The addition of nanoparticles serves as an effective reinforcement strategy for polymeric coatings,utilizing their unique characteristics as well as extraordinary mechanical,thermal,and electrical properties.The excep...The addition of nanoparticles serves as an effective reinforcement strategy for polymeric coatings,utilizing their unique characteristics as well as extraordinary mechanical,thermal,and electrical properties.The exceptionally high surface-to-volume ratio of nanoparticles imparts remarkable reinforcing potentials,yet it simultaneously gives rise to a prevalent tendency for nanoparticles to agglomerate into clusters within nanocomposites.The agglomeration behavior of the nanoparticles is predominantly influenced by their distinct microstructures and varied weight concentrations.This study investigated the synergistic effects of nanoparticle geometric shape and weight concentration on the dispersion characteristics of nanoparticles and the physical-mechanical performances of nano-reinforced epoxy coatings.Three carbon-based nanoparticles,nanodiamonds(NDs),carbon nanotubes(CNTs),and graphenes(GNPs),were incorporated into epoxy coatings at three weight concentrations(0.5%,1.0%,and 2.0%).The experimental findings reveal that epoxy coatings reinforced with NDs demonstrated the most homogenous dispersion characteristics,lowest viscosity,and reduced porosity among all the nanoparticles,which could be attributed to the spherical geometry shape.Due to the superior physical properties,ND-reinforced nanocomposites displayed the highest abrasion resistance and tensile properties.Specifically,the 1.0wt%ND-reinforced nanocomposites exhibited 60%,52%,and 97%improvements in mass lost,tensile strength,and failure strain,respectively,compared to pure epoxy.Furthermore,the representative volume element(RVE)modeling was employed to validate the experimental results,while highlighting the critical role of nanoparticle agglomeration,orientation,and the presence of voids on the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites.Nano-reinforced epoxy coatings with enhanced mechanical properties are well-suited for application in protective coatings for pipelines,industrial equipment,and automotive parts,where high wear resistance is essential.展开更多
Rock discontinuities or faults often contain a layer of granular material.However,the evolutionary behavior(movement and breakage)of such infilled grains under shearing have not been comprehensively studied.To better ...Rock discontinuities or faults often contain a layer of granular material.However,the evolutionary behavior(movement and breakage)of such infilled grains under shearing have not been comprehensively studied.To better understand this issue microscopically,numerical direct shear tests are performed on small rock discontinuity with single-grain infilled under different normal stresses by PFC^(2D),with emphasis on the effects of grain geometry(reflected by the aspect ratio(a/b))and shear rate.Under the low normal stress(i.e.,0.1 MPa),circular grains(a/b=1.0)undergo in pure rolling during the shear process,with slight surface erosion,and the shear stress remains almost constant except for severalfluctuations.The movement of grains with larger a/b changes from rolling to sliding or even crushing as the shear displacement increases.Under the high normal stress(i.e.,0.6 MPa),grains can eventually be crushed into a few large angular fragments and manyfine comminuted particles,accompanied by severe damage to discontinuity surfaces,significant shear shrinkage,and violentlyfluctuating shear stress.The volume fraction of large angular fragments increases with the increase in a/b value,while that offine comminuted particles decreases.Shear rate also has a significant impact on grain behavior.The main movement of grain with a/b=2.0 changes from rolling to sliding and even crushing under the low normal stress with the increase in shear rate.Rock discontinuities exhibit unstable shearing,and surface damage is less significant under the high normal stress and higher shear rate.The dominant failure mode in grains and discontinuity surfaces involves tension microcracks at different shear rates,while tension microcracks in the grain under high normal stress decrease drastically as the shear rate increases.Effects of micro-parameters of infilled grain are also investigated through sensitivity analysis.The observations provide implications for the macro-shear mechanism of rock discontinuity infilled with granular materials.展开更多
This paper describes the analysis of the thermal stress concentration and the effects of geometrical shape in the interfacial edge by FEM. It is shown that the elevated stress in a dissim...This paper describes the analysis of the thermal stress concentration and the effects of geometrical shape in the interfacial edge by FEM. It is shown that the elevated stress in a dissimilar material caused by temperature is only restricted in a minor region of the interfacial edge, where the stress peak value and and the stress gradient are high. It is also found that narrowing the boundary angle can effectively reduce the peak value of stress components on the interfacial layer, especially the peeling stress σ y , which is a condition of the debonding failure in the interface.θ=60, an obvious variation, proves that selecting a reasonable edge geometrical shape helps to reduce the value of the maximum stress. At last the methods of relaxing stress concentration and effects of the geometric blunt are also discussed.展开更多
One of the crucial and challenging issues for researchers is presenting an appropriate approach to evaluate the aerodynamic characteristics of air cushion vehicles(ACVs)in terms of system design parameters.One of thes...One of the crucial and challenging issues for researchers is presenting an appropriate approach to evaluate the aerodynamic characteristics of air cushion vehicles(ACVs)in terms of system design parameters.One of these issues includes introducing a suitable approach to analyze the effect of geometric shapes on the aerodynamic characteristics of ACVs.The main novelty of this paper lies in presenting an innovative method to study the geometric shape effect on air cushion lift force,which has not been investigated thus far.Moreover,this paper introduces a new approximate mathematical formula for calculating the air cushion lift force in terms of parameters,including the air gap,lateral gaps,air inlet velocity,and scaling factor for the first time.Thus,we calculate the aerodynamic lift force applied to nine different shapes of the air cushions used in the ACVs in the present paper through the ANSYS Fluent software.The geometrical shapes studied in this paper are rectangular,square,equilateral triangle,circular,elliptic shapes,and four other combined shapes,including circle-rectangle,circle-square,hexagonal,and fillet square.Results showed that the cushion with a circular pattern produces the highest lift force among other geometric shapes with the same conditions.The increase in the cushion lift force can be attributed to the fillet with a square shape and its increasing radius compared with the square shape.展开更多
The absorber is known to be vertical axisymmetric for a single-point wave energy converter （WEC）. The shape of the wetted surface usually has a great influence on the absorber＇s hydrodynamic characteristics which a...The absorber is known to be vertical axisymmetric for a single-point wave energy converter （WEC）. The shape of the wetted surface usually has a great influence on the absorber＇s hydrodynamic characteristics which are closely linked with the wave power conversion ability. For complex wetted surface, the hydrodynamic coefficients have been predicted traditionally by hydrodynamic software based on the BEM. However, for a systematic study of various parameters and geometries, they are too multifarious to generate so many models and data grids. This paper examines a semi-analytical method of decomposing the complex axisyrnmetric boundary into several ring-shaped and stepped surfaces based on the boundary discretization method （BDM） which overcomes the previous difficulties. In such case, by using the linear wave theory based on eigenfunction expansion matching method, the expressions of velocity potential in each domain, the added mass, radiation damping and wave excitation forces of the oscillating absorbers are obtained. The good astringency of the hydrodynamic coefficients and wave forces are obtained for various geometries when the discrete number reaches a certain value. The captured wave power for a same given draught and displacement for various geometries are calculated and compared. Numerical results show that the geometrical shape has great effect on the wave conversion performance of the absorber. For absorbers with the same outer radius and draught or displacement, the cylindrical type shows fantastic wave energy conversion ability at some given frequencies, while in the random sea wave, the parabolic and conical ones have better stabilization and applicability in wave power conversion.展开更多
Nonlinearity impairments and distortions have been bothering the bandwidth constrained passive optical network(PON)system for a long time and limiting the develop-ment of capacity in the PON system.Unlike other works ...Nonlinearity impairments and distortions have been bothering the bandwidth constrained passive optical network(PON)system for a long time and limiting the develop-ment of capacity in the PON system.Unlike other works concentrating on the exploration of the complex equalization algorithm,we investigate the potential of constellation shap-ing joint support vector machine(SVM)classification scheme.At the transmitter side,the 8 quadrature amplitude modulation(8QAM)constellation is shaped into three designs to mitigate the influence of noise and distortions in the PON channel.On the receiver side,simple multi-class linear SVM classifiers are utilized to replace complex equalization methods.Simulation results show that with the bandwidth of 25 GHz and overall bitrate of 50 Gbit/s,at 10 dBm input optical power of a 20 km standard single mode fiber(SSMF),and under a hard-decision forward error correction(FEC)threshold,transmission can be realized by employing Circular(4,4)shaped 8QAM joint SVM classifier at the maximal power budget of 37.5 dB.展开更多
In this paper,a high-security three-dimensional carrierless amplitude and phase(3D-CAP)modulation technique is proposed,integrating deep learning with four-level masking.The 3D constellation geometry is optimized usin...In this paper,a high-security three-dimensional carrierless amplitude and phase(3D-CAP)modulation technique is proposed,integrating deep learning with four-level masking.The 3D constellation geometry is optimized using an autoencoder(AE)with an additive white Gaussian noise(AWGN)channel model,reducing complexity by 40%compared to a variational autoencoder(VAE).Experimental validation on a 2 km seven-core fiber intensity modulation/direct detection(IM/DD)system shows a 1 dB improvement in receiver sensitivity.A 3D chaotic oscillator model is used for chaotic selective mapping,polynomial-like masking,constellation rotation,and subcarrier masking.The encrypted 3D-CAP signal achieves a key space of up to 10^(103),with strong anti-noise and confidentiality performance.展开更多
The hydrodynamic shape of the heaving buoy is an important factor of the motion response in waves and thus concerns the energy conversion efficiency for the point absorbers(PAs).The current experience-based designs ar...The hydrodynamic shape of the heaving buoy is an important factor of the motion response in waves and thus concerns the energy conversion efficiency for the point absorbers(PAs).The current experience-based designs are time consuming and not very efficient,hence,faster and smarter methods are desirable.An automated optimization method based on a fully parametric modeling method and computational fluid dynamics(CFD),is proposed in this paper.Using this method,a benchmark buoy is screen designed and then optimized by maximizing the heave motion response.The geometry is described parametrically and deformed by means of the free-form deformation(FFD)method.During the optimization process,the expansion factor of control points is the basis for the variations.A combination of the Sobol and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II(NSGA-II)is used to search for the solutions.After several iterations,the heaving buoy shape with optimal heave motion response is obtained.The analyses show that the heave motion response has increased 55.3%after optimization.The developed methodology is valid and seems to be a promising way to design a novel buoy that can significantly improve the wave energy conversion efficiency of the PAs in future.展开更多
Traditional Amplitude Phase Shift Keying （APSK） consists of rings with points uniformly spaced. By giving up this uniform-spacing feature, we propose an APSK optimization method based on the uniform APSK with Gray l...Traditional Amplitude Phase Shift Keying （APSK） consists of rings with points uniformly spaced. By giving up this uniform-spacing feature, we propose an APSK optimization method based on the uniform APSK with Gray labeling （Gray-APSK）. The aim of the optimization is to maximize the Generalized Mutual Information （GMI） of Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation （BICM） for the targeted code rate and channel. We show that our optimized non-uniform APSK could offer further performance gain compared with the conventional uniform Gray-APSK and considerably outperforms the traditional quadrature amplitude modulation at the targeted SNR and channel.展开更多
基金supported by the National Science Foundation(NSF)(No.CMMI-1750316)Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration(PHMSA)of U.S.Department of Transportation(No.693JK31950008CAAP).
文摘The addition of nanoparticles serves as an effective reinforcement strategy for polymeric coatings,utilizing their unique characteristics as well as extraordinary mechanical,thermal,and electrical properties.The exceptionally high surface-to-volume ratio of nanoparticles imparts remarkable reinforcing potentials,yet it simultaneously gives rise to a prevalent tendency for nanoparticles to agglomerate into clusters within nanocomposites.The agglomeration behavior of the nanoparticles is predominantly influenced by their distinct microstructures and varied weight concentrations.This study investigated the synergistic effects of nanoparticle geometric shape and weight concentration on the dispersion characteristics of nanoparticles and the physical-mechanical performances of nano-reinforced epoxy coatings.Three carbon-based nanoparticles,nanodiamonds(NDs),carbon nanotubes(CNTs),and graphenes(GNPs),were incorporated into epoxy coatings at three weight concentrations(0.5%,1.0%,and 2.0%).The experimental findings reveal that epoxy coatings reinforced with NDs demonstrated the most homogenous dispersion characteristics,lowest viscosity,and reduced porosity among all the nanoparticles,which could be attributed to the spherical geometry shape.Due to the superior physical properties,ND-reinforced nanocomposites displayed the highest abrasion resistance and tensile properties.Specifically,the 1.0wt%ND-reinforced nanocomposites exhibited 60%,52%,and 97%improvements in mass lost,tensile strength,and failure strain,respectively,compared to pure epoxy.Furthermore,the representative volume element(RVE)modeling was employed to validate the experimental results,while highlighting the critical role of nanoparticle agglomeration,orientation,and the presence of voids on the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites.Nano-reinforced epoxy coatings with enhanced mechanical properties are well-suited for application in protective coatings for pipelines,industrial equipment,and automotive parts,where high wear resistance is essential.
基金supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China under projects U24A20599,42177165 and 41672302the Opening Fund of Key Laboratory of Geological Survey and Evaluation of Ministry of Education(Grant No.GLAB2023ZR03).
文摘Rock discontinuities or faults often contain a layer of granular material.However,the evolutionary behavior(movement and breakage)of such infilled grains under shearing have not been comprehensively studied.To better understand this issue microscopically,numerical direct shear tests are performed on small rock discontinuity with single-grain infilled under different normal stresses by PFC^(2D),with emphasis on the effects of grain geometry(reflected by the aspect ratio(a/b))and shear rate.Under the low normal stress(i.e.,0.1 MPa),circular grains(a/b=1.0)undergo in pure rolling during the shear process,with slight surface erosion,and the shear stress remains almost constant except for severalfluctuations.The movement of grains with larger a/b changes from rolling to sliding or even crushing as the shear displacement increases.Under the high normal stress(i.e.,0.6 MPa),grains can eventually be crushed into a few large angular fragments and manyfine comminuted particles,accompanied by severe damage to discontinuity surfaces,significant shear shrinkage,and violentlyfluctuating shear stress.The volume fraction of large angular fragments increases with the increase in a/b value,while that offine comminuted particles decreases.Shear rate also has a significant impact on grain behavior.The main movement of grain with a/b=2.0 changes from rolling to sliding and even crushing under the low normal stress with the increase in shear rate.Rock discontinuities exhibit unstable shearing,and surface damage is less significant under the high normal stress and higher shear rate.The dominant failure mode in grains and discontinuity surfaces involves tension microcracks at different shear rates,while tension microcracks in the grain under high normal stress decrease drastically as the shear rate increases.Effects of micro-parameters of infilled grain are also investigated through sensitivity analysis.The observations provide implications for the macro-shear mechanism of rock discontinuity infilled with granular materials.
文摘This paper describes the analysis of the thermal stress concentration and the effects of geometrical shape in the interfacial edge by FEM. It is shown that the elevated stress in a dissimilar material caused by temperature is only restricted in a minor region of the interfacial edge, where the stress peak value and and the stress gradient are high. It is also found that narrowing the boundary angle can effectively reduce the peak value of stress components on the interfacial layer, especially the peeling stress σ y , which is a condition of the debonding failure in the interface.θ=60, an obvious variation, proves that selecting a reasonable edge geometrical shape helps to reduce the value of the maximum stress. At last the methods of relaxing stress concentration and effects of the geometric blunt are also discussed.
文摘One of the crucial and challenging issues for researchers is presenting an appropriate approach to evaluate the aerodynamic characteristics of air cushion vehicles(ACVs)in terms of system design parameters.One of these issues includes introducing a suitable approach to analyze the effect of geometric shapes on the aerodynamic characteristics of ACVs.The main novelty of this paper lies in presenting an innovative method to study the geometric shape effect on air cushion lift force,which has not been investigated thus far.Moreover,this paper introduces a new approximate mathematical formula for calculating the air cushion lift force in terms of parameters,including the air gap,lateral gaps,air inlet velocity,and scaling factor for the first time.Thus,we calculate the aerodynamic lift force applied to nine different shapes of the air cushions used in the ACVs in the present paper through the ANSYS Fluent software.The geometrical shapes studied in this paper are rectangular,square,equilateral triangle,circular,elliptic shapes,and four other combined shapes,including circle-rectangle,circle-square,hexagonal,and fillet square.Results showed that the cushion with a circular pattern produces the highest lift force among other geometric shapes with the same conditions.The increase in the cushion lift force can be attributed to the fillet with a square shape and its increasing radius compared with the square shape.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11572094,51579055 and 51509048)
文摘The absorber is known to be vertical axisymmetric for a single-point wave energy converter （WEC）. The shape of the wetted surface usually has a great influence on the absorber＇s hydrodynamic characteristics which are closely linked with the wave power conversion ability. For complex wetted surface, the hydrodynamic coefficients have been predicted traditionally by hydrodynamic software based on the BEM. However, for a systematic study of various parameters and geometries, they are too multifarious to generate so many models and data grids. This paper examines a semi-analytical method of decomposing the complex axisyrnmetric boundary into several ring-shaped and stepped surfaces based on the boundary discretization method （BDM） which overcomes the previous difficulties. In such case, by using the linear wave theory based on eigenfunction expansion matching method, the expressions of velocity potential in each domain, the added mass, radiation damping and wave excitation forces of the oscillating absorbers are obtained. The good astringency of the hydrodynamic coefficients and wave forces are obtained for various geometries when the discrete number reaches a certain value. The captured wave power for a same given draught and displacement for various geometries are calculated and compared. Numerical results show that the geometrical shape has great effect on the wave conversion performance of the absorber. For absorbers with the same outer radius and draught or displacement, the cylindrical type shows fantastic wave energy conversion ability at some given frequencies, while in the random sea wave, the parabolic and conical ones have better stabilization and applicability in wave power conversion.
文摘Nonlinearity impairments and distortions have been bothering the bandwidth constrained passive optical network(PON)system for a long time and limiting the develop-ment of capacity in the PON system.Unlike other works concentrating on the exploration of the complex equalization algorithm,we investigate the potential of constellation shap-ing joint support vector machine(SVM)classification scheme.At the transmitter side,the 8 quadrature amplitude modulation(8QAM)constellation is shaped into three designs to mitigate the influence of noise and distortions in the PON channel.On the receiver side,simple multi-class linear SVM classifiers are utilized to replace complex equalization methods.Simulation results show that with the bandwidth of 25 GHz and overall bitrate of 50 Gbit/s,at 10 dBm input optical power of a 20 km standard single mode fiber(SSMF),and under a hard-decision forward error correction(FEC)threshold,transmission can be realized by employing Circular(4,4)shaped 8QAM joint SVM classifier at the maximal power budget of 37.5 dB.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62225503,62205151,62171227,U22B2009,and 61935011)the Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program(Nos.BE2022079 and BE2022055-2)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(No.22KJB510031)the Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of NUIST.
文摘In this paper,a high-security three-dimensional carrierless amplitude and phase(3D-CAP)modulation technique is proposed,integrating deep learning with four-level masking.The 3D constellation geometry is optimized using an autoencoder(AE)with an additive white Gaussian noise(AWGN)channel model,reducing complexity by 40%compared to a variational autoencoder(VAE).Experimental validation on a 2 km seven-core fiber intensity modulation/direct detection(IM/DD)system shows a 1 dB improvement in receiver sensitivity.A 3D chaotic oscillator model is used for chaotic selective mapping,polynomial-like masking,constellation rotation,and subcarrier masking.The encrypted 3D-CAP signal achieves a key space of up to 10^(103),with strong anti-noise and confidentiality performance.
基金supported by the Key Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(Grant Nos.2021B0101200002,2021B0202070002)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(Grant Nos.2022A1515011285,2021A1515011771)Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(Grant No.SML2022008).
文摘The hydrodynamic shape of the heaving buoy is an important factor of the motion response in waves and thus concerns the energy conversion efficiency for the point absorbers(PAs).The current experience-based designs are time consuming and not very efficient,hence,faster and smarter methods are desirable.An automated optimization method based on a fully parametric modeling method and computational fluid dynamics(CFD),is proposed in this paper.Using this method,a benchmark buoy is screen designed and then optimized by maximizing the heave motion response.The geometry is described parametrically and deformed by means of the free-form deformation(FFD)method.During the optimization process,the expansion factor of control points is the basis for the variations.A combination of the Sobol and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II(NSGA-II)is used to search for the solutions.After several iterations,the heaving buoy shape with optimal heave motion response is obtained.The analyses show that the heave motion response has increased 55.3%after optimization.The developed methodology is valid and seems to be a promising way to design a novel buoy that can significantly improve the wave energy conversion efficiency of the PAs in future.
基金supported by the China Electric Power Research Institute (CEPRI) (No. TX71-13-007)Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of NSFC (No. 61321061)
文摘Traditional Amplitude Phase Shift Keying （APSK） consists of rings with points uniformly spaced. By giving up this uniform-spacing feature, we propose an APSK optimization method based on the uniform APSK with Gray labeling （Gray-APSK）. The aim of the optimization is to maximize the Generalized Mutual Information （GMI） of Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation （BICM） for the targeted code rate and channel. We show that our optimized non-uniform APSK could offer further performance gain compared with the conventional uniform Gray-APSK and considerably outperforms the traditional quadrature amplitude modulation at the targeted SNR and channel.
