Xiong'an New Area boasts abundant geothermal resources,with widespread Jixianian geother-mal reservoirs serving as key targets for exploration and development.Zoning geothermal resources helps characterize their d...Xiong'an New Area boasts abundant geothermal resources,with widespread Jixianian geother-mal reservoirs serving as key targets for exploration and development.Zoning geothermal resources helps characterize their distribution and attributes,offering critical guidance for their sustainable exploitation and utilization.This study integrates data from drilling and production tests across 21 geothermal wells to analyze the Jixianian strata,including depth,thickness,temperature,single-well water yield,Groundwater Level Depth(GWD),and Total Dissolved Solids(TDS).Employing fuzzy mathematics,a zoning analysis was performed,yielding quantitative evaluation scores and delineating favorable zones for development.Key findings include:(1)Geothermal reservoirs in the Rongcheng and Niutuozhen uplifts exhibit shallow burial depths,substantial thicknesses,high productivity,and relatively low temperatures,making them highly suitable for large-scale geothermal exploitation;(2)Zones with high resource potential but uncertain conditions require further exploration to mitigate development risks;(3)Areas near the Rongcheng fault or Jixianian strata buried deeper than 4,000 m are recommended for deferred exploitation;(4)Comprehensive evaluation reveals that the Jixianian carbonate geothermal reservoirs in Xiong'an New Area manifest 168 geothermal resources of 5,370.31×10 J,geothermal fluid reserves of 101.17×10 m3,and recoverable fluid 4 reserves of 93.41×10 m3/d under balanced extraction and reinjection.Recoverable geothermal heat 164 amounts to 9.36×10 J/a,equivalent to 319.4×10 t/a of standard coal.This study provides valuable insights into the exploration and sustainable exploitation of deep geothermal reservoirs in Xiong'an New Area,enhancing resource utilization and contributing to the development of a green and sustainable Xiong'an New Area.展开更多
Purpose–This study is dedicated to systematically collating the distribution and utilization circumstances of geothermal resources in China.Moreover,it endeavors to formulate a comprehensive utilization scheme for ge...Purpose–This study is dedicated to systematically collating the distribution and utilization circumstances of geothermal resources in China.Moreover,it endeavors to formulate a comprehensive utilization scheme for geothermal resources during the construction and operation phases of the railway,thereby furnishing robust support and valuable reference for the holistic utilization of geothermal resources along the railway corridor.Design/methodology/approach–Through an in-depth analysis of the extant utilization of geothermal resources in China,it is discerned that the current utilization modalities are relatively rudimentary,bereft of rational planning and characterized by a low utilization rate.Concurrently,by integrating the practical requisites of railway construction and operation and conducting theoretical dissections,a comprehensive utilization plan for the construction and operation periods of railway is proffered.Findings–In light of the railway’s construction and operation characteristics,geothermal utilization models are categorized.During construction,comprehensive modalities include tunnel illumination power generation,construction area heating,tunnel antifreeze using shallow geothermal energy,tunnel pavement antifreeze and construction concrete maintenance.During operation,they comprise operation tunnel antifreeze,railway roadbed antifreeze,railway switch snow melting and deicing,geothermal power station establishment and railway hot spring health tourism planning.Originality/value–According to the characteristics and actual needs of railway construction and operation,it is of great significance to rationally utilize geothermal resources to promote the construction and operation of green railways.展开更多
This paper mainly deals with the reservoir on the heat and mass transfer and mass and energy balance in a geothermal field.On the basis of briefing the general characteristics of the reservoir and the supposition of t...This paper mainly deals with the reservoir on the heat and mass transfer and mass and energy balance in a geothermal field.On the basis of briefing the general characteristics of the reservoir and the supposition of the reservoir modeling,the paper emphasizes the mathematical descriptions of hydra thermal transportation and convection by two methods according to the different models,such as lumped parameter model and distributed parameter model.It is effective to use these models in simulating the heterogeneous,and anisotropical fracture reservoir for the designed lifetime of 15 years.展开更多
The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region boasts rich geothermal resources and new achievements have been made in the exploration and development of geothermal resources in this region based on previous regional investigation....The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region boasts rich geothermal resources and new achievements have been made in the exploration and development of geothermal resources in this region based on previous regional investigation.In detail,geothermal reservoirs of Gaoyuzhuang Formation of Jixian System and Changcheng System in Xiongan New Area have been recently discovered,opening up the second space of geothermal resources;the calculation method of the recoverable resources of geothermal fluid with reinjection being considered has been improved in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,and uniform comprehensive assessment of shallow geothermal energy,hydrothermal geothermal resources,and hot dry rocks(HDR)geothermal resources in the whole Beijing-Tianjin-Shijiazhuang region has been completed.The scientific research base for cascade development and utilization of geothermal resources in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has applied hydraulic fracturing technology to the geothermal reservoirs in Gaoyuzhuang Formation.As a result,the production capacity doubled and two-stage cascade utilization composed of geothermal power generation and geothermal heating were realized,with the first-phase installed capacity of 280 kW and the geothermal heating is 30000 m2.In this way,a model of the exploration,development,and utilization of geothermal resources formed.Large-scale utilization has become the future trend of geothermal resource development in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,and great efforts shall be made to achieve breakthroughs in reinjection technology,geothermal reservoir reconstruction technology,thermoelectric technology and underground heat exchange technology.展开更多
Based on regional geological setting, stratigraphic distribution and other geological conditions, this paper summarized three types of geothermal reservoirs in the southeast coastal areas of China: Cenozoic sandstone ...Based on regional geological setting, stratigraphic distribution and other geological conditions, this paper summarized three types of geothermal reservoirs in the southeast coastal areas of China: Cenozoic sandstone or sandy conglomerate reservoir, Mesozoic granite fissure reservoir and Paleozoic karst reservoir. Cenozoic sandstone or sandy conglomerate reservoirs are mainly located in Cenozoic basins, such as Zhangzhou, Fuzhou, Sanshui and Leiqiong basins. The Tertiary sedimentary basins such as Leiqiong Basin and Sanshui Basin, are controlled by NE-trending faults, while the Quaternary sedimentary such as Zhangzhou and Fuzhou basins are controlled by NW-trending faults. Mesozoic granite fissure reservoirs are mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas, such as Zhangzhou, Fuzhou, Fengshun, Yangjiang and southern part of Hainan Province. The distribution of good Mesozoic granite fissure reservoir in these areas is mainly controlled by NE-trending faults. Paleozoic carbonate reservoirs are widely distributed in these areas. Most carbonate rocks are from the upper Paleozoic strata, such as those in the area of Huizhou in Guangdong Province. The major types of geothermal systems in the southeast coastal areas of China belong to medium and low-temperature convection. The geothermal resources developed from the ground to-3 000 m underground could be utilized directly for space heating, greenhouse heating, aquaculture pond heating and industrial uses, as well as other purposes. The geothermal resources with a depth of 3 000~6 000 m underground is mainly featured by Hot Dry Rock(HDR) with a temperature ranges from 150 ℃ to 200 ℃, which is conductive to the development of Enhanced Geothermal System(EGS) and can be utilized for power generation.展开更多
This paper is concentrated on Cenozoic volcanism and geothermal resources in Northeast China. There are a lot of Cenozoic volcanoes, a large area of volcanic rocks, a large number of active faults and rich geothermal ...This paper is concentrated on Cenozoic volcanism and geothermal resources in Northeast China. There are a lot of Cenozoic volcanoes, a large area of volcanic rocks, a large number of active faults and rich geothermal resources in Northeast China. The time and space characteristics of Cenozoic volcanism and the space distribution characters of hot springs and high geothermal flux regions in Northeast China are described and discussed on the basis of geological, geothermal, drilling and volcanological data. It is revealed that the hot springs and high geothermal flux regions are related to the Cenozoic volcanism, rifting and faulting in Northeast China. It is especially emphasized that the hot springs and high geothermal anomaly areas are controlled by active deep faults. It is proposed that the Cenozoic volcanism regions, rift basins, active fault belts, activated plate suture zones and large earthquake occurrence points are the best areas for prospecting geothermal resources. The geothermal resources in younger volcanic zones are richer than those in older volcanic belts. The hot springs and active or activated faults might be a very good clue for looking for geothermal resources.展开更多
Although geothermal energy has many clear advantages,including its sustainability and environmentally friendly nature,research into potential geothermal resources across the Longgang Block,Northeast China,has been lim...Although geothermal energy has many clear advantages,including its sustainability and environmentally friendly nature,research into potential geothermal resources across the Longgang Block,Northeast China,has been limited.Here we present the first analysis of the potential geothermal resources in this region that employs joint geological and non-seismic geophysical methods to identify target areas that may be economically viable.We acquire and analyze high-precision gravity,magnetic,and magnetotelluric sounding data,which are constrained using the petrophysical parameters of outcropping rocks across the Longgang Block,to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the region’s deep geological structures and their geothermal resources potential,with a focus on identifying faults,rock masses,and thermal storage structures.We find that Archean granitic gneiss and Mesozoic rock masses in the deeper section of the Longgang Block possess weak gravity anomalies and high resistivities.We also identify thermal storage structures near these deeper geological units based on their extremely low resistivities.The data are used to infer the dip and depth of known or hidden faults,to constrain the spatial distribution of intrusive rock masses,and to determine the spatial distribution of subsurface thermal storage structures.The potential of the target areas for geothermal resources exploitation is divided into three grades based on contact depths between faults and thermal storage structures,and the scale of their thermal storage structures.Our results suggest that a joint non-seismic geophysical approach can be effective in locating and evaluating geothermal resources in complex geological settings.展开更多
The part of China,east of the Hu Huanyong Line,is commonly referred to as eastern China.It is characterized by a high population density and a well-developed economy;it also has huge energy demands.This study assesses...The part of China,east of the Hu Huanyong Line,is commonly referred to as eastern China.It is characterized by a high population density and a well-developed economy;it also has huge energy demands.This study assesses and promotes the large-scale development of geothermal resources in eastern China by analyzing deep geological structures,geothermal regimes,and typical geothermal systems.These analyses are based on data collected from geotectology,deep geophysics,geothermics,structural geology,and petrology.Determining the distribution patterns of intermediate-to-deep geothermal resources in the region helps develop prospects for their exploitation and utilization.Eastern China hosts superimposed layers of rocks from three major,global tectonic domainsd namely Paleo-Asian,Circum-Pacific,and Tethyan rocks.The structure of its crust and mantle exhibits a special flyover pattern,with basins and mountains as well as well-spaced uplifts and depressions alternatively on top.The lithosphere in Northeast China and North China is characterized by a thin,low density crust and mantle,whereas the lithosphere in South China has a thin,low density crust and a thick,high density mantle.The middle and upper crust contain geobodies with high conductivity and low velocity,with varying degrees of development that create favorable conditions for the formation and enrichment of geothermal resources.Moderate-to-high temperature geothermal resources are distributed in the MesozoiceCenozoic basins in eastern China,although moderate temperature geothermal resources with low abundance dominate.Porous sandstone reservoirs,karstified fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs,and fissured granite reservoirs are the main types of geothermal reservoirs in this region.Under the currently available technical conditions,the exploitation and utilization of geothermal resources in eastern China favor direct utilization over large-scale geothermal power generation.In Northeast China and North China,geothermal resources could be applied for large-scale geothermal heating purposes;geothermal heating could be applied during winter along parts of the Yangtze River while geothermal cooling would be more suitable for summer there;geothermal cooling could also be applied to much of South China.Geothermal resources can also be applied to high value-added industries,to aid agricultural practices,and for tourism.展开更多
Deep geothermal resources mainly refer to the thermal energy stored in subsurface rocks and fluids therein at a depth of 3-10 km,which is a kind of renewable and sustainable clean energy unaffected by weather and seas...Deep geothermal resources mainly refer to the thermal energy stored in subsurface rocks and fluids therein at a depth of 3-10 km,which is a kind of renewable and sustainable clean energy unaffected by weather and seasonal changes.Large scale exploitation of the deep geothermal resources is of great significance to ensuring national energy security and achieving the“Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality”.Based on the latest terrestrial heat flow data,this paper estimated the potential of deep geothermal resources in the terrestrial areas of China,and the results show that the total amount of geothermal resources within 3e10 km under the Earth's surface in the terrestrial areas of China is 24.6×10^(15)GJ.In line with climate zones categorized,the geothermal resource proportion is 43.81%for severe cold regions,29.19%for cold regions,6.92%for mild regions,13.82%for hot summer and cold winter regions,and 6.26%for hot summer and warm winter regions.Statistics according to the burial depth range reveal that the resources within depth ranges of 3-5 km,5-7 km and 7-10 km under the Earth's surface are 4.3119×10^(15)GJ,6.37674×10^(15)GJ and 13.89594×10^(15)GJ respectively,showing an increasing trend of geothermal potential with increasing burial depth.The deep geothermal resources are mainly of medium-to-high temperature reserves,and the energy supply strategy can be optimized by combining the climate conditions and population distribution,as well as considering power generation.In regions of cold or severe cold climate,the geothermal resources may be applied to geothermal power generation and district heating in combination;in regions of hot summer and cold winter or mild climates,the resources can be used for geothermal power generation combined with cooling and heating;in regions of hot summer and warm winter climates,the resources may be applied to geothermal power generation combined with cooling and industrial and agricultural utilization.Exploitation of deep geothermal resources also can be combined with carbon dioxide sequestration,multi-mineral resources extraction and energy storage to realize comprehensive exploitation and utilization of various energy resources.It is suggested that theoretical technology research should be combined with pilot tests and field demonstrations,and large-scale economic exploitation of deep geothermal resources should be arranged in a coordinated manner,following the principles of overall planning and step-by-step implementation.展开更多
Deep geothermal resources in the Fujian-Guangdong-Hainan region,China,offer significant potential for sustainable energy.The diverse igneous rock formations along the southeast coast present intricate geological chall...Deep geothermal resources in the Fujian-Guangdong-Hainan region,China,offer significant potential for sustainable energy.The diverse igneous rock formations along the southeast coast present intricate geological challenges that impede exploration and evaluation efforts.In this study,we address critical concerns related to the Fujian-Guangdong-Hainan region's deep geothermal resources,encompassing heat source composition,formation conditions,strategic favorable areas,and exploration directions.Our methods involve the analysis of regional geothermal reservoirs and cap rocks.Major findings include:the primary heat sources in the Fujian-Guangdong-Hainan region consist of the radioactive heat generation from granites in the crust,heat conduction in the mantle,and,in specific areas like Yangjiang and Shantou,melts within the middle and lower crust;the deep,high-temperature geothermal resources in the region predominantly reside in basins'depressed areas.These areas are characterized by the confluence of triple heat sources:heat from the Earth's crust,mantle,and other supplementary sources;our analysis led to the identification of three strategic areas favorable for deep geothermal resources in the Fujian-Guangdong-Hainan region.These are the Beibu Gulf Basin's continental area,the Yuezhong Depression,and the Fuzhou-Zhangzhou area.展开更多
Geothermal resource,a green and sustainable energy resource,plays an important role in achieving‘emission peak’and‘carbon neutrality’targets.The Yingjiang Basin is located in the eastern branch of the Mediterranea...Geothermal resource,a green and sustainable energy resource,plays an important role in achieving‘emission peak’and‘carbon neutrality’targets.The Yingjiang Basin is located in the eastern branch of the Mediterranean-Himalayan high-temperature geothermal belt and exhibits considerable potential for geothermal resources.However,current investigations into the distribution of deep geothermal resources in this region are somewhat limited.In this paper,the transient plane source(TPS)method is used to measure the thermal conductivity parameters of 31 rock samples within the study area.Additionally,the one-dimensional steady-state heat conduction equation is employed to calculate the deep geothermal field,considering the constraints of rock thermal properties and terrestrial heat flow in the study area.Furthermore,the“stripping method”is used to determine the contribution rate of sedimentary layer to terrestrial heat flow,while the volume method is applied to estimate the geothermal resources at burial depths of 3000-5000 m.The results show that(1)The heat generation rate of granite is the highest with an average value of 4.52 mW/m^(3),followed by gneiss with an average value in the range of 2.0-3.5 W/(m·K),mudstone and sandstone being the lowest with an average value between 1.0 and 2.0 W/(m·K).(2)The main contributor of terrestrial heat flow in the study area is mantle heat flow,and the contribution of sedimentary layers to terrestrial heat flow only accounts for about 2%.(3)The geothermal resources in Yingjiang Basin within the depth range of 3000-5000 m is 93.6×10^(15)kJ,or 3.2×10^(9)tonnes standard coal equivalent(SCE).展开更多
The Maichen Sag in the south-central part of the Beibuwan Basin is abundant in geothermal resources that have not been widely exploited and utilized due to inadequate research on it.This study evaluated the geothermal...The Maichen Sag in the south-central part of the Beibuwan Basin is abundant in geothermal resources that have not been widely exploited and utilized due to inadequate research on it.This study evaluated the geothermal resources in the Maichen Sag based on the regional geological setting and geothermal conditions.Grid units for assessment and a geological model for areas with geothermal resources were established using spatial analysis techniques.The spatial distribution models of the physical and thermophysical properties of the geothermal reservoirs were also built using the Kriging interpolation method.Based on the terrestrial heat flow distribution in the target areas,the spatial distribution of the geo-temperature field through the inversion under the constraints of the temperature data from boreholes were predicted.Factors such as deep geo-temperature,thermophysical properties of rocks,and terrestrial heat flow values,were integrated into this quantitative evaluation of geothermal resources through the geological modeling-based volume method and the geothermal reservoir engineering-based numerical simulation method.The results show that the Maichen Sag has favorable heat source conditions with intersected,deep-rooted faults and widely developed Upper Paleozoic fissured granite geothermal reservoirs.The northern outer slope zone at a burial depth of 3‒5 km on the tectonic plane of the basement in the sag is suggested to be a potential target area,where,as calculated using the volume method,is likely to be the home to the total geothermal resources of 80.4×10^(9)GJ(i.e.,2.75×10^(9)tonnes of coal equivalent(tce))in the bedrock geothermal reservoirs at a burial depth of 3‒6 km.The geotemperature of 172‒201℃at a formation depth of 5 km in the sag also indicates that the deep geothermal resources are of high value for exploitation.展开更多
The Baxian area in the Jizhong Depression,west of the Bohai Bay Basin,is rich in geothermal resources,where Xiong County was built as the first smokeless city in China and the Xiong-county Model has become the geother...The Baxian area in the Jizhong Depression,west of the Bohai Bay Basin,is rich in geothermal resources,where Xiong County was built as the first smokeless city in China and the Xiong-county Model has become the geothermal resources demonstration model in China.In this study,the present-day geothermal gradient and the horizontal distribution characteristics of the temperature and pressure at different depths in the Baxian area were studied based on massive measured temperature and pressure data of the boreholes,and then the relationship was also dis-cussed between the temperatureepressure field and the geothermal resources.The following findings were obtained.(1)The present-day geothermal gradient of the Baxian area is within the range of 21.8-73.5℃/km,averaging 33.5℃/km.(2)Its strata temperature increases as the depth increases.The horizontal variations of the geothermal gradient and strata temperature correspond to the basement relief very well.As the abnormally high temperature areas,the northern Niutuozhen Uplift,the Central Baxian Depression and the central East Langgu Depression possess huge geothermal resources and will be the most favorable exploration targets.(3)The formation pressure of the Baxian area is characterized by normal pressure and weak overpressure,and its horizontal distribution varies at different depths.The middleestrong overpressure generally developed at the depth of 4000 m in the southern Langgu Depression and southern Baxian Depression.This study is of important guiding significance for the exploration and development of geothermal resources in the Baxian area.展开更多
China is tectonically composed of a series of plates and orogenic belts and has been influenced by the Pacific and Indian plates since the Late Paleozoic,forming a regular distribution of Mesozoic and Cenozoic granite...China is tectonically composed of a series of plates and orogenic belts and has been influenced by the Pacific and Indian plates since the Late Paleozoic,forming a regular distribution of Mesozoic and Cenozoic granites.As an important source of geothermal energy,granite is thefive elements of geothermal enrichment:geothermal sources;geothermal reservoirs;heat transmission;heat caprock;and heat preservation and it is possible to classify the types of geothermal resources in China according to their distribution in combination with neotectonic movements.China's geothermal energy can be divided into hydrothermal and hot dry rock types in basins and orogenic belts,respectively.Geothermal resources can be divided into hydrothermal,rock,magma,and hybrid geothermal types according to the heat carrier type.Basin geothermal resources are dominated by hydrothermal types,while geothermal energy in orogenic belts with granite includes both hydrothermal and hot dry rock types.Geothermal resources in China can be divided into 6 distinct geothermal regions and 13 subregions,of which the Southwest and Southeast China regions and the Qaidam-Qilian and Jiaoliao subregions in North China with Mesozoic and Cenozoic granites are the most favorable areas for high-temperature hydrothermal and hot dry rock sources.China has complex geological conditions,diverse types of geothermal resources,and broad prospects for development and utilization.Having performed extensive shallow hydrothermal geothermal development and utilization and completed various power generation tests,China's geothermal development and utilization is in a critical stage of transition from the direct utilization of shallow hydrothermal resources to high-temperature geothermal or hot dry rock power generation in middle and deep layers.Basic theoretical research,key technology breakthroughs,and policy incentives are the main issues that need to be addressed in the geothermal industry.展开更多
In this work an economical evaluation that established the viability of a low enthalpy geothermal resource as an energy source in north Africa is presented. The factors considered included the payback period, average ...In this work an economical evaluation that established the viability of a low enthalpy geothermal resource as an energy source in north Africa is presented. The factors considered included the payback period, average rate of return, net present value, and net benefit-cost ratio. The model was based on utilising the energy source to energise four models that comprised thermal equipment consisting of water/air cooled single/half effect lithium bromide water mixture absorption chillers and an R-245fa organic Rankine cycle. These modelled cycles were based on the energy demand for Waddan city a community in southern Libya which has a demand for combined cooling/electricity only or cooling/electricity with district hot water supply. The results revealed that all of the proposed simulated stand-alone models, except the water-cooled half effect chiller, are not economically viable unless they are heavily subsidized or combined with the district hot water supply at least in the winter season.展开更多
In China,geothermal resource utilization has mainly focused on resources at shallow and medium depths.Yet,the exploration of deep,high-temperature geothermal resources holds significant importance for achieving the“d...In China,geothermal resource utilization has mainly focused on resources at shallow and medium depths.Yet,the exploration of deep,high-temperature geothermal resources holds significant importance for achieving the“dual carbon”goals and the transition of energy structure.The Jiyang Depression in the Bohai Bay Basin has vast potential for deep,high-temperature geothermal resources.By analyzing data from 2187 wells with temperature logs and 270 locations for temperature measurement in deep strata,we mapped the geothermal field of shallow to medium-deep layers in the Jiyang Depression using ArcGIS and predicted the temperatures of deep layers with a burial depth of 4000 m.Through stochastic modeling and numerical simulation,a reservoir attribute parameter database for favorable deep,high-temperature geothermal areas was developed,systematically characterizing the spatial distribution of geothermal resources within a play fairway of 139.5 km2 and estimating the exploitable deep geothermal resource potential by using the heat storage method and Monte Carlo data analysis.The study reveals that the Fan 54 well block in the Boxing-Jijia region is of prime significance to develop deep,high-temperature geothermal resources in the Jiyang Depression.Strata from the Cenozoic to the Upper Paleozoic are identified as effective cap layers for these deep geothermal resources.The Lower Paleozoic capable of effectively storing thermal energy and possessing an exploitable resource volume up to 127 million tons of standard coal,is identified as a target system for the development of deep high-temperature geothermal resources,providing significant insights for the efficient development of geothermal resources in the Jiyang Depression.展开更多
Artificial intelligence (AI) has become increasingly important in geothermal exploration,significantly improving the efficiency of resource identification.This review examines current AI applications,focusing on the a...Artificial intelligence (AI) has become increasingly important in geothermal exploration,significantly improving the efficiency of resource identification.This review examines current AI applications,focusing on the algorithms used,the challenges addressed,and the opportunities created.In addition,the review highlights the growth of machine learning applications in geothermal exploration over the past decade,demonstrating how AI has improved the analysis of subsurface data to identify potential resources.AI techniques such as neural networks,support vector machines,and decision trees are used to estimate subsurface temperatures,predict rock and fluid properties,and identify optimal drilling locations.In particular,neural networks are the most widely used technique,further contributing to improved exploration efficiency.However,the widespread adoption of AI in geothermal exploration is hindered by challenges,such as data accessibility,data quality,and the need for tailored data science training for industry professionals.Furthermore,the review emphasizes the importance of data engineering methodologies,data scaling,and standardization to enable the development of accurate and generalizable AI models for geothermal exploration.It is concluded that the integration of AI into geothermal exploration holds great promise for accelerating the development of geothermal energy resources.By effectively addressing key challenges and leveraging AI technologies,the geothermal industry can unlock cost‐effective and sustainable power generation opportunities.展开更多
In Nigeria,the basement complex and the sedimentary basins house many thermal springs which are physical manifestations of geothermal energy.However,there are difficulties in accessing the sustain-ability of these res...In Nigeria,the basement complex and the sedimentary basins house many thermal springs which are physical manifestations of geothermal energy.However,there are difficulties in accessing the sustain-ability of these resources due to ethical and security issues as well as limited data in Nigeria.Thus,identifying the precise location,temperature,and energy potential on a large scale has been a major drawback.This paper is the preliminary investigation of geothermal potential in parts of the Middle Benue Trough using satellite imagery,geology,regional gravity,and high-resolution aeromagnetic data.Landsat 8 scene was used to estimate the Land Surface Temperature(LST)in ArcGIS^(TM).Selected sites were classified as very low,low,moderate,and high LST.The intermediate and high classes happen to be possible geothermal zones,and they occupy 49% of the study area(38,077 km^(2)).The Riverline was superimposed on the LST,and the high-temperature sites were located by the identification tool.Streams/river data overlapped on the selected sites were regarded as thermal/warm springs.Remarkably,the LST results show lower temperatures(<36℃)at the famous thermal springs(Awe and Wukari)than some unknown rivers/streams found in Kwande(38℃),Ussa,(38℃),Gwer East(37℃),Yola Cross and Ogoja(36℃).Furthermore,the geophysical datasets,regional gravity,and high-resolution aeromagnetic data were interpolated to delineate the subsurface features associated with geothermal manifestations.The four layers from the LST were further evaluated using the geophysical approach.Gravity and mag-netic values revealed variations that could be linked to geothermal alterations.The correlation of the geophysical anomalies and LST with the geology of the study area uncovers essential information on energy potentials.Therefore,further investigation is required to estimate the depth of the causative body,the geothermal gradients,and the reservoir volumes.展开更多
As an important component of the exploration and evaluation of geothermal resources,the formation model has unique formation and distribution rule in different regions.Reliable geological models need to be established...As an important component of the exploration and evaluation of geothermal resources,the formation model has unique formation and distribution rule in different regions.Reliable geological models need to be established to help in temperature prediction,favorable area se-lection,and drilling design studies prior to the development of geothermal resources.This paper provides an integrated approach for analyzing the formation models of geothermal resources by combining geological studies and the wide-field electromagnetic method.The resistivity profile is converted into a geologic profile by analyzing the fault distribution,stratigraphic lithology,magmatic rock development,and signal changes of the profile.Comprehensively analyzing the geological elements including the heat sources,water sources,thermal reservoirs,transport con-ditions,cap rock,and preservation conditions,we investigate the matching relationship of the geological elements on the geologic profile and establish a formation model of the geothermal resources.This approach avoids the respective limitations of geological and geophysical methods,and the formation model established by this approach is comprehensive,intuitive,and accurate and can provide support for the development of geothermal resources.展开更多
Geothermal resources have a very broad development prospect owing to their clean nature;accurate evaluation of their potential is an important basis for the realization of fine zoning and large-scale efficient develop...Geothermal resources have a very broad development prospect owing to their clean nature;accurate evaluation of their potential is an important basis for the realization of fine zoning and large-scale efficient development.Here,a geothermal evaluation system is established based on reservoir,cap-rock,transportation-system,heat-source,and water-source data.The entropy weight Technique Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution(TOPSIS)and Analytic Hierarchy Process-Technique Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution(AHPTOPSIS)methods are used to evaluate geothermal resources in Eryuan County,and the evaluation results are superimposed with equal weights,and combined with the Moran index,to determine the geothermal exploration potential.Our results show that geothermal resources in Eryuan County are abundant,being concentrated in Liantie Township,Qiaohou Town,junction of Sanying and Cibihu towns,and junction of Fengyu and Yousuo towns.The Moran index indicates that there is significant geothermal accumulation,with high geothermal values mainly distributed around the water system.Three types of geothermal models are established based on control factors.The first one is controlled by the combination of reservoir and cap rock,while the second one is controlled by heat source and the third one is controlled by the combination of reservoir and cap rock and heat source.The junctions of Sanying and Cibihu towns,and Fengyu and Yousuo towns,are evaluated to have high geothermal potential,and these may become the next favorable directions for geothermal exploration in Eryuan County.展开更多
基金funded by the Study on enhanced heat transfer mechanism of low-permeability carbonate rocks under in-situ conditions under Grant number YK202305the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant number 42272350the Geothermal Survey Project of the China Geological Survey under Grant number DD20221676.
文摘Xiong'an New Area boasts abundant geothermal resources,with widespread Jixianian geother-mal reservoirs serving as key targets for exploration and development.Zoning geothermal resources helps characterize their distribution and attributes,offering critical guidance for their sustainable exploitation and utilization.This study integrates data from drilling and production tests across 21 geothermal wells to analyze the Jixianian strata,including depth,thickness,temperature,single-well water yield,Groundwater Level Depth(GWD),and Total Dissolved Solids(TDS).Employing fuzzy mathematics,a zoning analysis was performed,yielding quantitative evaluation scores and delineating favorable zones for development.Key findings include:(1)Geothermal reservoirs in the Rongcheng and Niutuozhen uplifts exhibit shallow burial depths,substantial thicknesses,high productivity,and relatively low temperatures,making them highly suitable for large-scale geothermal exploitation;(2)Zones with high resource potential but uncertain conditions require further exploration to mitigate development risks;(3)Areas near the Rongcheng fault or Jixianian strata buried deeper than 4,000 m are recommended for deferred exploitation;(4)Comprehensive evaluation reveals that the Jixianian carbonate geothermal reservoirs in Xiong'an New Area manifest 168 geothermal resources of 5,370.31×10 J,geothermal fluid reserves of 101.17×10 m3,and recoverable fluid 4 reserves of 93.41×10 m3/d under balanced extraction and reinjection.Recoverable geothermal heat 164 amounts to 9.36×10 J/a,equivalent to 319.4×10 t/a of standard coal.This study provides valuable insights into the exploration and sustainable exploitation of deep geothermal reservoirs in Xiong'an New Area,enhancing resource utilization and contributing to the development of a green and sustainable Xiong'an New Area.
文摘Purpose–This study is dedicated to systematically collating the distribution and utilization circumstances of geothermal resources in China.Moreover,it endeavors to formulate a comprehensive utilization scheme for geothermal resources during the construction and operation phases of the railway,thereby furnishing robust support and valuable reference for the holistic utilization of geothermal resources along the railway corridor.Design/methodology/approach–Through an in-depth analysis of the extant utilization of geothermal resources in China,it is discerned that the current utilization modalities are relatively rudimentary,bereft of rational planning and characterized by a low utilization rate.Concurrently,by integrating the practical requisites of railway construction and operation and conducting theoretical dissections,a comprehensive utilization plan for the construction and operation periods of railway is proffered.Findings–In light of the railway’s construction and operation characteristics,geothermal utilization models are categorized.During construction,comprehensive modalities include tunnel illumination power generation,construction area heating,tunnel antifreeze using shallow geothermal energy,tunnel pavement antifreeze and construction concrete maintenance.During operation,they comprise operation tunnel antifreeze,railway roadbed antifreeze,railway switch snow melting and deicing,geothermal power station establishment and railway hot spring health tourism planning.Originality/value–According to the characteristics and actual needs of railway construction and operation,it is of great significance to rationally utilize geothermal resources to promote the construction and operation of green railways.
文摘This paper mainly deals with the reservoir on the heat and mass transfer and mass and energy balance in a geothermal field.On the basis of briefing the general characteristics of the reservoir and the supposition of the reservoir modeling,the paper emphasizes the mathematical descriptions of hydra thermal transportation and convection by two methods according to the different models,such as lumped parameter model and distributed parameter model.It is effective to use these models in simulating the heterogeneous,and anisotropical fracture reservoir for the designed lifetime of 15 years.
基金This work is financially supported by the Special Fund for National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC0604306)China Geological Survey project Survey and Assessment of Geothermal Energy in Xiongan New Area(DD20189112)Technology Innovation Center of Geothermal and Hot Dry Rock Exploration and Development,Ministry of Natural Resources.
文摘The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region boasts rich geothermal resources and new achievements have been made in the exploration and development of geothermal resources in this region based on previous regional investigation.In detail,geothermal reservoirs of Gaoyuzhuang Formation of Jixian System and Changcheng System in Xiongan New Area have been recently discovered,opening up the second space of geothermal resources;the calculation method of the recoverable resources of geothermal fluid with reinjection being considered has been improved in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,and uniform comprehensive assessment of shallow geothermal energy,hydrothermal geothermal resources,and hot dry rocks(HDR)geothermal resources in the whole Beijing-Tianjin-Shijiazhuang region has been completed.The scientific research base for cascade development and utilization of geothermal resources in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has applied hydraulic fracturing technology to the geothermal reservoirs in Gaoyuzhuang Formation.As a result,the production capacity doubled and two-stage cascade utilization composed of geothermal power generation and geothermal heating were realized,with the first-phase installed capacity of 280 kW and the geothermal heating is 30000 m2.In this way,a model of the exploration,development,and utilization of geothermal resources formed.Large-scale utilization has become the future trend of geothermal resource development in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,and great efforts shall be made to achieve breakthroughs in reinjection technology,geothermal reservoir reconstruction technology,thermoelectric technology and underground heat exchange technology.
基金National Key Research and Development Project (No. 2019YFC0604903)consultation research project of Chinese Academy of Engineering (No. 2019-XZ-35-04)。
文摘Based on regional geological setting, stratigraphic distribution and other geological conditions, this paper summarized three types of geothermal reservoirs in the southeast coastal areas of China: Cenozoic sandstone or sandy conglomerate reservoir, Mesozoic granite fissure reservoir and Paleozoic karst reservoir. Cenozoic sandstone or sandy conglomerate reservoirs are mainly located in Cenozoic basins, such as Zhangzhou, Fuzhou, Sanshui and Leiqiong basins. The Tertiary sedimentary basins such as Leiqiong Basin and Sanshui Basin, are controlled by NE-trending faults, while the Quaternary sedimentary such as Zhangzhou and Fuzhou basins are controlled by NW-trending faults. Mesozoic granite fissure reservoirs are mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas, such as Zhangzhou, Fuzhou, Fengshun, Yangjiang and southern part of Hainan Province. The distribution of good Mesozoic granite fissure reservoir in these areas is mainly controlled by NE-trending faults. Paleozoic carbonate reservoirs are widely distributed in these areas. Most carbonate rocks are from the upper Paleozoic strata, such as those in the area of Huizhou in Guangdong Province. The major types of geothermal systems in the southeast coastal areas of China belong to medium and low-temperature convection. The geothermal resources developed from the ground to-3 000 m underground could be utilized directly for space heating, greenhouse heating, aquaculture pond heating and industrial uses, as well as other purposes. The geothermal resources with a depth of 3 000~6 000 m underground is mainly featured by Hot Dry Rock(HDR) with a temperature ranges from 150 ℃ to 200 ℃, which is conductive to the development of Enhanced Geothermal System(EGS) and can be utilized for power generation.
基金Financed by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.49471013).
文摘This paper is concentrated on Cenozoic volcanism and geothermal resources in Northeast China. There are a lot of Cenozoic volcanoes, a large area of volcanic rocks, a large number of active faults and rich geothermal resources in Northeast China. The time and space characteristics of Cenozoic volcanism and the space distribution characters of hot springs and high geothermal flux regions in Northeast China are described and discussed on the basis of geological, geothermal, drilling and volcanological data. It is revealed that the hot springs and high geothermal flux regions are related to the Cenozoic volcanism, rifting and faulting in Northeast China. It is especially emphasized that the hot springs and high geothermal anomaly areas are controlled by active deep faults. It is proposed that the Cenozoic volcanism regions, rift basins, active fault belts, activated plate suture zones and large earthquake occurrence points are the best areas for prospecting geothermal resources. The geothermal resources in younger volcanic zones are richer than those in older volcanic belts. The hot springs and active or activated faults might be a very good clue for looking for geothermal resources.
基金jointly supported by the open fund from the Key Laboratory of Deep-Earth Dynamics of Ministry of Natural Resources, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (Award Number J1901-16)the project of graduate education and teaching reform in Shanxi Province (Award Number 2021YJJG147)+4 种基金the teaching reform project “Geographic Modeling, Simulation and Visualization” established by Shanxi Normal University (Award Number 2019JGXM-39)the “Deep Geological Survey in Benxi-Linjiang Area”, a pilot project set up by the China Geological Survey, China (grant number 1212011220247)“The Research Start-up Fund of Shanxi Normal University for Dr. Peng Chong in 2016” (Award Number 0505/ 02070438)“The Research Start-up Fund of Shanxi Normal University for Dr. Liu Haiyan in 2017” (Award Number 0505/02070458)“The Research Fund for Outstanding Doctor in 2017” (Award Number 0503/02010168), established by the Education Department of Shanxi Province for Dr. Liu Haiyan
文摘Although geothermal energy has many clear advantages,including its sustainability and environmentally friendly nature,research into potential geothermal resources across the Longgang Block,Northeast China,has been limited.Here we present the first analysis of the potential geothermal resources in this region that employs joint geological and non-seismic geophysical methods to identify target areas that may be economically viable.We acquire and analyze high-precision gravity,magnetic,and magnetotelluric sounding data,which are constrained using the petrophysical parameters of outcropping rocks across the Longgang Block,to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the region’s deep geological structures and their geothermal resources potential,with a focus on identifying faults,rock masses,and thermal storage structures.We find that Archean granitic gneiss and Mesozoic rock masses in the deeper section of the Longgang Block possess weak gravity anomalies and high resistivities.We also identify thermal storage structures near these deeper geological units based on their extremely low resistivities.The data are used to infer the dip and depth of known or hidden faults,to constrain the spatial distribution of intrusive rock masses,and to determine the spatial distribution of subsurface thermal storage structures.The potential of the target areas for geothermal resources exploitation is divided into three grades based on contact depths between faults and thermal storage structures,and the scale of their thermal storage structures.Our results suggest that a joint non-seismic geophysical approach can be effective in locating and evaluating geothermal resources in complex geological settings.
基金This work was funded by a number of scientific research programs,including grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China,titled‘Evaluation and Optimal Target Selection of Deep Geothermal Resources in the Igneous Province in South China’(Project No.2019YFC0604903)‘Analysis and Geothermal Reservoir Stimulation Methods of Deep High-temperature Geothermal Systems in East China’(Project No.2021YFA0716004)+2 种基金a grant from the Joint Fund Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Sinopec,titled‘Deep Geological Processes and Resource Effects of Basins’(Project No.U20B6001)two grants from the Sinopec Science and Technology Research Program,titled'Single well evaluation of Well Fushenre 1 and study on the potential of deep geothermal resources in Hainan'(Project No.P23131)‘Siting and Target Evaluation of Deep Geothermal Resources in Key Areas of Southeastern China’(Project No.P20041-1).
文摘The part of China,east of the Hu Huanyong Line,is commonly referred to as eastern China.It is characterized by a high population density and a well-developed economy;it also has huge energy demands.This study assesses and promotes the large-scale development of geothermal resources in eastern China by analyzing deep geological structures,geothermal regimes,and typical geothermal systems.These analyses are based on data collected from geotectology,deep geophysics,geothermics,structural geology,and petrology.Determining the distribution patterns of intermediate-to-deep geothermal resources in the region helps develop prospects for their exploitation and utilization.Eastern China hosts superimposed layers of rocks from three major,global tectonic domainsd namely Paleo-Asian,Circum-Pacific,and Tethyan rocks.The structure of its crust and mantle exhibits a special flyover pattern,with basins and mountains as well as well-spaced uplifts and depressions alternatively on top.The lithosphere in Northeast China and North China is characterized by a thin,low density crust and mantle,whereas the lithosphere in South China has a thin,low density crust and a thick,high density mantle.The middle and upper crust contain geobodies with high conductivity and low velocity,with varying degrees of development that create favorable conditions for the formation and enrichment of geothermal resources.Moderate-to-high temperature geothermal resources are distributed in the MesozoiceCenozoic basins in eastern China,although moderate temperature geothermal resources with low abundance dominate.Porous sandstone reservoirs,karstified fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs,and fissured granite reservoirs are the main types of geothermal reservoirs in this region.Under the currently available technical conditions,the exploitation and utilization of geothermal resources in eastern China favor direct utilization over large-scale geothermal power generation.In Northeast China and North China,geothermal resources could be applied for large-scale geothermal heating purposes;geothermal heating could be applied during winter along parts of the Yangtze River while geothermal cooling would be more suitable for summer there;geothermal cooling could also be applied to much of South China.Geothermal resources can also be applied to high value-added industries,to aid agricultural practices,and for tourism.
基金supported by the Joint Petrochemical Fund project of National Natural Science Foundation of China”Deep Geological Processes and Resource Effects in the Basin”(Fund No.U20B6001).
文摘Deep geothermal resources mainly refer to the thermal energy stored in subsurface rocks and fluids therein at a depth of 3-10 km,which is a kind of renewable and sustainable clean energy unaffected by weather and seasonal changes.Large scale exploitation of the deep geothermal resources is of great significance to ensuring national energy security and achieving the“Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality”.Based on the latest terrestrial heat flow data,this paper estimated the potential of deep geothermal resources in the terrestrial areas of China,and the results show that the total amount of geothermal resources within 3e10 km under the Earth's surface in the terrestrial areas of China is 24.6×10^(15)GJ.In line with climate zones categorized,the geothermal resource proportion is 43.81%for severe cold regions,29.19%for cold regions,6.92%for mild regions,13.82%for hot summer and cold winter regions,and 6.26%for hot summer and warm winter regions.Statistics according to the burial depth range reveal that the resources within depth ranges of 3-5 km,5-7 km and 7-10 km under the Earth's surface are 4.3119×10^(15)GJ,6.37674×10^(15)GJ and 13.89594×10^(15)GJ respectively,showing an increasing trend of geothermal potential with increasing burial depth.The deep geothermal resources are mainly of medium-to-high temperature reserves,and the energy supply strategy can be optimized by combining the climate conditions and population distribution,as well as considering power generation.In regions of cold or severe cold climate,the geothermal resources may be applied to geothermal power generation and district heating in combination;in regions of hot summer and cold winter or mild climates,the resources can be used for geothermal power generation combined with cooling and heating;in regions of hot summer and warm winter climates,the resources may be applied to geothermal power generation combined with cooling and industrial and agricultural utilization.Exploitation of deep geothermal resources also can be combined with carbon dioxide sequestration,multi-mineral resources extraction and energy storage to realize comprehensive exploitation and utilization of various energy resources.It is suggested that theoretical technology research should be combined with pilot tests and field demonstrations,and large-scale economic exploitation of deep geothermal resources should be arranged in a coordinated manner,following the principles of overall planning and step-by-step implementation.
基金funded by two National Key Research and Development Programs of China(No.2019YFC0604903,No.2021YFA0716004)a Joint Fund Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Sinopec(No.U20B6001)a Sinopec Science and Technology Research Program(No.P20041-1).
文摘Deep geothermal resources in the Fujian-Guangdong-Hainan region,China,offer significant potential for sustainable energy.The diverse igneous rock formations along the southeast coast present intricate geological challenges that impede exploration and evaluation efforts.In this study,we address critical concerns related to the Fujian-Guangdong-Hainan region's deep geothermal resources,encompassing heat source composition,formation conditions,strategic favorable areas,and exploration directions.Our methods involve the analysis of regional geothermal reservoirs and cap rocks.Major findings include:the primary heat sources in the Fujian-Guangdong-Hainan region consist of the radioactive heat generation from granites in the crust,heat conduction in the mantle,and,in specific areas like Yangjiang and Shantou,melts within the middle and lower crust;the deep,high-temperature geothermal resources in the region predominantly reside in basins'depressed areas.These areas are characterized by the confluence of triple heat sources:heat from the Earth's crust,mantle,and other supplementary sources;our analysis led to the identification of three strategic areas favorable for deep geothermal resources in the Fujian-Guangdong-Hainan region.These are the Beibu Gulf Basin's continental area,the Yuezhong Depression,and the Fuzhou-Zhangzhou area.
文摘Geothermal resource,a green and sustainable energy resource,plays an important role in achieving‘emission peak’and‘carbon neutrality’targets.The Yingjiang Basin is located in the eastern branch of the Mediterranean-Himalayan high-temperature geothermal belt and exhibits considerable potential for geothermal resources.However,current investigations into the distribution of deep geothermal resources in this region are somewhat limited.In this paper,the transient plane source(TPS)method is used to measure the thermal conductivity parameters of 31 rock samples within the study area.Additionally,the one-dimensional steady-state heat conduction equation is employed to calculate the deep geothermal field,considering the constraints of rock thermal properties and terrestrial heat flow in the study area.Furthermore,the“stripping method”is used to determine the contribution rate of sedimentary layer to terrestrial heat flow,while the volume method is applied to estimate the geothermal resources at burial depths of 3000-5000 m.The results show that(1)The heat generation rate of granite is the highest with an average value of 4.52 mW/m^(3),followed by gneiss with an average value in the range of 2.0-3.5 W/(m·K),mudstone and sandstone being the lowest with an average value between 1.0 and 2.0 W/(m·K).(2)The main contributor of terrestrial heat flow in the study area is mantle heat flow,and the contribution of sedimentary layers to terrestrial heat flow only accounts for about 2%.(3)The geothermal resources in Yingjiang Basin within the depth range of 3000-5000 m is 93.6×10^(15)kJ,or 3.2×10^(9)tonnes standard coal equivalent(SCE).
基金This work was funded by multiple scientific research programs,including Evaluation and Optimal Target Selection of Deep Geothermal Resources in the Igneous Province in South China(No.:2019YFC0604903)Analysis and Geothermal Reservoir Stimulation Methods of Deep High-temperature Geothermal Systems in East China(No.:2021YFA0716004)of the National Key Research and Development Program of China+1 种基金a project entitled Deep Geological Processes and Resource Effects of Basins(No.:U20B6001)of the Joint Fund Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Sinopeca project entitled Siting and Target Evaluation of Deep Geothermal Resources in Key Areas of Southeastern China(No.:P20041-1)of the Sinopec Science and Technology Research Program.
文摘The Maichen Sag in the south-central part of the Beibuwan Basin is abundant in geothermal resources that have not been widely exploited and utilized due to inadequate research on it.This study evaluated the geothermal resources in the Maichen Sag based on the regional geological setting and geothermal conditions.Grid units for assessment and a geological model for areas with geothermal resources were established using spatial analysis techniques.The spatial distribution models of the physical and thermophysical properties of the geothermal reservoirs were also built using the Kriging interpolation method.Based on the terrestrial heat flow distribution in the target areas,the spatial distribution of the geo-temperature field through the inversion under the constraints of the temperature data from boreholes were predicted.Factors such as deep geo-temperature,thermophysical properties of rocks,and terrestrial heat flow values,were integrated into this quantitative evaluation of geothermal resources through the geological modeling-based volume method and the geothermal reservoir engineering-based numerical simulation method.The results show that the Maichen Sag has favorable heat source conditions with intersected,deep-rooted faults and widely developed Upper Paleozoic fissured granite geothermal reservoirs.The northern outer slope zone at a burial depth of 3‒5 km on the tectonic plane of the basement in the sag is suggested to be a potential target area,where,as calculated using the volume method,is likely to be the home to the total geothermal resources of 80.4×10^(9)GJ(i.e.,2.75×10^(9)tonnes of coal equivalent(tce))in the bedrock geothermal reservoirs at a burial depth of 3‒6 km.The geotemperature of 172‒201℃at a formation depth of 5 km in the sag also indicates that the deep geothermal resources are of high value for exploitation.
基金Project supported by PetroChina's Major Science and Technology Project(No.2014E-35,2017E-15)School-Enterprise Cooperation Project of PetroChina Huabei Oilfield Company(No.HBYT-YJY-2015-JS-222).
文摘The Baxian area in the Jizhong Depression,west of the Bohai Bay Basin,is rich in geothermal resources,where Xiong County was built as the first smokeless city in China and the Xiong-county Model has become the geothermal resources demonstration model in China.In this study,the present-day geothermal gradient and the horizontal distribution characteristics of the temperature and pressure at different depths in the Baxian area were studied based on massive measured temperature and pressure data of the boreholes,and then the relationship was also dis-cussed between the temperatureepressure field and the geothermal resources.The following findings were obtained.(1)The present-day geothermal gradient of the Baxian area is within the range of 21.8-73.5℃/km,averaging 33.5℃/km.(2)Its strata temperature increases as the depth increases.The horizontal variations of the geothermal gradient and strata temperature correspond to the basement relief very well.As the abnormally high temperature areas,the northern Niutuozhen Uplift,the Central Baxian Depression and the central East Langgu Depression possess huge geothermal resources and will be the most favorable exploration targets.(3)The formation pressure of the Baxian area is characterized by normal pressure and weak overpressure,and its horizontal distribution varies at different depths.The middleestrong overpressure generally developed at the depth of 4000 m in the southern Langgu Depression and southern Baxian Depression.This study is of important guiding significance for the exploration and development of geothermal resources in the Baxian area.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41927801)the Major Special Project of Yunnan Province(202302AF080001)the Key Research and Development Program of Yunnan Province(202303AA080006).
文摘China is tectonically composed of a series of plates and orogenic belts and has been influenced by the Pacific and Indian plates since the Late Paleozoic,forming a regular distribution of Mesozoic and Cenozoic granites.As an important source of geothermal energy,granite is thefive elements of geothermal enrichment:geothermal sources;geothermal reservoirs;heat transmission;heat caprock;and heat preservation and it is possible to classify the types of geothermal resources in China according to their distribution in combination with neotectonic movements.China's geothermal energy can be divided into hydrothermal and hot dry rock types in basins and orogenic belts,respectively.Geothermal resources can be divided into hydrothermal,rock,magma,and hybrid geothermal types according to the heat carrier type.Basin geothermal resources are dominated by hydrothermal types,while geothermal energy in orogenic belts with granite includes both hydrothermal and hot dry rock types.Geothermal resources in China can be divided into 6 distinct geothermal regions and 13 subregions,of which the Southwest and Southeast China regions and the Qaidam-Qilian and Jiaoliao subregions in North China with Mesozoic and Cenozoic granites are the most favorable areas for high-temperature hydrothermal and hot dry rock sources.China has complex geological conditions,diverse types of geothermal resources,and broad prospects for development and utilization.Having performed extensive shallow hydrothermal geothermal development and utilization and completed various power generation tests,China's geothermal development and utilization is in a critical stage of transition from the direct utilization of shallow hydrothermal resources to high-temperature geothermal or hot dry rock power generation in middle and deep layers.Basic theoretical research,key technology breakthroughs,and policy incentives are the main issues that need to be addressed in the geothermal industry.
文摘In this work an economical evaluation that established the viability of a low enthalpy geothermal resource as an energy source in north Africa is presented. The factors considered included the payback period, average rate of return, net present value, and net benefit-cost ratio. The model was based on utilising the energy source to energise four models that comprised thermal equipment consisting of water/air cooled single/half effect lithium bromide water mixture absorption chillers and an R-245fa organic Rankine cycle. These modelled cycles were based on the energy demand for Waddan city a community in southern Libya which has a demand for combined cooling/electricity only or cooling/electricity with district hot water supply. The results revealed that all of the proposed simulated stand-alone models, except the water-cooled half effect chiller, are not economically viable unless they are heavily subsidized or combined with the district hot water supply at least in the winter season.
基金Research Project(SNKJ2022A06-R23)the Innovation Fund Project for Graduate Student of China University of Petroleum(East China)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Uni-versities(No.24CX04021A)。
文摘In China,geothermal resource utilization has mainly focused on resources at shallow and medium depths.Yet,the exploration of deep,high-temperature geothermal resources holds significant importance for achieving the“dual carbon”goals and the transition of energy structure.The Jiyang Depression in the Bohai Bay Basin has vast potential for deep,high-temperature geothermal resources.By analyzing data from 2187 wells with temperature logs and 270 locations for temperature measurement in deep strata,we mapped the geothermal field of shallow to medium-deep layers in the Jiyang Depression using ArcGIS and predicted the temperatures of deep layers with a burial depth of 4000 m.Through stochastic modeling and numerical simulation,a reservoir attribute parameter database for favorable deep,high-temperature geothermal areas was developed,systematically characterizing the spatial distribution of geothermal resources within a play fairway of 139.5 km2 and estimating the exploitable deep geothermal resource potential by using the heat storage method and Monte Carlo data analysis.The study reveals that the Fan 54 well block in the Boxing-Jijia region is of prime significance to develop deep,high-temperature geothermal resources in the Jiyang Depression.Strata from the Cenozoic to the Upper Paleozoic are identified as effective cap layers for these deep geothermal resources.The Lower Paleozoic capable of effectively storing thermal energy and possessing an exploitable resource volume up to 127 million tons of standard coal,is identified as a target system for the development of deep high-temperature geothermal resources,providing significant insights for the efficient development of geothermal resources in the Jiyang Depression.
文摘Artificial intelligence (AI) has become increasingly important in geothermal exploration,significantly improving the efficiency of resource identification.This review examines current AI applications,focusing on the algorithms used,the challenges addressed,and the opportunities created.In addition,the review highlights the growth of machine learning applications in geothermal exploration over the past decade,demonstrating how AI has improved the analysis of subsurface data to identify potential resources.AI techniques such as neural networks,support vector machines,and decision trees are used to estimate subsurface temperatures,predict rock and fluid properties,and identify optimal drilling locations.In particular,neural networks are the most widely used technique,further contributing to improved exploration efficiency.However,the widespread adoption of AI in geothermal exploration is hindered by challenges,such as data accessibility,data quality,and the need for tailored data science training for industry professionals.Furthermore,the review emphasizes the importance of data engineering methodologies,data scaling,and standardization to enable the development of accurate and generalizable AI models for geothermal exploration.It is concluded that the integration of AI into geothermal exploration holds great promise for accelerating the development of geothermal energy resources.By effectively addressing key challenges and leveraging AI technologies,the geothermal industry can unlock cost‐effective and sustainable power generation opportunities.
文摘In Nigeria,the basement complex and the sedimentary basins house many thermal springs which are physical manifestations of geothermal energy.However,there are difficulties in accessing the sustain-ability of these resources due to ethical and security issues as well as limited data in Nigeria.Thus,identifying the precise location,temperature,and energy potential on a large scale has been a major drawback.This paper is the preliminary investigation of geothermal potential in parts of the Middle Benue Trough using satellite imagery,geology,regional gravity,and high-resolution aeromagnetic data.Landsat 8 scene was used to estimate the Land Surface Temperature(LST)in ArcGIS^(TM).Selected sites were classified as very low,low,moderate,and high LST.The intermediate and high classes happen to be possible geothermal zones,and they occupy 49% of the study area(38,077 km^(2)).The Riverline was superimposed on the LST,and the high-temperature sites were located by the identification tool.Streams/river data overlapped on the selected sites were regarded as thermal/warm springs.Remarkably,the LST results show lower temperatures(<36℃)at the famous thermal springs(Awe and Wukari)than some unknown rivers/streams found in Kwande(38℃),Ussa,(38℃),Gwer East(37℃),Yola Cross and Ogoja(36℃).Furthermore,the geophysical datasets,regional gravity,and high-resolution aeromagnetic data were interpolated to delineate the subsurface features associated with geothermal manifestations.The four layers from the LST were further evaluated using the geophysical approach.Gravity and mag-netic values revealed variations that could be linked to geothermal alterations.The correlation of the geophysical anomalies and LST with the geology of the study area uncovers essential information on energy potentials.Therefore,further investigation is required to estimate the depth of the causative body,the geothermal gradients,and the reservoir volumes.
基金supported by the Major Science and Technology Project of Yunnan Province(Grant No.202302AF080001)the Key Research and Development Program of Yunnan Province(Grant No.202303AA080006)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41927801).
文摘As an important component of the exploration and evaluation of geothermal resources,the formation model has unique formation and distribution rule in different regions.Reliable geological models need to be established to help in temperature prediction,favorable area se-lection,and drilling design studies prior to the development of geothermal resources.This paper provides an integrated approach for analyzing the formation models of geothermal resources by combining geological studies and the wide-field electromagnetic method.The resistivity profile is converted into a geologic profile by analyzing the fault distribution,stratigraphic lithology,magmatic rock development,and signal changes of the profile.Comprehensively analyzing the geological elements including the heat sources,water sources,thermal reservoirs,transport con-ditions,cap rock,and preservation conditions,we investigate the matching relationship of the geological elements on the geologic profile and establish a formation model of the geothermal resources.This approach avoids the respective limitations of geological and geophysical methods,and the formation model established by this approach is comprehensive,intuitive,and accurate and can provide support for the development of geothermal resources.
基金supported by Research project on key technologies of exploration and development of middle and deep geothermal energy in Yunnan Province(202302AF080001).
文摘Geothermal resources have a very broad development prospect owing to their clean nature;accurate evaluation of their potential is an important basis for the realization of fine zoning and large-scale efficient development.Here,a geothermal evaluation system is established based on reservoir,cap-rock,transportation-system,heat-source,and water-source data.The entropy weight Technique Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution(TOPSIS)and Analytic Hierarchy Process-Technique Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution(AHPTOPSIS)methods are used to evaluate geothermal resources in Eryuan County,and the evaluation results are superimposed with equal weights,and combined with the Moran index,to determine the geothermal exploration potential.Our results show that geothermal resources in Eryuan County are abundant,being concentrated in Liantie Township,Qiaohou Town,junction of Sanying and Cibihu towns,and junction of Fengyu and Yousuo towns.The Moran index indicates that there is significant geothermal accumulation,with high geothermal values mainly distributed around the water system.Three types of geothermal models are established based on control factors.The first one is controlled by the combination of reservoir and cap rock,while the second one is controlled by heat source and the third one is controlled by the combination of reservoir and cap rock and heat source.The junctions of Sanying and Cibihu towns,and Fengyu and Yousuo towns,are evaluated to have high geothermal potential,and these may become the next favorable directions for geothermal exploration in Eryuan County.
