30 arc-second grids over the continental areas of the world except for Antarctica. The water table depth data were modeled without considering influences of anthropogenic activities. We adopted a relationship between poten- tial wetland distribution and water table depth to develop the global wetland suitability distribution dataset. The modeling re- suits showed that the total area of global wetland reached 3.316× 10^7 km^2. Remote-sensing-based validation based on a compi- lation of wetland areas from multiple sources indicates that the overall accuracy of our product is 83.7%. This result can be used as the basis for mapping the actual global wetland distribution. Because the modeling process did not account for the im- pact of anthropogenic water management such as irrigation and reservoir construction over suitable wetland areas, our result represents the upper bound of wetland areas when compared with some other global wetland datasets. Our method requires relatively fewer datasets and has a higher accuracy than a recently developed global wetland dataset.
文摘Based on the global distribution of land and soil quality and the world population,future trends in the agricultural use of land and soil resources are described,which will severely compromise future global food and fiber production through the increase and the spatial changes of world population,through the loss of fertile land caused by insufficient soil management and through urbanisation and industrialization Moreover,future changes in life style and the increasing demand for food and bioenergy,trough changes in world economy,through climate change and a worldwide decrease in fresh water supply,sustainable land use for the production of food and fiber will be under threat.Until 2050 global food production must be doubled for satisfying global needs.Our scenarios should help to preview future changes,to counterbalance and to mitigate possible negative impacts,thus sustaining global food security.
基金supported by The Department of Science and Technology (DST,India)SERB Grant CRG/2018/002202。
文摘The Cenomanian-Turonian boundary oceanic anoxic event(OAE-2;Bonarelli event;~94 Ma)is associated with a species turnover in the marine calcareous microfossil record,widespread marine anoxia,black shale deposition and positiveδ13C excursions.This study reviews 141 CTBE sites globally,aiming to understand micropaleontological,geochemical,and sedimentological expressions of OAE-2.There is a clear palaeogeographic and palaeobathymetric heterogeneity in the development of OAE-2 marine anoxia.A majority of the documented OAE-2 sites are from deep marine environments.The calcareous nannoplankton and benthic foraminifera record a diversity decline,while planktic foraminifera shows community level shifts and no major mass extinction.The variability of total organic carbon in OAE-2 sediments across sites(<1 to>10 wt.%)and theδ13C profiles(diachronous)have been attributed to different mechanisms of anoxia development.The increased primary“productivity model”gains support from productivity proxies(e.g.,Ba,P,Cu,Ni),redox-sensitive elements(e.g.,Mn,Mo,U,V,As),and eutrophic genera(e.g.,benthic foraminifera Gabonita spp.,calcareous nannofossils Biscutum spp.and Zeugrhabdotus erectus).The enhanced organic carbon“preservation model”in stratified(semi)restricted basins gains support from sites with lower enrichment of redox-sensitive elements and oligotrophic flora and fauna in the OAE-2 records.Geochronology of the Caribbean and the High Atlantic Large Igneous Province events(CLIP and HALIP)mark them as likely triggers of the OAE-2 related global perturbation of marine biogeochemistry.Volcanic triggers may have caused climate warming,altered hydrological cycles,enhanced continental weathering,shifts in ocean circulation,and nutrient flows.Addressing knowledge gaps,further research is urged,utilizing innovative proxies,and exploring underrepresented depositional systems to comprehensively understand OAE-2 onset and biotic crisis.
