Objective:To isolate and identify the anticancer compound against proliferation of human colon cancer cells from ethyl acetate(EtOAc)extract ol Phellinus linteus grown on germinated brown rice(PB).Methods:EtOAc extrac...Objective:To isolate and identify the anticancer compound against proliferation of human colon cancer cells from ethyl acetate(EtOAc)extract ol Phellinus linteus grown on germinated brown rice(PB).Methods:EtOAc extract of PB was partitioned with n-hexane,EtOAc,and water-saturated n-butanol.Anticancer compound of n-hexane layer was isolated and identified by HPLC and NMR,respectively.Cytotoxicity against HT-29 cells was tested by SRB assay.Results:The n-hexane layer obtained after solvent fractionation of PB EtOAc extracts showed a potent anticancer activity against the HT-29 cell line.Atractylenolide I,a eudesmane-type sesquiterpene lactone,a major anticancer substance of PB,was isolated from the n-hexane layer by silica gel column chromatography and preparative-HPLC.This structure was elucidated by one-and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic data.Atractylenolide I has not been reported in mushrooms or rice as of yet.The isolated compound dose-dependently inhibited the growth of HT-29 human colon cancer cells.Conclusions:Atractylenolide I might contribute to the anticancer effect of PB.展开更多
Germinated brown rice(GBR)is rich in gamma oryzanol which increase its consumption popularity,particularly in the health food market.The objective of this research was to apply the near infraredspectroscopy(NIRS)for e...Germinated brown rice(GBR)is rich in gamma oryzanol which increase its consumption popularity,particularly in the health food market.The objective of this research was to apply the near infraredspectroscopy(NIRS)for evaluation of gamma oryzanol of the germinated brown rice.The germinated brown rice samples were prepared from germinated rough rice(soaked for 24 and 48 h,incubated for 0,6,12,18,24,30 and 36 h)and purchased from local supermar kets.The germinated brown rice sampleswere subjected to NIR scanning before the evaluation of gamma oryzanol by using partial extractionmet hodology.The prediction model was established by partial least square regression(PLSR)andvalidated by full cross validation method.The NIRS model established from various varieties of germinated brown rice bought from diferent markets by first derivatives+vector normalizationpretreated spectra showed the optimal prediction with the correlation of determination(R?),root mean squared error of cross validation(RMSECV),and bias of 0.934,8.84×10^(-5) mg/100 g drymatter and 1.06×10^(-5) mg/100 g dry matter,respectively.This is the first report on the application of NIRS in the evaluation of gamma oryzanol of the germinated brown rice.This information is veryuseful to the germinated brown rice production factory and consumers.展开更多
Germination,a powerful biofortification technique,holds immense potential in bolstering the micronutrient profile of essential staple grains,thereby paving the way for optimal nutritional enhancement.The primary goal ...Germination,a powerful biofortification technique,holds immense potential in bolstering the micronutrient profile of essential staple grains,thereby paving the way for optimal nutritional enhancement.The primary goal of this study was to improve the technological functionality of germinated wheat flour by incorporating pentosanase(Pn)and glucose oxidase(Gox)enzymes,with particular emphasis on the evolutionary changes in its components.The inclusion of Gox did not produce any substantial impact on the volumetric characteristics of the steamed bread.The incorporation of Pn and Gox has been seen to enhance the overall excellence of steamed bread by optimizing loaf volume and textural characteristics while also improving the thermal stability of the dough.The existence of two endothermic peaks could be attributed to bound water or alterations in the granules within the starch crystallization region.Adding Pn and Gox reduced and increased the formation and stability time of the dough,respectively.A certain ratio was employed to assess alternations in the crystallinity of starch granules over a limited range.After steaming,a significant decrease in IR1047/1022 was observed,indicating that the elevated temperature partially disrupted the internal starch crystal structure,leading to a gelatinization reaction with water.The ratio of tensile resistance(R)and elongation(E)of dough increased significantly compared to the control.The results obtained from this study indicate that the simultaneous inclusion of enzymes(Pn+Gox)holds significant promise for expanding the technological functionality of germinated wheat flour dough and improving the quality attributes of steamed bread.展开更多
Hyperlipidemia is a frequent metabolic disorder that is closely associated with diet. It is believed that brown rice, containing the outer bran layer and germ, is beneficial for the remission of hyperlipidemia. This s...Hyperlipidemia is a frequent metabolic disorder that is closely associated with diet. It is believed that brown rice, containing the outer bran layer and germ, is beneficial for the remission of hyperlipidemia. This study established a rat model of hyperlipidemia by feeding a high-fat diet. The hypolipidemic potential of germinated brown rice(Gbrown) and germinated black rice(a germinated black-pigmented brown rice, Gblack) were explored in the model rats, mainly in the aspects of blood lipids, lipases, apolipoproteins, and inflammation. The gut microbiota in hyperlipidemic rats receiving diverse dietary interventions was determined by 16S rDNA sequencing. The results showed that the intervention of Gbrown/Gblack alleviated the hyperlipidemia in rats, evidenced by decreased TC, TG, LDL-C, and apolipoprotein B, and increased HDL-C, HL, LPL, LCAT, and apolipoprotein A1. Gbrown/Gblack also weakened the inflammation in hyperlipidemia rats, evidenced by decreased TNF-α, IL-6, and ET-1. In addition, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the diet of Gbrown/Gblack elevated the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota in hyperlipidemia rats. At the phylum level, Gbrown/Gblack decreased Firmicutes, increased Bacteroidetes, and decreased the F/B ratio in hyperlipidemia rats. At the genus level, Gbrown/Gblack decreased Streptococcus and increased Ruminococcus and Allobaculum in hyperlipidemia rats. Some differential microbial genera relating to lipid metabolism were also determined, such as the Lachnospira and Ruminococcus in the Gblack group, and the Phascolarctobacterium, Dorea, Turicibacter, and Escherichia-Shigella in the Gbrown group. Notably, the beneficial effect of Gblack was stronger than Gbrown. To sum up, the dietary interventions of Gbrown/Gblack contributed to the remission of hyperlipidemia by alleviating the dysbiosis of gut microbiota.展开更多
Germination and processing are always accompanied by significant changes in the metabolic compositions of rice. In this study, polished rice(rice), brown rice, wet germinated brown rice(WGBR), high temperature and pre...Germination and processing are always accompanied by significant changes in the metabolic compositions of rice. In this study, polished rice(rice), brown rice, wet germinated brown rice(WGBR), high temperature and pressure-treated WGBR(WGBR-HTP), and low temperature-treated WGBR(WGBR-T18) were enrolled. An untargeted metabolomics assay isolated 6 122 positive ions and 4 224 negative ions(multiple difference ≥1.2 or ≤0.8333, P<0.05, and VIP≥1) by liquid chromatography-mass spectrum. These identified ions were mainly classified into three categories, including the compounds with biological roles, lipids, and phytochemical compounds. In addition to WGBR-T18 vs. WGBR, massive differential positive and negative ions were revealed between rice of different forms. Flavonoids, fatty acids, carboxylic acids, and organoxygen compounds were the dominant differential metabolites. Based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) database, there 7 metabolic pathways(phenylalanine/tyrosine/tryptophan biosynthesis, histidine metabolism, betalain biosynthesis, C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism, purine metabolism, zeatin biosynthesis, and carbon metabolism) were determined between brown rice and rice. Germination changed the metabolic pathways of porphyrin and chlorophyll, pyrimidine, and purine metabolisms in brown rice. In addition, phosphonate and phosphinate metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism were differential metabolic pathways between WGBR-HTP and WGBR-T18. To sum up, there were obvious variations in metabolic compositions of rice, brown rice, WGBR, and WGBR-HTP. The changes of specific metabolites, such as flavonoids contributed to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory effects of GBR. HTP may further improve the nutrition and storage of GBR through influencing specific metabolites, such as flavonoids and fatty acids.展开更多
Present study was conducted to characterise ten rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivars viz. IET-23466, Dhan-201, IET-23448, MAS-946, IET-23445, IET-23463, IET-23455, PR-123, PR-115 and IET-23449 based on antioxidants(total p...Present study was conducted to characterise ten rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivars viz. IET-23466, Dhan-201, IET-23448, MAS-946, IET-23445, IET-23463, IET-23455, PR-123, PR-115 and IET-23449 based on antioxidants(total phenolics, flavonols and tannins), bioactive compounds(phytic acid, gamma amino butyric acid, tocopherol and reduced ascorbate) and antioxidant activity(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, free radical antioxidant power and total reducing power) with an aim to identify cultivars containing higher health promoting components after germination. Three cultivars IET-23466, IET-23463 and PR-123 performed better as revealed by higher level of antioxidants, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity before and after germination. Three cultivars MAS-946, IET-23445 and IET-23449 had moderate level of antioxidants, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. Four cultivars Dhan-201, IET-23448, IET-23455 and PR-115 performed intermediately. Strong positive correlation was observed among total phenolics and the antioxidant activity. Phytic acid was found to be negatively correlated to the antioxidant activity. Our results highlighted that cultivars IET-23466, IET-23463 and PR-123 hold great potential after germination and would open up a useful opportunity for the functional food industry, and consumption of these cultivars after germination would afford health benefits to consumers since they contain higher level of antioxidants.展开更多
Gluten-free bakery products are produced for people suffering from celiac disease due to sensitivity to gluten. So, the aim of this work was to study the effect of partial substitution of rice flour at 20%, 30% and 40...Gluten-free bakery products are produced for people suffering from celiac disease due to sensitivity to gluten. So, the aim of this work was to study the effect of partial substitution of rice flour at 20%, 30% and 40% with sorghum and germinated chickpea flours on rheological, physical, sensory properties and staling rate of prepared gluten-free cake. Obtained results showed that germinated chickpea flour had the highest contents of crude protein (23.62%), lipids (4.89%) and crude fibers (5.76%) as compared to other grain flours. Gradual increase in gelatinization temperature and decrease in maximum viscosity and setback were fond of cake batters with increasing the substituting levels of rice flour from 20% to 40% with sorghum or germinated chickpea flours in comparison to rice flour batter. No significant difference was observed in specific volume between rice cake and cake containing 20% of germinated chickpea and sorghum flours which given 2.71, 2.62 and 2.56 cm3/g, respectively. Data also revealed that gluten-free cake lightness (L*) and total intensity significantly increased with 40% of sorghum flour followed by 30 and 20% of sorghum flour. Substitution of 40% rice flour with germinated chickpea flour resulted in significant high in redness (a*), yellowness (b*) and chroma of gluten-free cake being 11.95, 33.72 and 35.77, respectively followed by substituted levels 30% and 20% which attributed to their natural yellow pigments compared with other investigated samples. Overall acceptability of gluten-free cakes was improved after adding 20, 30% of sorghum flour and 20% of germinated chickpea flour which being 90.7, 88.6 and 87.5, respectively compared to rice flour cake (88.4). Rice flour cake was more freshness than wheat flour cake and other treatments during storage duration. After 6 days, rice cake had significant high freshness (306.2%) followed by gluten-free cake samples with 20% of sorghum or germinated chickpea flours which given 294.5% and 289.4%, respectively. Generally, it could be concluded that the quality and nutritional properties of gluten-free rice cakes could be improved when using 20%, 30% of sorghum flour and 20% of germinated chickpea flour as substitution levels of rice flour.展开更多
Bengal gram on germination has high nutritive value in terms of protein, fibre and minerals yet it has very low shelf life at room temperature, hence to enhance the shelf life of germinated Bengal gram, a value added ...Bengal gram on germination has high nutritive value in terms of protein, fibre and minerals yet it has very low shelf life at room temperature, hence to enhance the shelf life of germinated Bengal gram, a value added product can be developed in the form of Pickle with vinegar, oil and salt as preservatives. To optimize the quantity of ingredients to be added, Response Surface Methodology was used. Statistical software Stat-Ease was used for statistical and graphical analysis of the experimental data. It was found that the sensory scores were 7.2, 8.4, 7.8 ＆ 7.7 for color, flavor, texture and overall acceptability corresponding to optimum conditions.展开更多
The development of somatic embryos is a key technology in plant breeding. To gain the best cultural conditions,the factors influencing on germination and transplanting survival rate of the somatic embryos in Liriodend...The development of somatic embryos is a key technology in plant breeding. To gain the best cultural conditions,the factors influencing on germination and transplanting survival rate of the somatic embryos in Liriodendron hybrids were optimized,including the development period of somatic embryos,macro-element,Vitamin C,genotypes,plant hormones and transplant medium in this study. The results showed that the optimal development phase of germination was torpedo-shaped embryo,and the base cultural medium of 3/4 MS with vitamin C can keep normal form from somatic embryos. The germination rate of somatic embryo had obvious genotype difference,among which the hybrid 1 × 5002 was the most sensitive( 82. 46%),and the hybrid 1 × 4088 was the most insensitive( 13. 24%). The medium with 0. 1 mg/L of KT + 0. 1 mg/L of IBA can help promote the germination of somatic embryogenesis. In addition,the yellow soil was more suitable than mixed peat soil for transplanting Liriodendron hybrids seedlings. Therefore,the obtainment of the optimal conditions has important guidance for production practices of Liriodendron hybrids.展开更多
Evaluation of dietary fiber and fatty acid composition of boiled, roasted, fermented and germinated breadnut seed flour was investigated. The seeds were dehulled and washed. It was divided into four equal parts for di...Evaluation of dietary fiber and fatty acid composition of boiled, roasted, fermented and germinated breadnut seed flour was investigated. The seeds were dehulled and washed. It was divided into four equal parts for different processing techniques: boiled, roasted, germinated and fermented. They were analyzed for dietary fibre and fatty acid composition using standard methods. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using Statistical Product for Service Solution (SPSS) version 23.0. Values were expressed as means and standard deviation, Duncan multiple range test was used in separating the means at 95% confidence interval. Dietary fibre composition showed that breadnut seed flours range from 4.94%(fermented breadnut seed flour) to 5.42%(roasted breadnut seed flour). Fatty acid profile showed that breadnut seed flours contain a greater amount of non-essential fatty acids which were highly significant (p < 0.05) in oleic acid (57.93%) for roasted breadnut seed flour followed by linoleic acid (25.76%) in fermented breadnut flour. Stearic acid was the only prominent non-essential fatty acid in the breadnut seed flour and ranged from 4.40%(fermented breadnut seed flour) to 6.27%(germinated breadnut seed flour). The study revealed that all the processed breadnut seed flours have appreciable quantities of dietary fibre and essential fatty acids than non-essential fatty acids. Breadnut seed should be recommended in wheat substitution in bakery industry and culinary uses. It is also recommended for weight loss program.展开更多
Cliviaminiatais an ornamental plant with pharmaceutical potential,but its cultivation is costly.The plant’s slow growth has prompted the search for al-ternative cultivation methods aimed at producing phenolic compoun...Cliviaminiatais an ornamental plant with pharmaceutical potential,but its cultivation is costly.The plant’s slow growth has prompted the search for al-ternative cultivation methods aimed at producing phenolic compounds,such as theinvitroculture.This study investigated the effect of sucrose concentra-tion and fruit maturity on the invitrogermination(IG)of C.miniataseeds and subsequent callus induction(CI).Sucrose was added to the MS medium:0-40 g∙L^(-1).During IG,the concentration of sucrose affected the speed of ger-mination,and at 0 and 10 g∙L^(-1),seeds from ripe fruit had a higher germination percentage(63%and 67%).Mature seeds showed significantly higher percent-ages than immature ones.When inducing callus,a high concentration of growth regulators(GR)resulted in significant mortality of the explants.Com-binations such as 2.4-D mg∙L^(-1)+0.52 mg∙L^(-1)PIC+2 mg∙L^(-1)BAP and 4 mg∙L^(-1)BAP+4 mg∙L^(-1)ANA showed high survival rates and CI.The results demon-strate that sucrose concentrations>5.1 g∙L^(-1)reduce germination in mature seeds,likely due to osmotic stress,while lower doses(0-10 g∙L^(-1))optimize germination(up to 67%),indicating limited reliance on exogenous carbon sources.The cytokinin BAP proved to be essential for callogenesis,regardless of the auxin used.展开更多
Brown rice was treated by segmented moisture conditioning to reach the suitable water content and aerated with air for germination.The effects of germination and aeration treatment on theγ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)cont...Brown rice was treated by segmented moisture conditioning to reach the suitable water content and aerated with air for germination.The effects of germination and aeration treatment on theγ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)content in germinated brown rice were studied.The results showed that the germination rate,glutamic acid,glutamate decarboxylase activity and GABA content in germinated brown rice increased significantly and then decreased with the increase of germination and aeration treatment parameters.Correlation analysis also revealed that there was a significant positive correlation between GABA accumulation and glutamic acid content,glutamate decarboxylase activity.These results suggested that the aeration treatment during germination following segmented moisture conditioning could contribute to a high GABA content of germinated brown rice.展开更多
The objective of this study was to analyze the content ofγ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)in germinated brown rice(GBR)by using near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)and the pretreatment method of wavelet de-noising(WD).The predic...The objective of this study was to analyze the content ofγ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)in germinated brown rice(GBR)by using near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)and the pretreatment method of wavelet de-noising(WD).The prediction accuracy of the NIRS model established by the Daubechies5 wavelet basis function at 3 level denoising treatment is the highest,the correlation coefficient for calibration(rc)is 0.931,the root mean square error of calibration(RMSEC)is 0.4038 mg/100 g,the Bias of calibration is 0.006,the correlation coefficient for prediction(rp)is 0.916,the root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP)is 0.4329 mg/100 g,the Bias of prediction is 0.010,and the ratio of performance to deviation(RPD)is 4.911.Results showed that the predicted and actual values had high correlation.Therefore,these results indicate that the NIRS model treated by WD is feasible to detect GABA content in GBR rapidly and nondestructively.展开更多
There is an increase in the use of adoptable bioprocessing methods for the development of high-quality pulse ingredients.This study investigated the nutritional composition,physicochemical,bioactivity,in vitro digesti...There is an increase in the use of adoptable bioprocessing methods for the development of high-quality pulse ingredients.This study investigated the nutritional composition,physicochemical,bioactivity,in vitro digestibility,functional,pasting,thermal and colour characteristics of germinated(24-72 h)pigeon pea.Germination increased(p≤0.05)protein,dietary fiber,calcium,iron,zinc,vitamins B,vitamin C(1.25-8.46 mg/100 g),resistant starch,protein digestibility(72.30-82.66 g/100 g),total phenolic content,antioxidant activities and most amino acids.Phytic acid,tannin and trypsin inhibitor activity decreased significantly during germination.Germination also increased water absorption capacity,protein solubility,foaming capacity,emulsion stability and activity of the flours while bulk density decreased.Functional,pasting,thermal and color,properties of pigeon pea was modified following germination.This study demonstrated that short-term germination is a natural means for the development of functional pigeon pea flour to promote its application in the food industry.展开更多
Streptomyces is a model bacterium to study multicellular differentiation and the major reservoir for antibiotics discovery.However,the cellular‐level lifecycle of Streptomyces has not been well studied due to its com...Streptomyces is a model bacterium to study multicellular differentiation and the major reservoir for antibiotics discovery.However,the cellular‐level lifecycle of Streptomyces has not been well studied due to its complexity and lack of research tools that can mimic their natural conditions.In this study,we developed a simple microfluidic chip for the cultivation and observation of the entire lifecycle of Streptomyces development from the single‐cell perspective.The chip consists of channels for loading samples and supplying nutrients,microwell arrays for the seeding and growth of single spores,and air chambers beside the microwells that facilitate the development of aerial hyphae and spores.A unique feature of this chip is that each microwell is surrounded by a 1.5µm nanogap connected to an air chamber,which provides a stabilized water–air interface.We used this chip to observe the lifecycle development of Streptomyces coelicolor and Streptomyces griseus germinated from single spores,which revealed differentiation of aerial hyphae with progeny spores at micron‐scale water–air interfaces and air chambers.Finally,we demonstrated the applicability of this chip in phenotypic assays by showing that the microbial hormone A‐Factor is involved in the regulatory pathways of aerial hyphae and spore formation.The microfluidic chip could become a robust tool for studying multicellular differentiation,single‐spore heterogeneity,and secondary metabolism of single‐spore germinated Streptomyces.展开更多
This study investigated the effect of adding germinated black cumin seed extract(GBSE)in the amounts of 0,50,75,and 100 mg/100 ml milk,which are mentioned in abbreviate as C,GBSE50,GBSE75,and GBSE100,respectively,on t...This study investigated the effect of adding germinated black cumin seed extract(GBSE)in the amounts of 0,50,75,and 100 mg/100 ml milk,which are mentioned in abbreviate as C,GBSE50,GBSE75,and GBSE100,respectively,on the physicochemical,antioxidant,antidiabetic and sensory properties of yogurt.In the present research,pH,titratable acidity(TA),syneresis,water-holding capacity(WHC),viscosity,total phenolic content(TPC),antioxidant activity(DPPH,ABTS radicals scavenging activity and FIC assay),α-amylase andα-glucosidase inhibitory effect and sensory attributes(taste,odor,texture,color,and overall acceptance)of fortified yogurts during 14 days of storage at 4℃ were determined.According to study results,fortification,even in the lowest amount(50 mg/100 ml milk),improved the qualitative and bioactive properties of yogurt significantly(p<0.05).All samples that received acceptable sensory scores were appreciated.However,GBSE50 and 75 showed no significant difference(p>0.05)after 14 days of storage compared to the control.Due to the results of all experiments,fortifying yogurt with the addition of 75 mg of GBSE in 100 ml milk is recommended to improve the qualitative and bioactive properties of the obtained functional yogurt.展开更多
Diabetes is characterized by prolonged hyperglycemia and disruptions in carbohydrate,lipid,and protein metabolism,stemming from inadequate insulin production,impaired insulin receptor functioning,or a combination of b...Diabetes is characterized by prolonged hyperglycemia and disruptions in carbohydrate,lipid,and protein metabolism,stemming from inadequate insulin production,impaired insulin receptor functioning,or a combination of both.Conventional diabetes medications like biguanides and sulphonylureas,are widely used and raise concerns about potential side effects with prolonged usage.In this context,legumes emerge as promising candidates due to their significance in traditional diets globally and associated health benefits.Despite being challenging to digest due to anti-nutritive factors,germination,a simple bioprocessing technique,significantly enhances nutritional aspect of the seeds.This study focuses on Lablab purpureus,an underutilized legume,employing a metabolomic approach to explore compounds in germinated and non-germinated seeds.Metabolomic profiling identified 125 compounds in non-germinated and 80 compounds in germinated seeds,revealing unique compounds in each type with potential health benefits.The study identified therapeutically important metabolites such as alkaloids,flavonoids,terpenoids,and saponin in both the germinated and non-germinated seeds.A notable change in the phytochemical composition(total phenol,flavonoid,and total ascorbic acid content)of germinated seeds was observed compared to the non-germinated seeds flour.An increased fold change(1.15,1.5 and 1.65)was observed in the total phenol,flavonoid,and total ascorbic acid content in germinated seeds compared to non-germinated seeds,alongside higher antioxidant levels in terms of DPPH,ABTS,and FRAP.The IC50 value for α-amylase inhibitory activity was noted to be 2.05±0.05 mg/ml in germinated samples while 0.79±0.00 mg/ml was observed in the non-germinated Lablab purpureus seeds.Therefore,displaying greaterα-amylase inhibitory activity in the non-germinated seeds,possibly due to their unique biochemical composition.Nevertheless,even germinated seeds demonstrated appreciableα-amylase inhibitory activity.Therefore,these findings suggest that germination process significantly influences seed biochemistry and helps to raise the phytochemical composition,while the unique composition of the metabolites in the nongerminated seeds could have impact on theα-amylase inhibitory activity.Thus,study suggests Lablab purpureus as a promising functional food source with diverse health-promoting attributes,particularly in diabetes management.展开更多
Population shrinkage of alpine cushion plants with ongoing climate warming has been empirically confirmed.Since cushion plants play important roles in sustaining alpine plant community and ecosystem functions,their po...Population shrinkage of alpine cushion plants with ongoing climate warming has been empirically confirmed.Since cushion plants play important roles in sustaining alpine plant community and ecosystem functions,their population dynamics may directly influence the future alpine ecosystems.However,little is known about how climate warming affect cushion population recruitment,especially at early life-history stages.In this study,we conducted a laboratory simulation of climate warming to detect the effects of warming temperature and associated moisture and light changes on seed germination and seedling growth of the typical alpine cushion plant Arenaria oreophila.Results suggested that increasing temperature indeed exerted strong constraints on the population recruitment processes.Specifically,increased temperatures could quickly initialize seed germination(4e6 days at higher temperatures vs.29 e32 days at low temperature,respectively,after sowing),accelerate them to reach the maximum germination percentage(9e19 days at higher temperatures vs.57e86 days at low temperature,respectively,after sowing)and significantly accelerate seedling growth rate.However,higher temperatures accelerated seedling mortality(more than 80%).In addition,lower light availability also increased seedling mortality though it could generally increase the final seed germination percentage.The effects of water might be dependent on temperature and light.All results suggested that cushion A.oreophila is quite sensitive to climate warming which strongly constrains its seedling establishment process.We,therefore,speculate that the continuing climate warming in future will exert uncertain risks in the persistence of cushion A.oreophila,possibly by constraining the process of seedling recruitments.展开更多
Strontium has similar chemical properties to calcium and has recently been recognized as a non-essential beneficial element for plants.In order to compare the effects of strontium and calcium on improving salt toleran...Strontium has similar chemical properties to calcium and has recently been recognized as a non-essential beneficial element for plants.In order to compare the effects of strontium and calcium on improving salt tolerance of Chinese cabbage during the germination stage,2,4,and 8 mmol/L of SrCl_(2),CaCl_(2) or an equimolar mixture of both were added separately to a 150 mmol/L NaCl solution.The results showed that Ca-Sr addition significantly increased seed viability,seed vigor,seed germination rate and seed germination uniformity of Chinese cabbage compared with the salt-control group.The differences in germination percentage(GP)and germination energy(GE)among the Ca-addition and Sr-addition groups were not significant,and the differences in coefficient of rate of germination(CRG),index of rate of germination(IRG)and coefficient of variation of the germination time(CVT)were relatively small,but clear differences were observed in germination index(GI),vigor index(VI)and coefficient of uniformity of germination(CUG).The results of GI and VI indicated that the higher the concentration of Ca-addition or Sr-addition,the more significant the enhancement of seed vigor.Under saline stress(150 mmol/L NaCl),the Ca-Sr co-addition outperformed Sr-treatment alone,and Ca-addition achieved the highest seed vigor at equivalent concentrations.Furthermore,all Ca-Sr treatments significantly enhanced the uniformity of Chinese cabbage sprouts exposed to 150 mM NaCl,with the best uniformity improved by the addition of 2 and 4 mmol/L SrCl_(2).Ca-Sr treatments increased the salt tolerance of Chinese cabbage sprouts during the germination stage mainly because the Ca2+and Sr2+significantly enhanced plasma membrane stability and reduced oxidative stress(as indicated by decreased contents of malondialdehyde and O2⋅-contents)in sprouts.The decrease of soluble sugar and proline content caused by Ca-Sr addition implies that elevated levels of these osmolytes were not the primary contributors to improved seed germinability in Chinese cabbage.These findings demonstrate that Sr is a beneficial element for enhancing salt tolerance in plants,laying a theoretical foundation for the development and application of strontium in agriculture.展开更多
基金Supported by a grant from the Korea Food Research Institute(Grant number:E0131601)
文摘Objective:To isolate and identify the anticancer compound against proliferation of human colon cancer cells from ethyl acetate(EtOAc)extract ol Phellinus linteus grown on germinated brown rice(PB).Methods:EtOAc extract of PB was partitioned with n-hexane,EtOAc,and water-saturated n-butanol.Anticancer compound of n-hexane layer was isolated and identified by HPLC and NMR,respectively.Cytotoxicity against HT-29 cells was tested by SRB assay.Results:The n-hexane layer obtained after solvent fractionation of PB EtOAc extracts showed a potent anticancer activity against the HT-29 cell line.Atractylenolide I,a eudesmane-type sesquiterpene lactone,a major anticancer substance of PB,was isolated from the n-hexane layer by silica gel column chromatography and preparative-HPLC.This structure was elucidated by one-and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic data.Atractylenolide I has not been reported in mushrooms or rice as of yet.The isolated compound dose-dependently inhibited the growth of HT-29 human colon cancer cells.Conclusions:Atractylenolide I might contribute to the anticancer effect of PB.
文摘Germinated brown rice(GBR)is rich in gamma oryzanol which increase its consumption popularity,particularly in the health food market.The objective of this research was to apply the near infraredspectroscopy(NIRS)for evaluation of gamma oryzanol of the germinated brown rice.The germinated brown rice samples were prepared from germinated rough rice(soaked for 24 and 48 h,incubated for 0,6,12,18,24,30 and 36 h)and purchased from local supermar kets.The germinated brown rice sampleswere subjected to NIR scanning before the evaluation of gamma oryzanol by using partial extractionmet hodology.The prediction model was established by partial least square regression(PLSR)andvalidated by full cross validation method.The NIRS model established from various varieties of germinated brown rice bought from diferent markets by first derivatives+vector normalizationpretreated spectra showed the optimal prediction with the correlation of determination(R?),root mean squared error of cross validation(RMSECV),and bias of 0.934,8.84×10^(-5) mg/100 g drymatter and 1.06×10^(-5) mg/100 g dry matter,respectively.This is the first report on the application of NIRS in the evaluation of gamma oryzanol of the germinated brown rice.This information is veryuseful to the germinated brown rice production factory and consumers.
基金supported by the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(2022QNRC001)National Key Research and Development Plan Project(2022YFD2301401)+4 种基金Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20211576)the Central Government Guides Local Funds(ZYYD2023A13)Key Technology Research and Development Program of Hainan Province(ZDYF2022XDNY233)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018 M630564)a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development(PAPD)of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘Germination,a powerful biofortification technique,holds immense potential in bolstering the micronutrient profile of essential staple grains,thereby paving the way for optimal nutritional enhancement.The primary goal of this study was to improve the technological functionality of germinated wheat flour by incorporating pentosanase(Pn)and glucose oxidase(Gox)enzymes,with particular emphasis on the evolutionary changes in its components.The inclusion of Gox did not produce any substantial impact on the volumetric characteristics of the steamed bread.The incorporation of Pn and Gox has been seen to enhance the overall excellence of steamed bread by optimizing loaf volume and textural characteristics while also improving the thermal stability of the dough.The existence of two endothermic peaks could be attributed to bound water or alterations in the granules within the starch crystallization region.Adding Pn and Gox reduced and increased the formation and stability time of the dough,respectively.A certain ratio was employed to assess alternations in the crystallinity of starch granules over a limited range.After steaming,a significant decrease in IR1047/1022 was observed,indicating that the elevated temperature partially disrupted the internal starch crystal structure,leading to a gelatinization reaction with water.The ratio of tensile resistance(R)and elongation(E)of dough increased significantly compared to the control.The results obtained from this study indicate that the simultaneous inclusion of enzymes(Pn+Gox)holds significant promise for expanding the technological functionality of germinated wheat flour dough and improving the quality attributes of steamed bread.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD2100902)the Outstanding Youth Project of Provincial Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation and Leaping Project,China(2022JCQN005)+1 种基金the Research Funding for Scientific Research Institutes in Heilongjiang Province,China(CZKYF2022-1-B021)the National Rice Industry Technology System,China。
文摘Hyperlipidemia is a frequent metabolic disorder that is closely associated with diet. It is believed that brown rice, containing the outer bran layer and germ, is beneficial for the remission of hyperlipidemia. This study established a rat model of hyperlipidemia by feeding a high-fat diet. The hypolipidemic potential of germinated brown rice(Gbrown) and germinated black rice(a germinated black-pigmented brown rice, Gblack) were explored in the model rats, mainly in the aspects of blood lipids, lipases, apolipoproteins, and inflammation. The gut microbiota in hyperlipidemic rats receiving diverse dietary interventions was determined by 16S rDNA sequencing. The results showed that the intervention of Gbrown/Gblack alleviated the hyperlipidemia in rats, evidenced by decreased TC, TG, LDL-C, and apolipoprotein B, and increased HDL-C, HL, LPL, LCAT, and apolipoprotein A1. Gbrown/Gblack also weakened the inflammation in hyperlipidemia rats, evidenced by decreased TNF-α, IL-6, and ET-1. In addition, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the diet of Gbrown/Gblack elevated the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota in hyperlipidemia rats. At the phylum level, Gbrown/Gblack decreased Firmicutes, increased Bacteroidetes, and decreased the F/B ratio in hyperlipidemia rats. At the genus level, Gbrown/Gblack decreased Streptococcus and increased Ruminococcus and Allobaculum in hyperlipidemia rats. Some differential microbial genera relating to lipid metabolism were also determined, such as the Lachnospira and Ruminococcus in the Gblack group, and the Phascolarctobacterium, Dorea, Turicibacter, and Escherichia-Shigella in the Gbrown group. Notably, the beneficial effect of Gblack was stronger than Gbrown. To sum up, the dietary interventions of Gbrown/Gblack contributed to the remission of hyperlipidemia by alleviating the dysbiosis of gut microbiota.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD2100902)the Major Science and Technology Program of Heilongjiang,China(2019ZX08B02)+2 种基金the Research Funding for Scientific Research Institutes in Heilongjiang Province,China(CZKYF2021B001)the National Rice Industry Technology System,China(CARS-01-50)the Heilongjiang Touyan Team,China(HITTY-20190034)。
文摘Germination and processing are always accompanied by significant changes in the metabolic compositions of rice. In this study, polished rice(rice), brown rice, wet germinated brown rice(WGBR), high temperature and pressure-treated WGBR(WGBR-HTP), and low temperature-treated WGBR(WGBR-T18) were enrolled. An untargeted metabolomics assay isolated 6 122 positive ions and 4 224 negative ions(multiple difference ≥1.2 or ≤0.8333, P<0.05, and VIP≥1) by liquid chromatography-mass spectrum. These identified ions were mainly classified into three categories, including the compounds with biological roles, lipids, and phytochemical compounds. In addition to WGBR-T18 vs. WGBR, massive differential positive and negative ions were revealed between rice of different forms. Flavonoids, fatty acids, carboxylic acids, and organoxygen compounds were the dominant differential metabolites. Based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) database, there 7 metabolic pathways(phenylalanine/tyrosine/tryptophan biosynthesis, histidine metabolism, betalain biosynthesis, C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism, purine metabolism, zeatin biosynthesis, and carbon metabolism) were determined between brown rice and rice. Germination changed the metabolic pathways of porphyrin and chlorophyll, pyrimidine, and purine metabolisms in brown rice. In addition, phosphonate and phosphinate metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism were differential metabolic pathways between WGBR-HTP and WGBR-T18. To sum up, there were obvious variations in metabolic compositions of rice, brown rice, WGBR, and WGBR-HTP. The changes of specific metabolites, such as flavonoids contributed to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory effects of GBR. HTP may further improve the nutrition and storage of GBR through influencing specific metabolites, such as flavonoids and fatty acids.
文摘Present study was conducted to characterise ten rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivars viz. IET-23466, Dhan-201, IET-23448, MAS-946, IET-23445, IET-23463, IET-23455, PR-123, PR-115 and IET-23449 based on antioxidants(total phenolics, flavonols and tannins), bioactive compounds(phytic acid, gamma amino butyric acid, tocopherol and reduced ascorbate) and antioxidant activity(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, free radical antioxidant power and total reducing power) with an aim to identify cultivars containing higher health promoting components after germination. Three cultivars IET-23466, IET-23463 and PR-123 performed better as revealed by higher level of antioxidants, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity before and after germination. Three cultivars MAS-946, IET-23445 and IET-23449 had moderate level of antioxidants, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. Four cultivars Dhan-201, IET-23448, IET-23455 and PR-115 performed intermediately. Strong positive correlation was observed among total phenolics and the antioxidant activity. Phytic acid was found to be negatively correlated to the antioxidant activity. Our results highlighted that cultivars IET-23466, IET-23463 and PR-123 hold great potential after germination and would open up a useful opportunity for the functional food industry, and consumption of these cultivars after germination would afford health benefits to consumers since they contain higher level of antioxidants.
文摘Gluten-free bakery products are produced for people suffering from celiac disease due to sensitivity to gluten. So, the aim of this work was to study the effect of partial substitution of rice flour at 20%, 30% and 40% with sorghum and germinated chickpea flours on rheological, physical, sensory properties and staling rate of prepared gluten-free cake. Obtained results showed that germinated chickpea flour had the highest contents of crude protein (23.62%), lipids (4.89%) and crude fibers (5.76%) as compared to other grain flours. Gradual increase in gelatinization temperature and decrease in maximum viscosity and setback were fond of cake batters with increasing the substituting levels of rice flour from 20% to 40% with sorghum or germinated chickpea flours in comparison to rice flour batter. No significant difference was observed in specific volume between rice cake and cake containing 20% of germinated chickpea and sorghum flours which given 2.71, 2.62 and 2.56 cm3/g, respectively. Data also revealed that gluten-free cake lightness (L*) and total intensity significantly increased with 40% of sorghum flour followed by 30 and 20% of sorghum flour. Substitution of 40% rice flour with germinated chickpea flour resulted in significant high in redness (a*), yellowness (b*) and chroma of gluten-free cake being 11.95, 33.72 and 35.77, respectively followed by substituted levels 30% and 20% which attributed to their natural yellow pigments compared with other investigated samples. Overall acceptability of gluten-free cakes was improved after adding 20, 30% of sorghum flour and 20% of germinated chickpea flour which being 90.7, 88.6 and 87.5, respectively compared to rice flour cake (88.4). Rice flour cake was more freshness than wheat flour cake and other treatments during storage duration. After 6 days, rice cake had significant high freshness (306.2%) followed by gluten-free cake samples with 20% of sorghum or germinated chickpea flours which given 294.5% and 289.4%, respectively. Generally, it could be concluded that the quality and nutritional properties of gluten-free rice cakes could be improved when using 20%, 30% of sorghum flour and 20% of germinated chickpea flour as substitution levels of rice flour.
文摘Bengal gram on germination has high nutritive value in terms of protein, fibre and minerals yet it has very low shelf life at room temperature, hence to enhance the shelf life of germinated Bengal gram, a value added product can be developed in the form of Pickle with vinegar, oil and salt as preservatives. To optimize the quantity of ingredients to be added, Response Surface Methodology was used. Statistical software Stat-Ease was used for statistical and graphical analysis of the experimental data. It was found that the sensory scores were 7.2, 8.4, 7.8 ＆ 7.7 for color, flavor, texture and overall acceptability corresponding to optimum conditions.
基金Supported by Natural Science Youth Foundation Project of Jiangxi(20171BAB-214024)Doctoral Research Project of Nanchang Normal University(NSBSJJ2015036)Program of "11531" Project in Nanchang Normal University
文摘The development of somatic embryos is a key technology in plant breeding. To gain the best cultural conditions,the factors influencing on germination and transplanting survival rate of the somatic embryos in Liriodendron hybrids were optimized,including the development period of somatic embryos,macro-element,Vitamin C,genotypes,plant hormones and transplant medium in this study. The results showed that the optimal development phase of germination was torpedo-shaped embryo,and the base cultural medium of 3/4 MS with vitamin C can keep normal form from somatic embryos. The germination rate of somatic embryo had obvious genotype difference,among which the hybrid 1 × 5002 was the most sensitive( 82. 46%),and the hybrid 1 × 4088 was the most insensitive( 13. 24%). The medium with 0. 1 mg/L of KT + 0. 1 mg/L of IBA can help promote the germination of somatic embryogenesis. In addition,the yellow soil was more suitable than mixed peat soil for transplanting Liriodendron hybrids seedlings. Therefore,the obtainment of the optimal conditions has important guidance for production practices of Liriodendron hybrids.
文摘Evaluation of dietary fiber and fatty acid composition of boiled, roasted, fermented and germinated breadnut seed flour was investigated. The seeds were dehulled and washed. It was divided into four equal parts for different processing techniques: boiled, roasted, germinated and fermented. They were analyzed for dietary fibre and fatty acid composition using standard methods. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using Statistical Product for Service Solution (SPSS) version 23.0. Values were expressed as means and standard deviation, Duncan multiple range test was used in separating the means at 95% confidence interval. Dietary fibre composition showed that breadnut seed flours range from 4.94%(fermented breadnut seed flour) to 5.42%(roasted breadnut seed flour). Fatty acid profile showed that breadnut seed flours contain a greater amount of non-essential fatty acids which were highly significant (p < 0.05) in oleic acid (57.93%) for roasted breadnut seed flour followed by linoleic acid (25.76%) in fermented breadnut flour. Stearic acid was the only prominent non-essential fatty acid in the breadnut seed flour and ranged from 4.40%(fermented breadnut seed flour) to 6.27%(germinated breadnut seed flour). The study revealed that all the processed breadnut seed flours have appreciable quantities of dietary fibre and essential fatty acids than non-essential fatty acids. Breadnut seed should be recommended in wheat substitution in bakery industry and culinary uses. It is also recommended for weight loss program.
文摘Cliviaminiatais an ornamental plant with pharmaceutical potential,but its cultivation is costly.The plant’s slow growth has prompted the search for al-ternative cultivation methods aimed at producing phenolic compounds,such as theinvitroculture.This study investigated the effect of sucrose concentra-tion and fruit maturity on the invitrogermination(IG)of C.miniataseeds and subsequent callus induction(CI).Sucrose was added to the MS medium:0-40 g∙L^(-1).During IG,the concentration of sucrose affected the speed of ger-mination,and at 0 and 10 g∙L^(-1),seeds from ripe fruit had a higher germination percentage(63%and 67%).Mature seeds showed significantly higher percent-ages than immature ones.When inducing callus,a high concentration of growth regulators(GR)resulted in significant mortality of the explants.Com-binations such as 2.4-D mg∙L^(-1)+0.52 mg∙L^(-1)PIC+2 mg∙L^(-1)BAP and 4 mg∙L^(-1)BAP+4 mg∙L^(-1)ANA showed high survival rates and CI.The results demon-strate that sucrose concentrations>5.1 g∙L^(-1)reduce germination in mature seeds,likely due to osmotic stress,while lower doses(0-10 g∙L^(-1))optimize germination(up to 67%),indicating limited reliance on exogenous carbon sources.The cytokinin BAP proved to be essential for callogenesis,regardless of the auxin used.
基金The authors acknowledge that this work was financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662020GXPY017,2662015QD043)Opening Subject for Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture,Tarim University(TDNG20160102)for financial support and all of the persons who assisted in this writing.
文摘Brown rice was treated by segmented moisture conditioning to reach the suitable water content and aerated with air for germination.The effects of germination and aeration treatment on theγ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)content in germinated brown rice were studied.The results showed that the germination rate,glutamic acid,glutamate decarboxylase activity and GABA content in germinated brown rice increased significantly and then decreased with the increase of germination and aeration treatment parameters.Correlation analysis also revealed that there was a significant positive correlation between GABA accumulation and glutamic acid content,glutamate decarboxylase activity.These results suggested that the aeration treatment during germination following segmented moisture conditioning could contribute to a high GABA content of germinated brown rice.
基金The authors express their acknowledgment to the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32001423)Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(Grant No.2020CFB471)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2662020GXPY017)Opening Subject for Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture,Tarim University(Grant No.TDNG2021104)for financial support and all of the persons who assisted in this writing.
文摘The objective of this study was to analyze the content ofγ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)in germinated brown rice(GBR)by using near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)and the pretreatment method of wavelet de-noising(WD).The prediction accuracy of the NIRS model established by the Daubechies5 wavelet basis function at 3 level denoising treatment is the highest,the correlation coefficient for calibration(rc)is 0.931,the root mean square error of calibration(RMSEC)is 0.4038 mg/100 g,the Bias of calibration is 0.006,the correlation coefficient for prediction(rp)is 0.916,the root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP)is 0.4329 mg/100 g,the Bias of prediction is 0.010,and the ratio of performance to deviation(RPD)is 4.911.Results showed that the predicted and actual values had high correlation.Therefore,these results indicate that the NIRS model treated by WD is feasible to detect GABA content in GBR rapidly and nondestructively.
文摘There is an increase in the use of adoptable bioprocessing methods for the development of high-quality pulse ingredients.This study investigated the nutritional composition,physicochemical,bioactivity,in vitro digestibility,functional,pasting,thermal and colour characteristics of germinated(24-72 h)pigeon pea.Germination increased(p≤0.05)protein,dietary fiber,calcium,iron,zinc,vitamins B,vitamin C(1.25-8.46 mg/100 g),resistant starch,protein digestibility(72.30-82.66 g/100 g),total phenolic content,antioxidant activities and most amino acids.Phytic acid,tannin and trypsin inhibitor activity decreased significantly during germination.Germination also increased water absorption capacity,protein solubility,foaming capacity,emulsion stability and activity of the flours while bulk density decreased.Functional,pasting,thermal and color,properties of pigeon pea was modified following germination.This study demonstrated that short-term germination is a natural means for the development of functional pigeon pea flour to promote its application in the food industry.
基金We would like to thank Dr.Liang Ma from Dawei Biotechnologies(Beijing,China)for his insightful suggestion.This study was supported by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(2021YFC2301000,2021YFA0717000,and 2021YFC2103300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31970091,91951103,and 21822408).
文摘Streptomyces is a model bacterium to study multicellular differentiation and the major reservoir for antibiotics discovery.However,the cellular‐level lifecycle of Streptomyces has not been well studied due to its complexity and lack of research tools that can mimic their natural conditions.In this study,we developed a simple microfluidic chip for the cultivation and observation of the entire lifecycle of Streptomyces development from the single‐cell perspective.The chip consists of channels for loading samples and supplying nutrients,microwell arrays for the seeding and growth of single spores,and air chambers beside the microwells that facilitate the development of aerial hyphae and spores.A unique feature of this chip is that each microwell is surrounded by a 1.5µm nanogap connected to an air chamber,which provides a stabilized water–air interface.We used this chip to observe the lifecycle development of Streptomyces coelicolor and Streptomyces griseus germinated from single spores,which revealed differentiation of aerial hyphae with progeny spores at micron‐scale water–air interfaces and air chambers.Finally,we demonstrated the applicability of this chip in phenotypic assays by showing that the microbial hormone A‐Factor is involved in the regulatory pathways of aerial hyphae and spore formation.The microfluidic chip could become a robust tool for studying multicellular differentiation,single‐spore heterogeneity,and secondary metabolism of single‐spore germinated Streptomyces.
基金financial support from the University of ZanjanImam Khomeini International University,Iran.
文摘This study investigated the effect of adding germinated black cumin seed extract(GBSE)in the amounts of 0,50,75,and 100 mg/100 ml milk,which are mentioned in abbreviate as C,GBSE50,GBSE75,and GBSE100,respectively,on the physicochemical,antioxidant,antidiabetic and sensory properties of yogurt.In the present research,pH,titratable acidity(TA),syneresis,water-holding capacity(WHC),viscosity,total phenolic content(TPC),antioxidant activity(DPPH,ABTS radicals scavenging activity and FIC assay),α-amylase andα-glucosidase inhibitory effect and sensory attributes(taste,odor,texture,color,and overall acceptance)of fortified yogurts during 14 days of storage at 4℃ were determined.According to study results,fortification,even in the lowest amount(50 mg/100 ml milk),improved the qualitative and bioactive properties of yogurt significantly(p<0.05).All samples that received acceptable sensory scores were appreciated.However,GBSE50 and 75 showed no significant difference(p>0.05)after 14 days of storage compared to the control.Due to the results of all experiments,fortifying yogurt with the addition of 75 mg of GBSE in 100 ml milk is recommended to improve the qualitative and bioactive properties of the obtained functional yogurt.
基金supported by the NUV/Seed Grant/2022-23/01 project to Dr.Krutika Abhyankar from Navrachana University,Vadodara,India.Komal Solanki is indebted to the SHODH Government of Gujarat for providing PhD Fellowship Ref No:202101544.
文摘Diabetes is characterized by prolonged hyperglycemia and disruptions in carbohydrate,lipid,and protein metabolism,stemming from inadequate insulin production,impaired insulin receptor functioning,or a combination of both.Conventional diabetes medications like biguanides and sulphonylureas,are widely used and raise concerns about potential side effects with prolonged usage.In this context,legumes emerge as promising candidates due to their significance in traditional diets globally and associated health benefits.Despite being challenging to digest due to anti-nutritive factors,germination,a simple bioprocessing technique,significantly enhances nutritional aspect of the seeds.This study focuses on Lablab purpureus,an underutilized legume,employing a metabolomic approach to explore compounds in germinated and non-germinated seeds.Metabolomic profiling identified 125 compounds in non-germinated and 80 compounds in germinated seeds,revealing unique compounds in each type with potential health benefits.The study identified therapeutically important metabolites such as alkaloids,flavonoids,terpenoids,and saponin in both the germinated and non-germinated seeds.A notable change in the phytochemical composition(total phenol,flavonoid,and total ascorbic acid content)of germinated seeds was observed compared to the non-germinated seeds flour.An increased fold change(1.15,1.5 and 1.65)was observed in the total phenol,flavonoid,and total ascorbic acid content in germinated seeds compared to non-germinated seeds,alongside higher antioxidant levels in terms of DPPH,ABTS,and FRAP.The IC50 value for α-amylase inhibitory activity was noted to be 2.05±0.05 mg/ml in germinated samples while 0.79±0.00 mg/ml was observed in the non-germinated Lablab purpureus seeds.Therefore,displaying greaterα-amylase inhibitory activity in the non-germinated seeds,possibly due to their unique biochemical composition.Nevertheless,even germinated seeds demonstrated appreciableα-amylase inhibitory activity.Therefore,these findings suggest that germination process significantly influences seed biochemistry and helps to raise the phytochemical composition,while the unique composition of the metabolites in the nongerminated seeds could have impact on theα-amylase inhibitory activity.Thus,study suggests Lablab purpureus as a promising functional food source with diverse health-promoting attributes,particularly in diabetes management.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program(2019QZKK0502 to H.S.)the Yunnan Applied Basic Research Project(202001AT070060 to J.G.C.)+1 种基金the CAS“Light ofWest China”Program(J.G.C.)the Young Academic and Technical Leader Raising Foundation of Yunnan Province(202205AC160053 to J.G.C.).
文摘Population shrinkage of alpine cushion plants with ongoing climate warming has been empirically confirmed.Since cushion plants play important roles in sustaining alpine plant community and ecosystem functions,their population dynamics may directly influence the future alpine ecosystems.However,little is known about how climate warming affect cushion population recruitment,especially at early life-history stages.In this study,we conducted a laboratory simulation of climate warming to detect the effects of warming temperature and associated moisture and light changes on seed germination and seedling growth of the typical alpine cushion plant Arenaria oreophila.Results suggested that increasing temperature indeed exerted strong constraints on the population recruitment processes.Specifically,increased temperatures could quickly initialize seed germination(4e6 days at higher temperatures vs.29 e32 days at low temperature,respectively,after sowing),accelerate them to reach the maximum germination percentage(9e19 days at higher temperatures vs.57e86 days at low temperature,respectively,after sowing)and significantly accelerate seedling growth rate.However,higher temperatures accelerated seedling mortality(more than 80%).In addition,lower light availability also increased seedling mortality though it could generally increase the final seed germination percentage.The effects of water might be dependent on temperature and light.All results suggested that cushion A.oreophila is quite sensitive to climate warming which strongly constrains its seedling establishment process.We,therefore,speculate that the continuing climate warming in future will exert uncertain risks in the persistence of cushion A.oreophila,possibly by constraining the process of seedling recruitments.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2020MC144)the Scientific Research Training Program for Undergraduates of Qufu Normal University(XJ2024016).
文摘Strontium has similar chemical properties to calcium and has recently been recognized as a non-essential beneficial element for plants.In order to compare the effects of strontium and calcium on improving salt tolerance of Chinese cabbage during the germination stage,2,4,and 8 mmol/L of SrCl_(2),CaCl_(2) or an equimolar mixture of both were added separately to a 150 mmol/L NaCl solution.The results showed that Ca-Sr addition significantly increased seed viability,seed vigor,seed germination rate and seed germination uniformity of Chinese cabbage compared with the salt-control group.The differences in germination percentage(GP)and germination energy(GE)among the Ca-addition and Sr-addition groups were not significant,and the differences in coefficient of rate of germination(CRG),index of rate of germination(IRG)and coefficient of variation of the germination time(CVT)were relatively small,but clear differences were observed in germination index(GI),vigor index(VI)and coefficient of uniformity of germination(CUG).The results of GI and VI indicated that the higher the concentration of Ca-addition or Sr-addition,the more significant the enhancement of seed vigor.Under saline stress(150 mmol/L NaCl),the Ca-Sr co-addition outperformed Sr-treatment alone,and Ca-addition achieved the highest seed vigor at equivalent concentrations.Furthermore,all Ca-Sr treatments significantly enhanced the uniformity of Chinese cabbage sprouts exposed to 150 mM NaCl,with the best uniformity improved by the addition of 2 and 4 mmol/L SrCl_(2).Ca-Sr treatments increased the salt tolerance of Chinese cabbage sprouts during the germination stage mainly because the Ca2+and Sr2+significantly enhanced plasma membrane stability and reduced oxidative stress(as indicated by decreased contents of malondialdehyde and O2⋅-contents)in sprouts.The decrease of soluble sugar and proline content caused by Ca-Sr addition implies that elevated levels of these osmolytes were not the primary contributors to improved seed germinability in Chinese cabbage.These findings demonstrate that Sr is a beneficial element for enhancing salt tolerance in plants,laying a theoretical foundation for the development and application of strontium in agriculture.
