G eopolitical competition has brought profound disasters to Europe.After World War II,Western Europe initiated an institutional integration process aimed at building the European Union(EU),hoping to eliminate internal...G eopolitical competition has brought profound disasters to Europe.After World War II,Western Europe initiated an institutional integration process aimed at building the European Union(EU),hoping to eliminate internal geopolitical conflicts,respond to external threats,and promote its own values to enhance the recognition of the EU among neighboring countries.In October 2022,the European Political Community,a regional mechanism that had long remained at the conceptual stage,became a reality.展开更多
Focusing on investment security along the Belt and Road(B&R)routes,this study analyzes the geopolitical environment(GE)of countries(regions)along the B&R routes from two dimensions:political and business envir...Focusing on investment security along the Belt and Road(B&R)routes,this study analyzes the geopolitical environment(GE)of countries(regions)along the B&R routes from two dimensions:political and business environment(PBE)and political orientation.The results show that since the proposal of the B&R Initiative in 2013,the PBE of these countries(regions)has shown slight improvement but with significant spatial disparities,presenting a pattern of better conditions in the eastern and western regions and poorer conditions in the central regions.There is no strong spatial dependence in the PBE among these countries(regions),but a weak homogenization trend toward improvement is observed.Low-scoring countries(regions)are mainly located in former Commonwealth of Independent States(CIS),the Middle East,and the Indochina Peninsula.These countries(regions)exhibit weak interconnections,demonstrating a characteristic of“similarity without harmony.”(a Confucian concept describing nations sharing superficial traits but lacking substantive cooperation).Therefore,the B&R construction should adopt a clustered and contiguous breakthrough strategy.The evaluation of political orientation reveals significant political divergence among B&R countries(regions),with varying attitudes toward China.Moreover,as pro-China sentiment increases,the PBE tends to deteriorate.This negative correlation suggests that countries(regions)actively engaging in the B&R Initiative generally face political instability and economic underdevelopment,and seek to leverage the B&R Initiative for domestic growth.Consequently,while prioritizing investment security,it is important for the B&R construction to actively promote Chinese values in order to garner support and participation from countries(regions)with more favorable PBE.Given the generally underdeveloped PBE and political polarization among B&R countries(regions),China urgently needs to develop a geopolitical theory aligned with the B&R's geopolitical model to safeguard its advancement.Simultaneously,China should reshape geopolitical narratives to reclaim discourse power in political interpretation.This study provides preliminary insights into cross-country(regional)political polarization and contributes to advancing GE research.展开更多
As the international environment changes,frequent geopolitical crises continue to hinder the healthy development of global stock markets.To analyze in-depth the risk contagion path between the international stock mark...As the international environment changes,frequent geopolitical crises continue to hinder the healthy development of global stock markets.To analyze in-depth the risk contagion path between the international stock market and geopolitics under the impact of extreme events,this paper explores the tail risk interactive contagion mechanism and dynamic effects of the double-layer network between the international stock market and geopolitics from the perspective of complex networks.Empirical research finds that geopolitical conflicts exacerbate risk contagion among international stock markets,and there are significant differences in risk contagion between developed and emerging economies.The analysis of the complex interaction effect in the doublelayer network of the international stock market and geopolitics shows that the intralayer risk spillover effect of geopolitics in the short term is significantly higher than that of the stock price volatility network layer.Finally,the study on the dynamic changes of the double-layer network connectedness between the international stock market and geopolitics found that the shock of extreme events,such as military conflict and public health security,is an important factor in triggering the cross-contagion of risks.The research conclusions provide new ideas for preventing the cross-contagion of geopolitical risks in the stock markets of various countries under the evolution of the global political and economic pattern.展开更多
Geographical circumstances are the fundamental background for all kinds of geopolitical events. The geopolitical environment system（GES） refers to a system that combines both physical and anthropogenic subsystems. R...Geographical circumstances are the fundamental background for all kinds of geopolitical events. The geopolitical environment system（GES） refers to a system that combines both physical and anthropogenic subsystems. Research on the geopolitical environment system simulation is a key to understanding the international geopolitical phenomenon. The theory of GES arose from the integration of the traditional geopolitics and earth system sciences. As an interdisciplinary system composed of many different fields, integrated reviews and a metadata study of GES are urgently needed. This paper presents a comprehensive view into the origination and advance of the GES theory. The conceptual framework of the GES is described in detail. The methodology for simulating and forecasting geopolitical events is also provided. It is proposed that the core topics of the GES science may include, but are not limited to, issues as data acquisition technologies; principles on the interactions between multiple subsystems（or factors） at different scales; evaluating and mitigating the global geopolitical risks, including the political risks, economic risks, the social risks, the environmental risks and the technological risks; and forecasting the geopolitical events with machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques.展开更多
Taking the rising and declining in Geopolitics as the main lines, this paper reviews the history of the annihilation, revival and deveopment in geoplitics since the 1970s. The ideas and propositions about the world ge...Taking the rising and declining in Geopolitics as the main lines, this paper reviews the history of the annihilation, revival and deveopment in geoplitics since the 1970s. The ideas and propositions about the world geopolitical structure after the end of Cold War, proposed by the Westem geopolitical strategists, have been introduced and assessed. About the geopolitical strategies of China in the world geopolotical structure in the future, the authors propose framework ideas. The aim of the paper is to join discussions and researches on the geopolitical strategies, and to promote the subject construction and development of human geography including Geopolitics and Political Geography.展开更多
A quantitative approach to the national geopolitical influence is helpful to provide a reference for national sustainable development on the international stage, based on describing national diplomatic capacity and ov...A quantitative approach to the national geopolitical influence is helpful to provide a reference for national sustainable development on the international stage, based on describing national diplomatic capacity and overseas influence. Herein, this study proposes a complex geopolitical influence model, considering the affected nations' response. The geopolitical influences of great power in the affected nation are correlated with overall strength, the acceptance degree of the affected nation to the great power and the distance between both sides. Then, the geopolitical influences of China and the US in Southeast Asia countries are empirically analyzed from 2005 to 2015. The geopolitical influence of China in Southeast Asia has been largely growing for the past decades, accompanying with a constant trend of the US' effects. It is believed that China and the US can coexist peacefully in Southeast Asia to promote the regional development, and jointly create an open, inclusive and balanced regional cooperation architecture that benefits all nations in this region and great powers, through mutual political trust and economic beneficial cooperation. This study may contribute to advancing the policy debate and determining the optimal cooperation in pledging commitment to a new and sustainable model of great power relationship among the various regional geopolitical options.展开更多
Historically,geopolitical risk(GPR)has posed significant challenges to international economic,social,and political frameworks.This study investigated how internal GPR in the selected five Southeast Asian countries(Ind...Historically,geopolitical risk(GPR)has posed significant challenges to international economic,social,and political frameworks.This study investigated how internal GPR in the selected five Southeast Asian countries(Indonesia,South Korea,Malaysia,the Philippines,and Thailand)influences foreign direct investment(FDI)during 1996-2019.The stationarity of the data was assessed using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller(ADF)unit root test,which shows that the data became stationary after the first difference.The Kao,Pedroni,and Westerlund cointegration tests were employed to examine long-term cointegration among the selected variables(FDI,GPR index(GPRI),gross domestic product(GDP),inflation,interest rate,and trade openness(TOP)).The results indicated that these variables have a long-term cointegration.Consequently,regression analysis using the Pooled Ordinary Least Squares(OLS)regression,fixed effect,random effect,Arellano-Bond dynamic panel-data estimation,and system generalized moment method(GMM)revealed that GPRI and TOP negatively impacted FDI in the selected five Southeast Asian countries.At the same time,GDP,inflation,and interest rate positively influenced FDI in these countries.Because FDI is crucial to shaping a country’s macroeconomic structure,this study recommends that governments and central banks of the selected five Southeast Asian countries should implement policies and strategies to encourage foreign investments.展开更多
This paper examines the use of geopolitical imaginaries, historical narratives, and discourses in Central Asian politics which have always been used in geopolitical agendas of both regional and external actors. The ma...This paper examines the use of geopolitical imaginaries, historical narratives, and discourses in Central Asian politics which have always been used in geopolitical agendas of both regional and external actors. The main focus in this study is the Silk Road myth as a prominent case of those geopolitical imaginaries. The Silk Road discourse presents a definite example of mythmaking and geopolitical discourse in the Central Asia used by both regional actors such as China, Russia and external actors such as the United States. The main argument of this study is that each of those actors is referring the historical myth of Silk Road as a useful tool for pursuing their geopolitical vision and interests. So questioning this situation is important in the eyes of critical geopolitics because the same historical fact is constructed with different meanings and visions by different actors in accordance with their competing interests. In this study, the critical geopolitical theory and method are used to describe the emerging geopolitical discourse in the Central Asia such as： rising powers narrative, peaceful rise concept, and silk road imaginary.展开更多
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has significantly altered the pattern of alliances and geopolitical balances on the European continent to such an extent that countries like Finland and Sweden that have traditionally rem...Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has significantly altered the pattern of alliances and geopolitical balances on the European continent to such an extent that countries like Finland and Sweden that have traditionally remained neutral are now applying to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO).These two countries fear that Russia,which is currently trying to reposition itself,could try in the near future to invade these two Nordic countries to prevent the West(European Union,United Kingdom,and United States)from increasing its military presence and its military force in the Scandinavian peninsula and in the Baltic Sea.The enlargement that the European Union(EU)has carried out since the 1990s,and that has also meant the expansion of NATO,has been viewed with great concern by the government of Vladimir Putin,who considers that the United States and the European Union did not fulfill their commitment to former Russian President Mikhail Gorbachev to respect the sphere of influence of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR).Within the framework of this geopolitical confrontation,Helsinki and Stockholm do not want to run the risk of being invaded by the Russian army,which is why they seek to take advantage of the principle of collective security that NATO membership would grant them.展开更多
Cement, a major binding material in concrete making, influences the quality of concrete so produced with it;as such its chemistry dictates the chemistry of the concrete. Poor quality cement has recently been implicate...Cement, a major binding material in concrete making, influences the quality of concrete so produced with it;as such its chemistry dictates the chemistry of the concrete. Poor quality cement has recently been implicated as the main causes of incessant building collapses in Nigeria. The physicochemical analysis of limestone used in the production of various brands of Portland cement in four geopolitical zones of Nigeria (north east NE, north west NW, north central NC, and south west SW) was investigated using standard methods. Each of the limestone and cement samples was randomly collected from their respective sample points at the four different geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Each of the collected samples was ground and sieved to 2 mm mesh size. The limestone was rich in lime content that ranged from 45.91% ± 0.30% to 49.0% ± 0.19%. Among the cement samples, percent SiO<sub>2</sub> ranged from 19.95 ± 0.25 (NW) to 20.18 ± 1.02 (NC), Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> 4.98 ± 0.18 (NW) to 5.82 ± 0.38 (NE), Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> 2.76 ± 1.00 (NE) to 3.82 ± 0.21 (SW), CaO 60.18 ± 0.27 (NE) to 65.10 ± 0.98 (NC), MgO 1.93 ± 0.04 (NC) to 2.50 ± 0.10 (NE), SO<sub>3</sub> 0.93 ± 0.50 (NE) to 2.02 ± 0.13 (NW). The results showed that virtually all the cement samples analyzed conformed well to the BSEN 196-2 standard. However, the loss on ignition (LOI) deviated considerably (7.82% to 8.72%) from 4% maximum by the standard. Also, the lime saturation factor (99.70%) obtained for north central cement was slightly higher than the specified range of 92.0 to 98.0%. It could be deduced from this study that the various cements available in Nigerian market from the four geopolitical zones are of good quality. Nevertheless, other processes that lead to the production of a good concrete such as the mix ratio of cement, gravel, sand and water, use and quality of iron rods, and other building materials need to be professionally checked for quality assurance. The findings from this study can be a useful guide to the chemist, environmentalist, construction industry, and the general public on the quality of cements available in Nigerian market.展开更多
U.S. President Obama＇s visit to Africa has many questioning the rationale behind this visit. Hannah Edinger, Senior Manager and Head of Research ＆ Strategy at Frontier Advisory. Dane Smith, Publications Director at ...U.S. President Obama＇s visit to Africa has many questioning the rationale behind this visit. Hannah Edinger, Senior Manager and Head of Research ＆ Strategy at Frontier Advisory. Dane Smith, Publications Director at Young People in International Affairs （YPIA） and Ogi Williams, Communications Director at YPIA, ask if the visit was a geopolitical response to China＇s engagement in Africa. Excerpts of their thoughts follow：展开更多
This paper investigated several stages in the formation of the geopolitical influence of oil and gas, including the basis of its gestation, the means of transformation, and the formation and exercise of power. Based o...This paper investigated several stages in the formation of the geopolitical influence of oil and gas, including the basis of its gestation, the means of transformation, and the formation and exercise of power. Based on this theoretical framework, a system for assessing the geopolitical influence of oil and gas was developed. This system is comprised of 13 indicators, each with its own method of measurement. Then 21 representative oil and gas importing, exporting, and transit countries were se- lected as assessment subjects. A quantitative assessment of the geopolitical influence of oil and gas in the selected countries was carried out using the proposed indicators, and factor analysis was used to obtain the main factors of these indicators and the composite score of each country. The empirical results showed that the 13 indicators could be summarized into five main factors, in the order of contribution rate, specifically comprehensive national strength, energy, transportation, risk, and geopoli- tics, each with its own variance contribution rate. Results of the assessment indicated that the selected countries could be classified into five categories in terms of oil and gas geopolitical influence： strong, relatively strong, moderate, relatively weak, and weak.展开更多
In the current international economic situation, the oceans and seas started to play a key role in the geopolitical balance of power between the coastal States. This article explores the concept of geopolitics, establ...In the current international economic situation, the oceans and seas started to play a key role in the geopolitical balance of power between the coastal States. This article explores the concept of geopolitics, establishing a discussed relationship between such a concept and the considerations of coastal State and their territorialism policies. The concept of geopolitics cannot be simply understood as a condition of the position of a state in the international arena or its territorial ambition. The novel global ocean concept encompasses economic conditions facing the systemic combination of contemporary forces. Issues to be considered are maybe beyond the Convention on International Law of the Sea scenario in a dynamic economic and political international ocean.展开更多
Global environmental change is one of the major distinguishing features associated with the contemporary world political map. It is significant not only because it illustrates the intersections between geopolitics and...Global environmental change is one of the major distinguishing features associated with the contemporary world political map. It is significant not only because it illustrates the intersections between geopolitics and environmental change, but also because identifying the major environmental features and solving existing and future problems are primarily political in nature. Key features of global environmental change include global warming impacts on the poleward shifts in biodiversity and agricultural patterns, rising sea levels and human adjustments, changing coastal habitats, and promoting increased environmental awareness especially in urban clusters, where most people live. In the contemporary geopolitical and environmental world, visualization is a key feature not only used to inform both planetary inhabitants, environmental organizations and governments, but also serves as an effective policy, that is, to “show” or demonstrate effective changes and the need for action. States are key institutions in this thinking as they can both inform and address the impacts of global environmental change through various images: maps, earth-based photographs, satellite coverage, websites and educational venues including curriculum content and stamps. Visual geopolitics is already recognized as being an important source influencing public opinion, as evidenced in the attractive visible layouts, graphics, colors, often “seductive” designing of official websites. Postage stamps is an additional important and “informing” visible way that states inform both insiders and outsiders about how they “see” their place in the world. They also provide a view into how a state sees its “own” place in the world of environmental change and how it sees “the world beyond its own borders”. I introduce the concept of “visual geopolitics” and use recent postage stamp issues about global environmental change from a number of countries to illustrate how they are informing views of their own and the world about pressing environmental issues.展开更多
Being the major geostrategic regions in the world,the Horn of Africa has become a centre of intense geopolitical competition by international and regional powers.This paper attempts to analyze the contemporary geopoli...Being the major geostrategic regions in the world,the Horn of Africa has become a centre of intense geopolitical competition by international and regional powers.This paper attempts to analyze the contemporary geopolitical dynamics in the Horn of Africa and its repercussions for states with particular emphasis on Ethiopia.It argues that there are four defining features of contemporary geopolitical dynamics in the Horn region:scramble for military base as a result of power projection by extra-regional states,competition for commercial ports,the Nile rivalry,and regional configuration of states amid political transitions.This geopolitical dynamics has brought opportunities for Ethiopia with regard to port access,building up naval power,infrastructure,hard currency,and regional integration.On the other hand,it has also presented challenges to Ethiopia in terms of alienating neighbors,threatening sovereignty,escalating tensions,jeopardizing religious coexistence,and maintenance of security and sustainability.Therefore,sustaining the gains and addressing the challenges of geopolitical dynamics in the Horn of Africa is vital for ensuring strategic interests of Ethiopia both domestically and in the region.展开更多
In recent years,Yemen has witnessed violent clashes that are rooted in largely inequality in the sharing of power and access to resources since Yemen has doubled its importance in southern Arabia,western Oman,eastern ...In recent years,Yemen has witnessed violent clashes that are rooted in largely inequality in the sharing of power and access to resources since Yemen has doubled its importance in southern Arabia,western Oman,eastern Red Sea,and north of the Gulf of Aden.In addition,this country dominates the strategic Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb that is the dominant kingdom of the Horn of Africa,Saudi Arabia,and especially Egypt,in the transfer of energy.The people of Yemen have long been religiously orientated,including Shia and Sunni Muslims who are now Sunni Shafei and Shiite Yemenis Zaidi,are the Ismaili and Sufi religions are in the next rows.The Yemeni religious faith is mainly from the youth of this country.In this article,we are trying to answer the main question through an analytical method.What causes the crisis in Yemen affected by the crisis that led to the expansion of the crisis?The geopolitical situation of Yemen,regional and international actors,and the instability and displacement of its population,along with the weakness of the state,corruption,insufficiency of resources and infrastructure,seem to have expanded this geopolitical crisis internationally.展开更多
As an emerging developing power,India has adopted economic diplomacy as the center,aggressive strategy and maritime strategy as the main power strategy,pursuing the international order with“India seal”and constructi...As an emerging developing power,India has adopted economic diplomacy as the center,aggressive strategy and maritime strategy as the main power strategy,pursuing the international order with“India seal”and constructing the relations of big powers with“pro-West”tendency.This adjustment of India’s diplomatic strategy will bring about a complex impact on China-India relations.展开更多
In an interview with Beijing Review reporters Tao Xing and Peng Jiawei in March,Vuk Jeremic,President of the 67th Session of the United Nations General Assembly and President of the Center for International Relations ...In an interview with Beijing Review reporters Tao Xing and Peng Jiawei in March,Vuk Jeremic,President of the 67th Session of the United Nations General Assembly and President of the Center for International Relations and Sustainable Development(CIRSD),a global public policy think tank based in Belgrade,Serbia,shared his views on the development of the UN over the past 80 years,the current global situation,as well as future prospects.Edited excerpts from their conversation follow。展开更多
文摘G eopolitical competition has brought profound disasters to Europe.After World War II,Western Europe initiated an institutional integration process aimed at building the European Union(EU),hoping to eliminate internal geopolitical conflicts,respond to external threats,and promote its own values to enhance the recognition of the EU among neighboring countries.In October 2022,the European Political Community,a regional mechanism that had long remained at the conceptual stage,became a reality.
基金CAS-ANSO Sustainable Development Research Project,No.CAS-ANSO-SDRP-2024-08National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42071153,No.41101119。
文摘Focusing on investment security along the Belt and Road(B&R)routes,this study analyzes the geopolitical environment(GE)of countries(regions)along the B&R routes from two dimensions:political and business environment(PBE)and political orientation.The results show that since the proposal of the B&R Initiative in 2013,the PBE of these countries(regions)has shown slight improvement but with significant spatial disparities,presenting a pattern of better conditions in the eastern and western regions and poorer conditions in the central regions.There is no strong spatial dependence in the PBE among these countries(regions),but a weak homogenization trend toward improvement is observed.Low-scoring countries(regions)are mainly located in former Commonwealth of Independent States(CIS),the Middle East,and the Indochina Peninsula.These countries(regions)exhibit weak interconnections,demonstrating a characteristic of“similarity without harmony.”(a Confucian concept describing nations sharing superficial traits but lacking substantive cooperation).Therefore,the B&R construction should adopt a clustered and contiguous breakthrough strategy.The evaluation of political orientation reveals significant political divergence among B&R countries(regions),with varying attitudes toward China.Moreover,as pro-China sentiment increases,the PBE tends to deteriorate.This negative correlation suggests that countries(regions)actively engaging in the B&R Initiative generally face political instability and economic underdevelopment,and seek to leverage the B&R Initiative for domestic growth.Consequently,while prioritizing investment security,it is important for the B&R construction to actively promote Chinese values in order to garner support and participation from countries(regions)with more favorable PBE.Given the generally underdeveloped PBE and political polarization among B&R countries(regions),China urgently needs to develop a geopolitical theory aligned with the B&R's geopolitical model to safeguard its advancement.Simultaneously,China should reshape geopolitical narratives to reclaim discourse power in political interpretation.This study provides preliminary insights into cross-country(regional)political polarization and contributes to advancing GE research.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.72271135,72141304,71901130)National Social Science Fund of China(22&ZD117)+3 种基金Laboratory of Computation and Analyticsof Complex Management Systems(Tianjin University)Special Funds for Taishan Scholars(tsqn202211120)2024 QingdaoFinance Society Key Project2024 Qingdao Social Science Planning Project.
文摘As the international environment changes,frequent geopolitical crises continue to hinder the healthy development of global stock markets.To analyze in-depth the risk contagion path between the international stock market and geopolitics under the impact of extreme events,this paper explores the tail risk interactive contagion mechanism and dynamic effects of the double-layer network between the international stock market and geopolitics from the perspective of complex networks.Empirical research finds that geopolitical conflicts exacerbate risk contagion among international stock markets,and there are significant differences in risk contagion between developed and emerging economies.The analysis of the complex interaction effect in the doublelayer network of the international stock market and geopolitics shows that the intralayer risk spillover effect of geopolitics in the short term is significantly higher than that of the stock price volatility network layer.Finally,the study on the dynamic changes of the double-layer network connectedness between the international stock market and geopolitics found that the shock of extreme events,such as military conflict and public health security,is an important factor in triggering the cross-contagion of risks.The research conclusions provide new ideas for preventing the cross-contagion of geopolitical risks in the stock markets of various countries under the evolution of the global political and economic pattern.
基金Major Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.ZDRW-ZS-2016-6
文摘Geographical circumstances are the fundamental background for all kinds of geopolitical events. The geopolitical environment system（GES） refers to a system that combines both physical and anthropogenic subsystems. Research on the geopolitical environment system simulation is a key to understanding the international geopolitical phenomenon. The theory of GES arose from the integration of the traditional geopolitics and earth system sciences. As an interdisciplinary system composed of many different fields, integrated reviews and a metadata study of GES are urgently needed. This paper presents a comprehensive view into the origination and advance of the GES theory. The conceptual framework of the GES is described in detail. The methodology for simulating and forecasting geopolitical events is also provided. It is proposed that the core topics of the GES science may include, but are not limited to, issues as data acquisition technologies; principles on the interactions between multiple subsystems（or factors） at different scales; evaluating and mitigating the global geopolitical risks, including the political risks, economic risks, the social risks, the environmental risks and the technological risks; and forecasting the geopolitical events with machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques.
文摘Taking the rising and declining in Geopolitics as the main lines, this paper reviews the history of the annihilation, revival and deveopment in geoplitics since the 1970s. The ideas and propositions about the world geopolitical structure after the end of Cold War, proposed by the Westem geopolitical strategists, have been introduced and assessed. About the geopolitical strategies of China in the world geopolotical structure in the future, the authors propose framework ideas. The aim of the paper is to join discussions and researches on the geopolitical strategies, and to promote the subject construction and development of human geography including Geopolitics and Political Geography.
基金Under the auspices of the Special Research Fund of China-ASEAN Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Development and Development Program of Ministry of Education for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Teams(No.CW201501)
文摘A quantitative approach to the national geopolitical influence is helpful to provide a reference for national sustainable development on the international stage, based on describing national diplomatic capacity and overseas influence. Herein, this study proposes a complex geopolitical influence model, considering the affected nations' response. The geopolitical influences of great power in the affected nation are correlated with overall strength, the acceptance degree of the affected nation to the great power and the distance between both sides. Then, the geopolitical influences of China and the US in Southeast Asia countries are empirically analyzed from 2005 to 2015. The geopolitical influence of China in Southeast Asia has been largely growing for the past decades, accompanying with a constant trend of the US' effects. It is believed that China and the US can coexist peacefully in Southeast Asia to promote the regional development, and jointly create an open, inclusive and balanced regional cooperation architecture that benefits all nations in this region and great powers, through mutual political trust and economic beneficial cooperation. This study may contribute to advancing the policy debate and determining the optimal cooperation in pledging commitment to a new and sustainable model of great power relationship among the various regional geopolitical options.
文摘Historically,geopolitical risk(GPR)has posed significant challenges to international economic,social,and political frameworks.This study investigated how internal GPR in the selected five Southeast Asian countries(Indonesia,South Korea,Malaysia,the Philippines,and Thailand)influences foreign direct investment(FDI)during 1996-2019.The stationarity of the data was assessed using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller(ADF)unit root test,which shows that the data became stationary after the first difference.The Kao,Pedroni,and Westerlund cointegration tests were employed to examine long-term cointegration among the selected variables(FDI,GPR index(GPRI),gross domestic product(GDP),inflation,interest rate,and trade openness(TOP)).The results indicated that these variables have a long-term cointegration.Consequently,regression analysis using the Pooled Ordinary Least Squares(OLS)regression,fixed effect,random effect,Arellano-Bond dynamic panel-data estimation,and system generalized moment method(GMM)revealed that GPRI and TOP negatively impacted FDI in the selected five Southeast Asian countries.At the same time,GDP,inflation,and interest rate positively influenced FDI in these countries.Because FDI is crucial to shaping a country’s macroeconomic structure,this study recommends that governments and central banks of the selected five Southeast Asian countries should implement policies and strategies to encourage foreign investments.
文摘This paper examines the use of geopolitical imaginaries, historical narratives, and discourses in Central Asian politics which have always been used in geopolitical agendas of both regional and external actors. The main focus in this study is the Silk Road myth as a prominent case of those geopolitical imaginaries. The Silk Road discourse presents a definite example of mythmaking and geopolitical discourse in the Central Asia used by both regional actors such as China, Russia and external actors such as the United States. The main argument of this study is that each of those actors is referring the historical myth of Silk Road as a useful tool for pursuing their geopolitical vision and interests. So questioning this situation is important in the eyes of critical geopolitics because the same historical fact is constructed with different meanings and visions by different actors in accordance with their competing interests. In this study, the critical geopolitical theory and method are used to describe the emerging geopolitical discourse in the Central Asia such as： rising powers narrative, peaceful rise concept, and silk road imaginary.
文摘Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has significantly altered the pattern of alliances and geopolitical balances on the European continent to such an extent that countries like Finland and Sweden that have traditionally remained neutral are now applying to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO).These two countries fear that Russia,which is currently trying to reposition itself,could try in the near future to invade these two Nordic countries to prevent the West(European Union,United Kingdom,and United States)from increasing its military presence and its military force in the Scandinavian peninsula and in the Baltic Sea.The enlargement that the European Union(EU)has carried out since the 1990s,and that has also meant the expansion of NATO,has been viewed with great concern by the government of Vladimir Putin,who considers that the United States and the European Union did not fulfill their commitment to former Russian President Mikhail Gorbachev to respect the sphere of influence of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR).Within the framework of this geopolitical confrontation,Helsinki and Stockholm do not want to run the risk of being invaded by the Russian army,which is why they seek to take advantage of the principle of collective security that NATO membership would grant them.
文摘Cement, a major binding material in concrete making, influences the quality of concrete so produced with it;as such its chemistry dictates the chemistry of the concrete. Poor quality cement has recently been implicated as the main causes of incessant building collapses in Nigeria. The physicochemical analysis of limestone used in the production of various brands of Portland cement in four geopolitical zones of Nigeria (north east NE, north west NW, north central NC, and south west SW) was investigated using standard methods. Each of the limestone and cement samples was randomly collected from their respective sample points at the four different geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Each of the collected samples was ground and sieved to 2 mm mesh size. The limestone was rich in lime content that ranged from 45.91% ± 0.30% to 49.0% ± 0.19%. Among the cement samples, percent SiO<sub>2</sub> ranged from 19.95 ± 0.25 (NW) to 20.18 ± 1.02 (NC), Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> 4.98 ± 0.18 (NW) to 5.82 ± 0.38 (NE), Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> 2.76 ± 1.00 (NE) to 3.82 ± 0.21 (SW), CaO 60.18 ± 0.27 (NE) to 65.10 ± 0.98 (NC), MgO 1.93 ± 0.04 (NC) to 2.50 ± 0.10 (NE), SO<sub>3</sub> 0.93 ± 0.50 (NE) to 2.02 ± 0.13 (NW). The results showed that virtually all the cement samples analyzed conformed well to the BSEN 196-2 standard. However, the loss on ignition (LOI) deviated considerably (7.82% to 8.72%) from 4% maximum by the standard. Also, the lime saturation factor (99.70%) obtained for north central cement was slightly higher than the specified range of 92.0 to 98.0%. It could be deduced from this study that the various cements available in Nigerian market from the four geopolitical zones are of good quality. Nevertheless, other processes that lead to the production of a good concrete such as the mix ratio of cement, gravel, sand and water, use and quality of iron rods, and other building materials need to be professionally checked for quality assurance. The findings from this study can be a useful guide to the chemist, environmentalist, construction industry, and the general public on the quality of cements available in Nigerian market.
文摘U.S. President Obama＇s visit to Africa has many questioning the rationale behind this visit. Hannah Edinger, Senior Manager and Head of Research ＆ Strategy at Frontier Advisory. Dane Smith, Publications Director at Young People in International Affairs （YPIA） and Ogi Williams, Communications Director at YPIA, ask if the visit was a geopolitical response to China＇s engagement in Africa. Excerpts of their thoughts follow：
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41171110 Strategic Priority Research Program--Climate Change： Carbon Budget and Related Issues of the CAS, No.XDA05010205
文摘This paper investigated several stages in the formation of the geopolitical influence of oil and gas, including the basis of its gestation, the means of transformation, and the formation and exercise of power. Based on this theoretical framework, a system for assessing the geopolitical influence of oil and gas was developed. This system is comprised of 13 indicators, each with its own method of measurement. Then 21 representative oil and gas importing, exporting, and transit countries were se- lected as assessment subjects. A quantitative assessment of the geopolitical influence of oil and gas in the selected countries was carried out using the proposed indicators, and factor analysis was used to obtain the main factors of these indicators and the composite score of each country. The empirical results showed that the 13 indicators could be summarized into five main factors, in the order of contribution rate, specifically comprehensive national strength, energy, transportation, risk, and geopoli- tics, each with its own variance contribution rate. Results of the assessment indicated that the selected countries could be classified into five categories in terms of oil and gas geopolitical influence： strong, relatively strong, moderate, relatively weak, and weak.
文摘In the current international economic situation, the oceans and seas started to play a key role in the geopolitical balance of power between the coastal States. This article explores the concept of geopolitics, establishing a discussed relationship between such a concept and the considerations of coastal State and their territorialism policies. The concept of geopolitics cannot be simply understood as a condition of the position of a state in the international arena or its territorial ambition. The novel global ocean concept encompasses economic conditions facing the systemic combination of contemporary forces. Issues to be considered are maybe beyond the Convention on International Law of the Sea scenario in a dynamic economic and political international ocean.
文摘Global environmental change is one of the major distinguishing features associated with the contemporary world political map. It is significant not only because it illustrates the intersections between geopolitics and environmental change, but also because identifying the major environmental features and solving existing and future problems are primarily political in nature. Key features of global environmental change include global warming impacts on the poleward shifts in biodiversity and agricultural patterns, rising sea levels and human adjustments, changing coastal habitats, and promoting increased environmental awareness especially in urban clusters, where most people live. In the contemporary geopolitical and environmental world, visualization is a key feature not only used to inform both planetary inhabitants, environmental organizations and governments, but also serves as an effective policy, that is, to “show” or demonstrate effective changes and the need for action. States are key institutions in this thinking as they can both inform and address the impacts of global environmental change through various images: maps, earth-based photographs, satellite coverage, websites and educational venues including curriculum content and stamps. Visual geopolitics is already recognized as being an important source influencing public opinion, as evidenced in the attractive visible layouts, graphics, colors, often “seductive” designing of official websites. Postage stamps is an additional important and “informing” visible way that states inform both insiders and outsiders about how they “see” their place in the world. They also provide a view into how a state sees its “own” place in the world of environmental change and how it sees “the world beyond its own borders”. I introduce the concept of “visual geopolitics” and use recent postage stamp issues about global environmental change from a number of countries to illustrate how they are informing views of their own and the world about pressing environmental issues.
文摘Being the major geostrategic regions in the world,the Horn of Africa has become a centre of intense geopolitical competition by international and regional powers.This paper attempts to analyze the contemporary geopolitical dynamics in the Horn of Africa and its repercussions for states with particular emphasis on Ethiopia.It argues that there are four defining features of contemporary geopolitical dynamics in the Horn region:scramble for military base as a result of power projection by extra-regional states,competition for commercial ports,the Nile rivalry,and regional configuration of states amid political transitions.This geopolitical dynamics has brought opportunities for Ethiopia with regard to port access,building up naval power,infrastructure,hard currency,and regional integration.On the other hand,it has also presented challenges to Ethiopia in terms of alienating neighbors,threatening sovereignty,escalating tensions,jeopardizing religious coexistence,and maintenance of security and sustainability.Therefore,sustaining the gains and addressing the challenges of geopolitical dynamics in the Horn of Africa is vital for ensuring strategic interests of Ethiopia both domestically and in the region.
文摘In recent years,Yemen has witnessed violent clashes that are rooted in largely inequality in the sharing of power and access to resources since Yemen has doubled its importance in southern Arabia,western Oman,eastern Red Sea,and north of the Gulf of Aden.In addition,this country dominates the strategic Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb that is the dominant kingdom of the Horn of Africa,Saudi Arabia,and especially Egypt,in the transfer of energy.The people of Yemen have long been religiously orientated,including Shia and Sunni Muslims who are now Sunni Shafei and Shiite Yemenis Zaidi,are the Ismaili and Sufi religions are in the next rows.The Yemeni religious faith is mainly from the youth of this country.In this article,we are trying to answer the main question through an analytical method.What causes the crisis in Yemen affected by the crisis that led to the expansion of the crisis?The geopolitical situation of Yemen,regional and international actors,and the instability and displacement of its population,along with the weakness of the state,corruption,insufficiency of resources and infrastructure,seem to have expanded this geopolitical crisis internationally.
基金China India Pakistan Research Center Project of Sichuan University of Science and Engineering。
文摘As an emerging developing power,India has adopted economic diplomacy as the center,aggressive strategy and maritime strategy as the main power strategy,pursuing the international order with“India seal”and constructing the relations of big powers with“pro-West”tendency.This adjustment of India’s diplomatic strategy will bring about a complex impact on China-India relations.
文摘In an interview with Beijing Review reporters Tao Xing and Peng Jiawei in March,Vuk Jeremic,President of the 67th Session of the United Nations General Assembly and President of the Center for International Relations and Sustainable Development(CIRSD),a global public policy think tank based in Belgrade,Serbia,shared his views on the development of the UN over the past 80 years,the current global situation,as well as future prospects.Edited excerpts from their conversation follow。
