Soil saturated hydraulic conductivity(K_s) is a predominant input factor when forecasting the vertical transport of contaminants through the soil or when estimating the flood retention capacity of the soil. Displaceme...Soil saturated hydraulic conductivity(K_s) is a predominant input factor when forecasting the vertical transport of contaminants through the soil or when estimating the flood retention capacity of the soil. Displacement of contaminants in the soil over extended periods of time can be attributed mainly to matrix flow, whereas flow through macropores becomes significant under untypically wet conditions, e.g., during spills or rain storms. To obtain matrix conductivities for a soil, the effects of macropores should be excluded.However, the K_s values of a soil profile are unlikely to be reflected solely by pedotransfer tables based on soil texture and bulk density.In this study, we examined five different methods(pedotransfer table, soil core, borehole permeameter, particle-size distribution curve, and instantaneous profile) to determine K_s values for a mercury-contaminated riparian soil for subsequent simulation of longterm mercury displacement toward groundwater. We found that the determined K_s values increased in the following order: borehole permeameter < particle-size distribution curve < pedotransfer table < instantaneous profile < soil core. The instantaneous profile method yielded K_s values of matrix flow, which additionally reflected the structure-related features of K_s values as provided by the soil core method. Despite being labor intensive and requiring expensive field sensors, the instantaneous profile method may provide the best representative in-situ K_s values for the studied site.展开更多
Lipovtsy coal field mine №4 processed north-western reserves of Lipovtsy field in Primorski Krai (Russia). In 1997, the mine was declared unprofitable and was abandoned by natural flooding with no arrangement of mine...Lipovtsy coal field mine №4 processed north-western reserves of Lipovtsy field in Primorski Krai (Russia). In 1997, the mine was declared unprofitable and was abandoned by natural flooding with no arrangement of mine water discharge and in 2005 it was fully flooded. The main sources of pollution in the studied area are spoil heaps (mine wastes), underspoil filtering waters and mine waters which are being discharged on the surface after finishing of “hydraulic funnel” artificial support. The study of technogenic landscape of abandoned mine industrial area showed that its morphologic form is dominated by spoil heaps. Soils located near mine waste body differ from benchmark soils by chemical properties and size distribution. The influence of active hydrochemical mine and drainage water flows is the reason of the above-mentioned variation in soil properties. Results showed that, there exist a high correlation ratios between chemical composition of mine waters and water extracts from soil: Between the alkalinity of mine waters and electrical conductivity of soil water extracts (r = 0.73), between mine water iron content and pH of soil water extract (r = −0.56), between the solid residue of mine waters and electrical conductivity of soil water extracts (r = 0.72), between the mine waters calcium content and electrical conductivity of soil water extracts (r = −0.75), between the alkalinity of mine waters and silicon dioxide content of soil water extracts (r = 0.61), between the mineralization of mine waters and chrome content of soil water extracts (r = 0.73).展开更多
High-organic (mucky) mineral soils make a small proportion of the Canadian agricultural land but are highly productive, especially for organic farming. Although these high-quality soils may release large amounts of ni...High-organic (mucky) mineral soils make a small proportion of the Canadian agricultural land but are highly productive, especially for organic farming. Although these high-quality soils may release large amounts of nitrate and phosphate to the environment, there is yet no reliable agro-environmental indicator for managing N and P compared to the adjacent mineral and organic soils. Our objective was to quantify the N mineralization and P environmental risks of mucky mineral soils. Nine Canadian soil series (eight Orthic Humic Gleysols and one Terric Humisol with three variants) were analyzed for texture, pH(CaCl2), total C and N, oxalate and Mehlich-III (M-III) extractable P, Al and Fe, and water extractable P (Pw). Soil texture varied from loamy sand to heavy clay, organic carbon (OC) content ranged from 14 to 392 g·OC·kg-1, total N from 1.21 to 16.38 g·N·kg-1, and degree of P saturation (DPSM-III) as molar (P/[Al + γFe])M-III percentage between 0.3% and 11.3%. After 100 d of incubation, soils released 31 to 340 mg·N·kg-1. The N mineralization rate was closely correlated to organic matter content (r = 0.91, p Sandy to loamy soils released 1.2 - 1.8 kg·N·ha-1·d-1 compared to 1.6 - 2.4 kg·N·ha-1·d-1 for clayey soils, 2.0 - 2.8 kg·N·ha-1·d-1 for mucky clayey soils and 2.6 - 2.7 kg·N·ha-1·d-1 for Humisol. For (P/[Al + 3Fe])M-III ratios of mucky clayey soils below 4.5%, water-extractable P did not exceed threshold of 9.7 mg Pw L-1. Mucky clayey soils could be managed for N similarly to Humisol and for P with (P/[Al + 3Fe])M-III percentage not exceeding 4.5%.展开更多
文摘Soil saturated hydraulic conductivity(K_s) is a predominant input factor when forecasting the vertical transport of contaminants through the soil or when estimating the flood retention capacity of the soil. Displacement of contaminants in the soil over extended periods of time can be attributed mainly to matrix flow, whereas flow through macropores becomes significant under untypically wet conditions, e.g., during spills or rain storms. To obtain matrix conductivities for a soil, the effects of macropores should be excluded.However, the K_s values of a soil profile are unlikely to be reflected solely by pedotransfer tables based on soil texture and bulk density.In this study, we examined five different methods(pedotransfer table, soil core, borehole permeameter, particle-size distribution curve, and instantaneous profile) to determine K_s values for a mercury-contaminated riparian soil for subsequent simulation of longterm mercury displacement toward groundwater. We found that the determined K_s values increased in the following order: borehole permeameter < particle-size distribution curve < pedotransfer table < instantaneous profile < soil core. The instantaneous profile method yielded K_s values of matrix flow, which additionally reflected the structure-related features of K_s values as provided by the soil core method. Despite being labor intensive and requiring expensive field sensors, the instantaneous profile method may provide the best representative in-situ K_s values for the studied site.
文摘Lipovtsy coal field mine №4 processed north-western reserves of Lipovtsy field in Primorski Krai (Russia). In 1997, the mine was declared unprofitable and was abandoned by natural flooding with no arrangement of mine water discharge and in 2005 it was fully flooded. The main sources of pollution in the studied area are spoil heaps (mine wastes), underspoil filtering waters and mine waters which are being discharged on the surface after finishing of “hydraulic funnel” artificial support. The study of technogenic landscape of abandoned mine industrial area showed that its morphologic form is dominated by spoil heaps. Soils located near mine waste body differ from benchmark soils by chemical properties and size distribution. The influence of active hydrochemical mine and drainage water flows is the reason of the above-mentioned variation in soil properties. Results showed that, there exist a high correlation ratios between chemical composition of mine waters and water extracts from soil: Between the alkalinity of mine waters and electrical conductivity of soil water extracts (r = 0.73), between mine water iron content and pH of soil water extract (r = −0.56), between the solid residue of mine waters and electrical conductivity of soil water extracts (r = 0.72), between the mine waters calcium content and electrical conductivity of soil water extracts (r = −0.75), between the alkalinity of mine waters and silicon dioxide content of soil water extracts (r = 0.61), between the mineralization of mine waters and chrome content of soil water extracts (r = 0.73).
基金the Québec Research and Development Institute for the Agri-Environment,the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC-CRDPJ 385199-09),Cultures Dolbec Inc.,Groupe Gos-selin FG,Agriparmentier Inc.,Pro-champs Inc.,and Ferme Daniel Bolduc Inc.for financial support.
文摘High-organic (mucky) mineral soils make a small proportion of the Canadian agricultural land but are highly productive, especially for organic farming. Although these high-quality soils may release large amounts of nitrate and phosphate to the environment, there is yet no reliable agro-environmental indicator for managing N and P compared to the adjacent mineral and organic soils. Our objective was to quantify the N mineralization and P environmental risks of mucky mineral soils. Nine Canadian soil series (eight Orthic Humic Gleysols and one Terric Humisol with three variants) were analyzed for texture, pH(CaCl2), total C and N, oxalate and Mehlich-III (M-III) extractable P, Al and Fe, and water extractable P (Pw). Soil texture varied from loamy sand to heavy clay, organic carbon (OC) content ranged from 14 to 392 g·OC·kg-1, total N from 1.21 to 16.38 g·N·kg-1, and degree of P saturation (DPSM-III) as molar (P/[Al + γFe])M-III percentage between 0.3% and 11.3%. After 100 d of incubation, soils released 31 to 340 mg·N·kg-1. The N mineralization rate was closely correlated to organic matter content (r = 0.91, p Sandy to loamy soils released 1.2 - 1.8 kg·N·ha-1·d-1 compared to 1.6 - 2.4 kg·N·ha-1·d-1 for clayey soils, 2.0 - 2.8 kg·N·ha-1·d-1 for mucky clayey soils and 2.6 - 2.7 kg·N·ha-1·d-1 for Humisol. For (P/[Al + 3Fe])M-III ratios of mucky clayey soils below 4.5%, water-extractable P did not exceed threshold of 9.7 mg Pw L-1. Mucky clayey soils could be managed for N similarly to Humisol and for P with (P/[Al + 3Fe])M-III percentage not exceeding 4.5%.
