Based on the CCD images,IIM data and DEM data of China＇s lunar exploration project （Chang＇E-Ⅰ） and related processed and analytic results,an integrated study of regional geology of Sinus Iridum and its adjacent a...Based on the CCD images,IIM data and DEM data of China＇s lunar exploration project （Chang＇E-Ⅰ） and related processed and analytic results,an integrated study of regional geology of Sinus Iridum and its adjacent area was conducted,and a series of relevant researches and analyses were carried out,including analysis of impact craters and their extrusive and accumulative materials,division of stratigraphic and tectonic units and classification of rock types,integrated analysis of chronology and lunar evolution history.In consideration of crater＇s shape features,quantity and preserving status of filling materials,the lunar impact craters can be divided into 7 types and 11 subtypes,and the accumulative materials of craters are divided into 6 types and 9 accumulative groups.According to the content and distribution of TiO2 and image characteristics,the basalts are divided into high-TiO2,medium-TiO2 and low-TiO2 basalts.Discussion was made on division of tectonic units and evolution features in the study area.The geological map of the Sinus Iridum Quadrangle （LQ-4） at a scale of 1∶2.5 M was preliminarily compiled with the ArcGIS system,and the spatial database of the map was established.Related technical specification,procedure and method for lunar geological mapping have been worked out,so as to lay a foundation for the forthcoming geological mapping of the global Moon in China by using the data of Chang＇E-Ⅱ and also for comprehensive study and geological mapping of other celestial bodies in the future.展开更多
The basis of accurate mineral resource estimates is to have a geological model which replicates the nature and style of the orebody. Key inputs into the generation of a good geological model are the sample data and ma...The basis of accurate mineral resource estimates is to have a geological model which replicates the nature and style of the orebody. Key inputs into the generation of a good geological model are the sample data and mapping information. The Obuasi Mine sample data with a lot of legacy issues were subjected to a robust validation process and integrated with mapping information to generate an accurate geological orebody model for mineral resource estimation in Block 8 Lower. Validation of the sample data focused on replacing missing collar coordinates, missing assays, and correcting magnetic declination that was used to convert the downhole surveys from true to magnetic, fix missing lithology and finally assign confidence numbers to all the sample data. The missing coordinates which were replaced ensured that the sample data plotted at their correct location in space as intended from the planning stage. Magnetic declination data, which was maintained constant throughout all the years even though it changes every year, was also corrected in the validation project. The corrected magnetic declination ensured that the drillholes were plotted on their accurate trajectory as per the planned azimuth and also reflected the true position of the intercepted mineralized fissure(s) which was previously not the case and marked a major blot in the modelling of the Obuasi orebody. The incorporation of mapped data with the validated sample data in the wireframes resulted in a better interpretation of the orebody. The updated mineral resource generated by domaining quartz from the sulphides and compared with the old resource showed that the sulphide tonnes in the old resource estimates were overestimated by 1% and the grade overestimated by 8.5%.展开更多
Automatic segmentation and recognition of content and element information in color geological map are of great significance for researchers to analyze the distribution of mineral resources and predict disaster informa...Automatic segmentation and recognition of content and element information in color geological map are of great significance for researchers to analyze the distribution of mineral resources and predict disaster information.This article focuses on color planar raster geological map(geological maps include planar geological maps,columnar maps,and profiles).While existing deep learning approaches are often used to segment general images,their performance is limited due to complex elements,diverse regional features,and complicated backgrounds for color geological map in the domain of geoscience.To address the issue,a color geological map segmentation model is proposed that combines the Felz clustering algorithm and an improved SE-UNet deep learning network(named GeoMSeg).Firstly,a symmetrical encoder-decoder structure backbone network based on UNet is constructed,and the channel attention mechanism SENet has been incorporated to augment the network’s capacity for feature representation,enabling the model to purposefully extract map information.The SE-UNet network is employed for feature extraction from the geological map and obtain coarse segmentation results.Secondly,the Felz clustering algorithm is used for super pixel pre-segmentation of geological maps.The coarse segmentation results are refined and modified based on the super pixel pre-segmentation results to obtain the final segmentation results.This study applies GeoMSeg to the constructed dataset,and the experimental results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper has superior performance compared to other mainstream map segmentation models,with an accuracy of 91.89%and a MIoU of 71.91%.展开更多
The development of geotechnical exploration ensures the safety and efficiency of subsequent mining operations. With the rapid development of mine geological surveying and mapping technology, some achievements have bee...The development of geotechnical exploration ensures the safety and efficiency of subsequent mining operations. With the rapid development of mine geological surveying and mapping technology, some achievements have been made in field geotechnical engineering exploration, but at the same time, there are some practical problems such as technology and layout, and it is necessary to master effective strategies to improve the efficiency and accuracy of geotechnical engineering exploration and mine surveying and mapping.展开更多
The Tongling area is one of the 7 ore-cluster areas in the Middle-Lower Yangtze metallogenic belt, East China, and has tectonically undergone a long-term geologic history from the late Paleozoic continental rifting, t...The Tongling area is one of the 7 ore-cluster areas in the Middle-Lower Yangtze metallogenic belt, East China, and has tectonically undergone a long-term geologic history from the late Paleozoic continental rifting, through the Middle Triassic continent-continent collision to the Jurassic-Cretaceous intracontinental tectono-magmatic activation. The Carboniferous sedimentary-exhalative processes in the area produced widespread massive sulfides with ages of 303-321 Ma, which partly formed massive pyrite-Cu deposits, but mostly provided significant sulfur and metals to the skarn Cu mineralization associated with the Yanshanian felsic intrusions.To understand the Carboniferous submarine hydrothermal system, an area of about 1046 km^2 was chosen to carry out the geological fluid mapping. Associated with massive sulfide formation, footwall sequences 948 m to 1146 m thick, composed of the Lower Silurian-Upper Devonian sandstone, siltstone and thin-layered shale, were widely altered. This hydrothermal alteration is interpreted to reflect largescale hydrothermal fluid flow associated with the late Paleozoic crustal rifting and subsidence. Three hydrothermal alteration types, i.e., deep-level semiconformable siliclfication （S1）, fracture-controlled quartz-sericite-pyrite alteration （S2-3）, and upper-level sub-discordant quartz-sericite-chlorite alteration （D3）, were developed to form distinct zones in the mapped area. About 50-m thick semiconformable silicification zones are located at -1-km depth below massive sulfides and developed between an impermeable shale caprock （S1） and the underlying Ordovician unaltered limestone. Comparisons with modern geothermal systems suggest that the alteration zones record a sub-seafioor aquifer with the most productive hydrothermal fluid flow. Fracture-controlled quartz-sericite-pyrite alteration formed transgressive zones, which downward crosscut the semiconformable alteration zones, and upwards grade into sub-discordant alteration zones that enveloped no economic stringer- stockwork zones beneath massive sulfides. This transgressive zone likely marks an upfiow path of high- flux fluids from the hydrothermal aquifer. Lateral zonation of the sub-discordant alteration zones and their relationship to overlying massive sulfide lenses suggest lateral flows and diffusive discharging of the hydrothermal fluids in a permeable sandstone sequence. Three large-sized, 14 middle-small massive sulfide deposits, and 40 massive sulfide sites have been mapped in detail. They show regional strata- bound characters and two major styles, i.e., the layered sheet plus strata-bound stringer-style and the mound-style. Associated exhalite and chemical sedimentary rock suites include （1） anhydrite-barite, （2） jasper-chert, （3） Mg-rich mudstone-pyrite shale, （4） barite lens, （5） siderite-Fe-bearing dolomite, and （6） Mn-rich shale-mudstone, which usually comprise three sulfide-exhalite cyclic units in the area.The spatial distribution of these alteration zones （minerals） and associated massive sulfdes and exhalites, and regional variation in δ^34S of hydrothermal pyrite and in δ^18O-δ^34C of hanging wall carbonates, suggest three WNW-extending domains of fluid flow, controlled by the basement faults and syn-depositional faults. Each fluid domain appears to have at least two upflow zones, with estimated even spacing of about 5-8 km in the mapped area. The repeated appearance of sulfide-sulfate or sulfide-carbonate rhythmic units in the area suggests episodically venting of fluids through the upfiow conduits by breaking the overlying seals of the hydrothermal aquifer.展开更多
Li Chunyu(1904-1988),born in the Weihui City,Henan Province.He graduated from the Department of Geology at Peking University in 1928 and received his doctoral degree from the University of Berlin,Germany in 1937.He wa...Li Chunyu(1904-1988),born in the Weihui City,Henan Province.He graduated from the Department of Geology at Peking University in 1928 and received his doctoral degree from the University of Berlin,Germany in 1937.He was elected as an Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1955.Li Chunyu was a renowned Chinese geologist and tectonist.He made significant contributions to the regional geological surveys,geological mapping,and mineral exploration in areas such as the Qinling Mountains,Sichuan Basin,and the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Notably,he was the first to discover mélange in China and emerged as the leading figure advocating for the study of plate tectonic theory in the country.展开更多
The geology, sediment and soil studies are important due to its significant impacts on agriculture, mining, constructions materials, industries, environment, ground water percolation, air pollution, surface and ground...The geology, sediment and soil studies are important due to its significant impacts on agriculture, mining, constructions materials, industries, environment, ground water percolation, air pollution, surface and ground water pollutions, earthquakes and geo-hazards in Afghanistan. In this research, we studied petrography, Sediment, tectonic structures, soil fraction selection by using hydrometer, sieving analysis, and geological mapping. Results show different kinds of metamorphic rocks of low grade and medium grade metamorphisms, Garnete mica Schist, Garnete Schist, Quarsite, different types of minerals among rocks. Further, type of sediment consisting residual angular (Autochthonous) and rounded (Allochthonous) transported by water, among sediments consisting Garnete, Gneiss, Schist, Quarsite, Biotite and consisting different type of sizes boulders, Cobble, Granule, Sand, Silt. Hydrometer analysis shows different types of soil clayey loam, sandy loam, silty loam. Moreover, Geological mapping shows complex tectonic structures like joints, cracks, faults, folds, anticline and syncline. The obtained<i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">results suggest that the petrography, sediments and soil researches can be used efficiently for catchments of the Kabul Basin and other basins in Afghanistan.</span>展开更多
The author affiliation and the funding information in the Acknowledgement section of the online version of the original article was revised.One affiliation(the 8th affiliation)of the first author is added.The Acknowle...The author affiliation and the funding information in the Acknowledgement section of the online version of the original article was revised.One affiliation(the 8th affiliation)of the first author is added.The Acknowledgement section of the original article has been revised to:Acknowledgments:This research was funded by the National University of Mongolia under grant agreement P2023(grant number P2023-4578)and supported by the Chey Institute for Advanced Studies“International Scholarship Exchange Fellowship for the academic year of 2024-2025”,Republic of Korea,and the National University of Mongolia.We would like to acknowledge the National University of Mongolia and Soumik Das from the Center for the Study of Regional Development,Jawaharlal Nehru University,New Delhi-110067,for his valuable assistance in preparing the geological maps.展开更多
The Gold District of Korhogo, in the northern region of C?te d’Ivoire, holds enormous potential for gold mineralizations, some of which are under exploration phase and others in exploitation phase (example of Tongon ...The Gold District of Korhogo, in the northern region of C?te d’Ivoire, holds enormous potential for gold mineralizations, some of which are under exploration phase and others in exploitation phase (example of Tongon Gold Mine). Dormant since 1998, Mapping Services of most of the West African countries hardly provide geological maps at the scales of: 1/200,000, 1/50,000 and 1/25,000. This situation of unavailability of detailed geological maps does not help mining operators in the selection of prolific areas and also in the interpretation of in soil geochem anomies or gold mineralizations. Consequently, during the years 2020 and 2021, we have undertaken a campaign of geological mapping and petro-structural study of the northern sector of Komborodougou, located in the southern extension of Banfora Birimian Belt. This work, which allowed the realization of a geological map at 1/20,000 scale, reveals that: the mapped area includes three (3) major lithological units: 1) a volcano-sedimentary unit made up of metasediments (metaarenites, metasiltites and metaflyschs) and metavolcanites (metabasalts), which are metamorphosed and outcrop in the form of schists;2) a metaplutonic and intrusive unit composed on the one hand of quartz-diorites and metagabbros, and on the other hand of granites and granodiorites;3) and finally, a unit of dikes formed by microgranites, microgabbros, aplites and quartzites. The volcano-sedimentary complex is affected by a regional fold with an axis subparallel to the regional tectonic grain and an S1 schistosity oriented NE-SW to NNE-SSW with steep dips (>60o), except for those of the metaflyschs which are weak (o);a regional NW-SE compression would be at the origin of the setting of this schistosity. The volcano-sediment and metaplutonite complex is crossed in a NNE-SSW direction by a senetral shear-zone or main shear-zone and secondary shear-zones oriented sometimes NE-SW or N-S. These shear-zones are intersected by more or less dextral or senestral strike-slip faults of NW-SE and E-W trends. N-S to NNE-SSW (N0o - N20o) and NW-SE (N130o - N160o) vein systems associated with the various shear-zones are the hosts of the gold mineralization in the region. These veins have been mined by orpaillors for more than two decades. The northern sector of Komborodougou is in the NNE continuity of the gold mineralization highlighted by the mining company Mako Gold Sarl on its Gogbala and Tchaga prospects, Napie project.展开更多
In the Saharian domain, the Tarfaya-Laayoune coastal basin developed in a stable passive margin, where asymmetrical sedimentation increase from East to West and reach a sediment stack of about 14 kilometers. However, ...In the Saharian domain, the Tarfaya-Laayoune coastal basin developed in a stable passive margin, where asymmetrical sedimentation increase from East to West and reach a sediment stack of about 14 kilometers. However, the morphology of the studied area corresponds to a vast plateau (hamada) presenting occasional major reliefs. For this purpose, remote sensing approach has been applied to find the best approaches for truthful lithological mapping. The two supervised classification methods by machine learning (Artificial Neural Network and Spectral Information Divergence) have been evaluated for a most accurate classification to be used for our lithofacies mapping. The latest geological maps and RGB images were used for pseudo-color groups to identify important areas and collect the ROIs that will serve as facilities samples for the classifications. The results obtained showed a clear distinction between the various formation units, and very close results to the field reality in the ANN classification of the studied area. Thus, the ANN method is more accurate with an overall accuracy of 92.56% and a Kappa coefficient is 0.9143.展开更多
It is still a laborious work to consult massive multidisciplinary geological maps which are scattered in different geological departments,and hard to give full play to the potential application value of geological map...It is still a laborious work to consult massive multidisciplinary geological maps which are scattered in different geological departments,and hard to give full play to the potential application value of geological map. Along with the network,the development of communication and computer technology,especially with the Web2.0 technology arisen,provides opportunities to the web for sharing of geological maps. Web fast sharing platform of massive geological maps( WSPGM) is based on the Flex technology development,using B/S architecture,with map navigation,search,display,security and other functions of the software system. Through the map pretreatment and asynchronous communication the system can display any size of geological map,and through the range limits,rights management,sharing system and watermark logo to take effective security on geological map. On the basis of this system,with the Jilin University web sharing system of geological map,the system can greatly improve the efficiency of using geological map. for research.展开更多
Recently,new geochronological data and geological observations including the discovery of garnet amphibolite,Ordovician micro-fossils,unconformable contact between the ophiolitic mélange related flysch and the De...Recently,new geochronological data and geological observations including the discovery of garnet amphibolite,Ordovician micro-fossils,unconformable contact between the ophiolitic mélange related flysch and the Devonian to Early Carboniferous terrestrial volcanosedimentary strata provide critical evidences for Paleoenvironmental reconstruction in the western Junggar(Xinjiang,China).Two different geological layers could be clearly identified:the Early Paleozoic metamorphic terrane mainly consists of ophiolitic mélange and flysch,and the Late Paleozoic volcano-sedimentary units lying on the ophiolitic mélange and flysch.Both of these layers were intruded by granitic to dioritic magma during the Late Carboniferous to Early Permian period.Based on these data,a new geological map for the western Junggar has been compiled,which is essential not only for better understanding of the geological evolution but also for exploration of mineral resources.展开更多
The Engineering Geological Map of the Sakha（Yakutia） Republic covers about 3 million kilometers which is one-fifth of the territory of Russia.The map displays ground and geocryological conditions and active faults.S...The Engineering Geological Map of the Sakha（Yakutia） Republic covers about 3 million kilometers which is one-fifth of the territory of Russia.The map displays ground and geocryological conditions and active faults.Seismic intensity,schemes of zoning by factors of engineering geological conditions,and the general scheme of engineering geological zoning of the Sakha（Yakutia） Republic or the SR（Y）,are shown on the inset maps.The map is required to provide information for planning,construction and exploitation of engineering structures in the SR（Y）.A distinguishing feature of the map is the indication of almost blanket distribution of the frozen ground class.Types of the frozen ground class are separated by lithology,while ground varieties are separated by temperature.Fresh and ultra-fresh suprapermafrost water is predominant within the territory.The compiled map indicates parts of the Arctic-Asian and Baikalo-Stanovoi planetary seismic belts that make engineering geological conditions more complicated.展开更多
The Geological Map of Colombia 2015 summarizes the superficial geological information of Colombia.It is the final product of a process of integration and generalization of the cartographic information of the existing ...The Geological Map of Colombia 2015 summarizes the superficial geological information of Colombia.It is the final product of a process of integration and generalization of the cartographic information of the existing geological maps published by the Colombian Geological Survey complemented by the interpretation of remote sensing imagery of previously unmapped areas.Harmonization was controlled using remote sensing imagery such as Landsat TM and DEM shaded relief images.展开更多
The third edition of the Geological Map of the World follows thefirst and second editions published by the CGMW respectively in1990 and 2000.This bilingual document(English-French)is the resultof a highly synthetic co...The third edition of the Geological Map of the World follows thefirst and second editions published by the CGMW respectively in1990 and 2000.This bilingual document(English-French)is the resultof a highly synthetic compilation given both the small scale of themap and its educational purpose.It is a tentative and(very)simplifiedrepresentation of the entire solid surface of our planet and includesboth continental and oceanic domains.This new edition is a completely revised concept compared tothe map issued in 2000 and takes into account the state of the geologicknowledge at the turn of the century.For the first time,the Map isdesigned in two sheets of the same size:Sheet 1(Physiography,Volcanoes,Astroblemes)revealingthe fine-grained texture of the totality of the Earth surface whenremoving the water of the oceans.展开更多
To enhance the general knowledge of landslides in China, the DAAD （German Academic Exchange Service） is financing an investigative project. As part of this project, at the Qingjiang （清江） River, a 10 km^2 area do...To enhance the general knowledge of landslides in China, the DAAD （German Academic Exchange Service） is financing an investigative project. As part of this project, at the Qingjiang （清江） River, a 10 km^2 area downstream of the Shuibuya （水布垭） dam site was geologically and geotechnicaUy mapped to gather information concerning landslides and their correlation to lithology, slope angles and texture. The geological mapping contained the characterization of the lithological units. The characterization of the shape of landslides and the classification of rocks into units with similar geotechnical behavior is contained in the geotechnical map. Samples were taken and investigated using X-ray diffraction to identify the clay minerals and geotechnical tests to determine the effective shear angle and cohesion of rocks and soils. Geotechnical mapping showed a close connection between lithology, slope angle and texture concerning the occurrence of landslides. Most landslides occur on the northern bank of the Qingjiang River where the dip angle of the bedding is nearly parallel to the slope, resulting in potential and effective slide planes. On the southern bank only sporadic and small landslides occur because the bedding is antipodal to the slope angle. This pilot work is a base for further and more detailed investigations in this area.展开更多
The Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network (MLPNN) induction technique has been successfully applied to a variety of machine learning tasks, including the extraction and classification of image features. However, not mu...The Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network (MLPNN) induction technique has been successfully applied to a variety of machine learning tasks, including the extraction and classification of image features. However, not much has been done in the application of MLPNN on images obtained by remote sensing. In this article, two automatic classification systems used in image feature extraction and classification from remote sensing data are presented. The first is a combination of two models: a MLPNN induction technique, integrated under ENVI (Environment for Visualizing Images) platform for classification, and a pre-processing model including dark subtraction for the calibration of the image, the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) for band selections and Independent Components Analysis (ICA) as blind source separator for feature extraction of the Landsat image. The second classification system is a MLPNN induction technique based on the Keras platform. In this case, there was no need for pre-processing model. Experimental results show the two classification systems to outperform other typical feature extraction and classification methods in terms of accuracy for some lithological classes including Granite1 class with the highest class accuracies of 96.69% and 92.69% for the first and second classification system respectively. Meanwhile, the two classification systems perform almost equally with the overall accuracies of 53.01% and 49.98% for the first and second models respectively </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">though the keras model has the advantage of not integrating the pre-processing</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> model, hence increasing its efficiency. The application of these two systems to the study area resulted in the generation of an updated geological mapping with six lithological classes detected including the Gneiss, the Micaschist, the Schist and three versions of Granites (Granite1, Granite2 and Granite3).展开更多
I was introduced to geology by my older sister,who needed a field assistant for a day of geological mapping.Although I spent more time that day chasing lizards than looking at rocks,it struck me that the ability to wa...I was introduced to geology by my older sister,who needed a field assistant for a day of geological mapping.Although I spent more time that day chasing lizards than looking at rocks,it struck me that the ability to wander mountains and call it work had distinct possibilities.That was the encouragement I needed to enroll in Physical Geology in my first year of college and I never looked back!展开更多
If you are a gold digger you want to find more gold.Therefore,you collect and analyse a maximum amount of,in particular,geological data and information as that would give you the best clues for finding new occurrences...If you are a gold digger you want to find more gold.Therefore,you collect and analyse a maximum amount of,in particular,geological data and information as that would give you the best clues for finding new occurrences.Geological maps are the main communication tools for geologists.Such maps may be quite complex for non-geologists but even for fellow geoscientists as these often cramp a multitude of subsurface information into a 2D frame.Geochemical information ranks high on the list of most wanted information for exploration geologists.Such information normally comes from geochemical analyses of rock or soil samples.For regional inventories often geochemical data sets from stream sedimentsare used.Nation-or even continent-wide geochemical data sets have now become available for many regions on this planet.展开更多
Background OneGeology is an initiative of Geological Survey Organisations(GSO)around the globe that dates back to Brighton,UK in 2007.Since then OneGeology has been a leader in developing geological online map data us...Background OneGeology is an initiative of Geological Survey Organisations(GSO)around the globe that dates back to Brighton,UK in 2007.Since then OneGeology has been a leader in developing geological online map data using a new international standard–a geological exchange language known as the‘GeoSciML’.Currently version 3.2 exists,which enables instant interoperability of the data.Increased use of this new language allows geological data to be shared and integrated across the planet with other organisations.In autumn 2013 OneGeology was transformed into a Consortium with a clearly defined governance structure,making its structure more official.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National "863" Project (Grant No.:2010AA12220105)the Standard Research of Lunar mapping of Geology and Tectonics (Grant No.:Y2ZZ031000-02) from Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Based on the CCD images,IIM data and DEM data of China＇s lunar exploration project （Chang＇E-Ⅰ） and related processed and analytic results,an integrated study of regional geology of Sinus Iridum and its adjacent area was conducted,and a series of relevant researches and analyses were carried out,including analysis of impact craters and their extrusive and accumulative materials,division of stratigraphic and tectonic units and classification of rock types,integrated analysis of chronology and lunar evolution history.In consideration of crater＇s shape features,quantity and preserving status of filling materials,the lunar impact craters can be divided into 7 types and 11 subtypes,and the accumulative materials of craters are divided into 6 types and 9 accumulative groups.According to the content and distribution of TiO2 and image characteristics,the basalts are divided into high-TiO2,medium-TiO2 and low-TiO2 basalts.Discussion was made on division of tectonic units and evolution features in the study area.The geological map of the Sinus Iridum Quadrangle （LQ-4） at a scale of 1∶2.5 M was preliminarily compiled with the ArcGIS system,and the spatial database of the map was established.Related technical specification,procedure and method for lunar geological mapping have been worked out,so as to lay a foundation for the forthcoming geological mapping of the global Moon in China by using the data of Chang＇E-Ⅱ and also for comprehensive study and geological mapping of other celestial bodies in the future.
文摘The basis of accurate mineral resource estimates is to have a geological model which replicates the nature and style of the orebody. Key inputs into the generation of a good geological model are the sample data and mapping information. The Obuasi Mine sample data with a lot of legacy issues were subjected to a robust validation process and integrated with mapping information to generate an accurate geological orebody model for mineral resource estimation in Block 8 Lower. Validation of the sample data focused on replacing missing collar coordinates, missing assays, and correcting magnetic declination that was used to convert the downhole surveys from true to magnetic, fix missing lithology and finally assign confidence numbers to all the sample data. The missing coordinates which were replaced ensured that the sample data plotted at their correct location in space as intended from the planning stage. Magnetic declination data, which was maintained constant throughout all the years even though it changes every year, was also corrected in the validation project. The corrected magnetic declination ensured that the drillholes were plotted on their accurate trajectory as per the planned azimuth and also reflected the true position of the intercepted mineralized fissure(s) which was previously not the case and marked a major blot in the modelling of the Obuasi orebody. The incorporation of mapped data with the validated sample data in the wireframes resulted in a better interpretation of the orebody. The updated mineral resource generated by domaining quartz from the sulphides and compared with the old resource showed that the sulphide tonnes in the old resource estimates were overestimated by 1% and the grade overestimated by 8.5%.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(42301492)the Open Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vision Based Monitoring for Hydroelectric Engineering(2022SDSJ04,2024SDSJ03)+1 种基金the Opening Fund of Key Laboratory of Geological Survey and Evaluation of Ministry of Education(GLAB 2023ZR01,GLAB2024ZR08)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Automatic segmentation and recognition of content and element information in color geological map are of great significance for researchers to analyze the distribution of mineral resources and predict disaster information.This article focuses on color planar raster geological map(geological maps include planar geological maps,columnar maps,and profiles).While existing deep learning approaches are often used to segment general images,their performance is limited due to complex elements,diverse regional features,and complicated backgrounds for color geological map in the domain of geoscience.To address the issue,a color geological map segmentation model is proposed that combines the Felz clustering algorithm and an improved SE-UNet deep learning network(named GeoMSeg).Firstly,a symmetrical encoder-decoder structure backbone network based on UNet is constructed,and the channel attention mechanism SENet has been incorporated to augment the network’s capacity for feature representation,enabling the model to purposefully extract map information.The SE-UNet network is employed for feature extraction from the geological map and obtain coarse segmentation results.Secondly,the Felz clustering algorithm is used for super pixel pre-segmentation of geological maps.The coarse segmentation results are refined and modified based on the super pixel pre-segmentation results to obtain the final segmentation results.This study applies GeoMSeg to the constructed dataset,and the experimental results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper has superior performance compared to other mainstream map segmentation models,with an accuracy of 91.89%and a MIoU of 71.91%.
文摘The development of geotechnical exploration ensures the safety and efficiency of subsequent mining operations. With the rapid development of mine geological surveying and mapping technology, some achievements have been made in field geotechnical engineering exploration, but at the same time, there are some practical problems such as technology and layout, and it is necessary to master effective strategies to improve the efficiency and accuracy of geotechnical engineering exploration and mine surveying and mapping.
文摘The Tongling area is one of the 7 ore-cluster areas in the Middle-Lower Yangtze metallogenic belt, East China, and has tectonically undergone a long-term geologic history from the late Paleozoic continental rifting, through the Middle Triassic continent-continent collision to the Jurassic-Cretaceous intracontinental tectono-magmatic activation. The Carboniferous sedimentary-exhalative processes in the area produced widespread massive sulfides with ages of 303-321 Ma, which partly formed massive pyrite-Cu deposits, but mostly provided significant sulfur and metals to the skarn Cu mineralization associated with the Yanshanian felsic intrusions.To understand the Carboniferous submarine hydrothermal system, an area of about 1046 km^2 was chosen to carry out the geological fluid mapping. Associated with massive sulfide formation, footwall sequences 948 m to 1146 m thick, composed of the Lower Silurian-Upper Devonian sandstone, siltstone and thin-layered shale, were widely altered. This hydrothermal alteration is interpreted to reflect largescale hydrothermal fluid flow associated with the late Paleozoic crustal rifting and subsidence. Three hydrothermal alteration types, i.e., deep-level semiconformable siliclfication （S1）, fracture-controlled quartz-sericite-pyrite alteration （S2-3）, and upper-level sub-discordant quartz-sericite-chlorite alteration （D3）, were developed to form distinct zones in the mapped area. About 50-m thick semiconformable silicification zones are located at -1-km depth below massive sulfides and developed between an impermeable shale caprock （S1） and the underlying Ordovician unaltered limestone. Comparisons with modern geothermal systems suggest that the alteration zones record a sub-seafioor aquifer with the most productive hydrothermal fluid flow. Fracture-controlled quartz-sericite-pyrite alteration formed transgressive zones, which downward crosscut the semiconformable alteration zones, and upwards grade into sub-discordant alteration zones that enveloped no economic stringer- stockwork zones beneath massive sulfides. This transgressive zone likely marks an upfiow path of high- flux fluids from the hydrothermal aquifer. Lateral zonation of the sub-discordant alteration zones and their relationship to overlying massive sulfide lenses suggest lateral flows and diffusive discharging of the hydrothermal fluids in a permeable sandstone sequence. Three large-sized, 14 middle-small massive sulfide deposits, and 40 massive sulfide sites have been mapped in detail. They show regional strata- bound characters and two major styles, i.e., the layered sheet plus strata-bound stringer-style and the mound-style. Associated exhalite and chemical sedimentary rock suites include （1） anhydrite-barite, （2） jasper-chert, （3） Mg-rich mudstone-pyrite shale, （4） barite lens, （5） siderite-Fe-bearing dolomite, and （6） Mn-rich shale-mudstone, which usually comprise three sulfide-exhalite cyclic units in the area.The spatial distribution of these alteration zones （minerals） and associated massive sulfdes and exhalites, and regional variation in δ^34S of hydrothermal pyrite and in δ^18O-δ^34C of hanging wall carbonates, suggest three WNW-extending domains of fluid flow, controlled by the basement faults and syn-depositional faults. Each fluid domain appears to have at least two upflow zones, with estimated even spacing of about 5-8 km in the mapped area. The repeated appearance of sulfide-sulfate or sulfide-carbonate rhythmic units in the area suggests episodically venting of fluids through the upfiow conduits by breaking the overlying seals of the hydrothermal aquifer.
文摘Li Chunyu(1904-1988),born in the Weihui City,Henan Province.He graduated from the Department of Geology at Peking University in 1928 and received his doctoral degree from the University of Berlin,Germany in 1937.He was elected as an Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1955.Li Chunyu was a renowned Chinese geologist and tectonist.He made significant contributions to the regional geological surveys,geological mapping,and mineral exploration in areas such as the Qinling Mountains,Sichuan Basin,and the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Notably,he was the first to discover mélange in China and emerged as the leading figure advocating for the study of plate tectonic theory in the country.
文摘The geology, sediment and soil studies are important due to its significant impacts on agriculture, mining, constructions materials, industries, environment, ground water percolation, air pollution, surface and ground water pollutions, earthquakes and geo-hazards in Afghanistan. In this research, we studied petrography, Sediment, tectonic structures, soil fraction selection by using hydrometer, sieving analysis, and geological mapping. Results show different kinds of metamorphic rocks of low grade and medium grade metamorphisms, Garnete mica Schist, Garnete Schist, Quarsite, different types of minerals among rocks. Further, type of sediment consisting residual angular (Autochthonous) and rounded (Allochthonous) transported by water, among sediments consisting Garnete, Gneiss, Schist, Quarsite, Biotite and consisting different type of sizes boulders, Cobble, Granule, Sand, Silt. Hydrometer analysis shows different types of soil clayey loam, sandy loam, silty loam. Moreover, Geological mapping shows complex tectonic structures like joints, cracks, faults, folds, anticline and syncline. The obtained<i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">results suggest that the petrography, sediments and soil researches can be used efficiently for catchments of the Kabul Basin and other basins in Afghanistan.</span>
文摘The author affiliation and the funding information in the Acknowledgement section of the online version of the original article was revised.One affiliation(the 8th affiliation)of the first author is added.The Acknowledgement section of the original article has been revised to:Acknowledgments:This research was funded by the National University of Mongolia under grant agreement P2023(grant number P2023-4578)and supported by the Chey Institute for Advanced Studies“International Scholarship Exchange Fellowship for the academic year of 2024-2025”,Republic of Korea,and the National University of Mongolia.We would like to acknowledge the National University of Mongolia and Soumik Das from the Center for the Study of Regional Development,Jawaharlal Nehru University,New Delhi-110067,for his valuable assistance in preparing the geological maps.
文摘The Gold District of Korhogo, in the northern region of C?te d’Ivoire, holds enormous potential for gold mineralizations, some of which are under exploration phase and others in exploitation phase (example of Tongon Gold Mine). Dormant since 1998, Mapping Services of most of the West African countries hardly provide geological maps at the scales of: 1/200,000, 1/50,000 and 1/25,000. This situation of unavailability of detailed geological maps does not help mining operators in the selection of prolific areas and also in the interpretation of in soil geochem anomies or gold mineralizations. Consequently, during the years 2020 and 2021, we have undertaken a campaign of geological mapping and petro-structural study of the northern sector of Komborodougou, located in the southern extension of Banfora Birimian Belt. This work, which allowed the realization of a geological map at 1/20,000 scale, reveals that: the mapped area includes three (3) major lithological units: 1) a volcano-sedimentary unit made up of metasediments (metaarenites, metasiltites and metaflyschs) and metavolcanites (metabasalts), which are metamorphosed and outcrop in the form of schists;2) a metaplutonic and intrusive unit composed on the one hand of quartz-diorites and metagabbros, and on the other hand of granites and granodiorites;3) and finally, a unit of dikes formed by microgranites, microgabbros, aplites and quartzites. The volcano-sedimentary complex is affected by a regional fold with an axis subparallel to the regional tectonic grain and an S1 schistosity oriented NE-SW to NNE-SSW with steep dips (>60o), except for those of the metaflyschs which are weak (o);a regional NW-SE compression would be at the origin of the setting of this schistosity. The volcano-sediment and metaplutonite complex is crossed in a NNE-SSW direction by a senetral shear-zone or main shear-zone and secondary shear-zones oriented sometimes NE-SW or N-S. These shear-zones are intersected by more or less dextral or senestral strike-slip faults of NW-SE and E-W trends. N-S to NNE-SSW (N0o - N20o) and NW-SE (N130o - N160o) vein systems associated with the various shear-zones are the hosts of the gold mineralization in the region. These veins have been mined by orpaillors for more than two decades. The northern sector of Komborodougou is in the NNE continuity of the gold mineralization highlighted by the mining company Mako Gold Sarl on its Gogbala and Tchaga prospects, Napie project.
文摘In the Saharian domain, the Tarfaya-Laayoune coastal basin developed in a stable passive margin, where asymmetrical sedimentation increase from East to West and reach a sediment stack of about 14 kilometers. However, the morphology of the studied area corresponds to a vast plateau (hamada) presenting occasional major reliefs. For this purpose, remote sensing approach has been applied to find the best approaches for truthful lithological mapping. The two supervised classification methods by machine learning (Artificial Neural Network and Spectral Information Divergence) have been evaluated for a most accurate classification to be used for our lithofacies mapping. The latest geological maps and RGB images were used for pseudo-color groups to identify important areas and collect the ROIs that will serve as facilities samples for the classifications. The results obtained showed a clear distinction between the various formation units, and very close results to the field reality in the ANN classification of the studied area. Thus, the ANN method is more accurate with an overall accuracy of 92.56% and a Kappa coefficient is 0.9143.
文摘It is still a laborious work to consult massive multidisciplinary geological maps which are scattered in different geological departments,and hard to give full play to the potential application value of geological map. Along with the network,the development of communication and computer technology,especially with the Web2.0 technology arisen,provides opportunities to the web for sharing of geological maps. Web fast sharing platform of massive geological maps( WSPGM) is based on the Flex technology development,using B/S architecture,with map navigation,search,display,security and other functions of the software system. Through the map pretreatment and asynchronous communication the system can display any size of geological map,and through the range limits,rights management,sharing system and watermark logo to take effective security on geological map. On the basis of this system,with the Jilin University web sharing system of geological map,the system can greatly improve the efficiency of using geological map. for research.
基金International S&T Cooperation Program of China(Grant 2010DFB23390)Natural Science Foundation of China(41072041,41121062)for financial support.
文摘Recently,new geochronological data and geological observations including the discovery of garnet amphibolite,Ordovician micro-fossils,unconformable contact between the ophiolitic mélange related flysch and the Devonian to Early Carboniferous terrestrial volcanosedimentary strata provide critical evidences for Paleoenvironmental reconstruction in the western Junggar(Xinjiang,China).Two different geological layers could be clearly identified:the Early Paleozoic metamorphic terrane mainly consists of ophiolitic mélange and flysch,and the Late Paleozoic volcano-sedimentary units lying on the ophiolitic mélange and flysch.Both of these layers were intruded by granitic to dioritic magma during the Late Carboniferous to Early Permian period.Based on these data,a new geological map for the western Junggar has been compiled,which is essential not only for better understanding of the geological evolution but also for exploration of mineral resources.
文摘The Engineering Geological Map of the Sakha（Yakutia） Republic covers about 3 million kilometers which is one-fifth of the territory of Russia.The map displays ground and geocryological conditions and active faults.Seismic intensity,schemes of zoning by factors of engineering geological conditions,and the general scheme of engineering geological zoning of the Sakha（Yakutia） Republic or the SR（Y）,are shown on the inset maps.The map is required to provide information for planning,construction and exploitation of engineering structures in the SR（Y）.A distinguishing feature of the map is the indication of almost blanket distribution of the frozen ground class.Types of the frozen ground class are separated by lithology,while ground varieties are separated by temperature.Fresh and ultra-fresh suprapermafrost water is predominant within the territory.The compiled map indicates parts of the Arctic-Asian and Baikalo-Stanovoi planetary seismic belts that make engineering geological conditions more complicated.
文摘The Geological Map of Colombia 2015 summarizes the superficial geological information of Colombia.It is the final product of a process of integration and generalization of the cartographic information of the existing geological maps published by the Colombian Geological Survey complemented by the interpretation of remote sensing imagery of previously unmapped areas.Harmonization was controlled using remote sensing imagery such as Landsat TM and DEM shaded relief images.
文摘The third edition of the Geological Map of the World follows thefirst and second editions published by the CGMW respectively in1990 and 2000.This bilingual document(English-French)is the resultof a highly synthetic compilation given both the small scale of themap and its educational purpose.It is a tentative and(very)simplifiedrepresentation of the entire solid surface of our planet and includesboth continental and oceanic domains.This new edition is a completely revised concept compared tothe map issued in 2000 and takes into account the state of the geologicknowledge at the turn of the century.For the first time,the Map isdesigned in two sheets of the same size:Sheet 1(Physiography,Volcanoes,Astroblemes)revealingthe fine-grained texture of the totality of the Earth surface whenremoving the water of the oceans.
基金This paper is supported by the DAAD ( German Academic ExchangeService) within the project"Landslides after Heavy Rainfallsin China".
文摘To enhance the general knowledge of landslides in China, the DAAD （German Academic Exchange Service） is financing an investigative project. As part of this project, at the Qingjiang （清江） River, a 10 km^2 area downstream of the Shuibuya （水布垭） dam site was geologically and geotechnicaUy mapped to gather information concerning landslides and their correlation to lithology, slope angles and texture. The geological mapping contained the characterization of the lithological units. The characterization of the shape of landslides and the classification of rocks into units with similar geotechnical behavior is contained in the geotechnical map. Samples were taken and investigated using X-ray diffraction to identify the clay minerals and geotechnical tests to determine the effective shear angle and cohesion of rocks and soils. Geotechnical mapping showed a close connection between lithology, slope angle and texture concerning the occurrence of landslides. Most landslides occur on the northern bank of the Qingjiang River where the dip angle of the bedding is nearly parallel to the slope, resulting in potential and effective slide planes. On the southern bank only sporadic and small landslides occur because the bedding is antipodal to the slope angle. This pilot work is a base for further and more detailed investigations in this area.
文摘The Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network (MLPNN) induction technique has been successfully applied to a variety of machine learning tasks, including the extraction and classification of image features. However, not much has been done in the application of MLPNN on images obtained by remote sensing. In this article, two automatic classification systems used in image feature extraction and classification from remote sensing data are presented. The first is a combination of two models: a MLPNN induction technique, integrated under ENVI (Environment for Visualizing Images) platform for classification, and a pre-processing model including dark subtraction for the calibration of the image, the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) for band selections and Independent Components Analysis (ICA) as blind source separator for feature extraction of the Landsat image. The second classification system is a MLPNN induction technique based on the Keras platform. In this case, there was no need for pre-processing model. Experimental results show the two classification systems to outperform other typical feature extraction and classification methods in terms of accuracy for some lithological classes including Granite1 class with the highest class accuracies of 96.69% and 92.69% for the first and second classification system respectively. Meanwhile, the two classification systems perform almost equally with the overall accuracies of 53.01% and 49.98% for the first and second models respectively </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">though the keras model has the advantage of not integrating the pre-processing</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> model, hence increasing its efficiency. The application of these two systems to the study area resulted in the generation of an updated geological mapping with six lithological classes detected including the Gneiss, the Micaschist, the Schist and three versions of Granites (Granite1, Granite2 and Granite3).
文摘I was introduced to geology by my older sister,who needed a field assistant for a day of geological mapping.Although I spent more time that day chasing lizards than looking at rocks,it struck me that the ability to wander mountains and call it work had distinct possibilities.That was the encouragement I needed to enroll in Physical Geology in my first year of college and I never looked back!
文摘If you are a gold digger you want to find more gold.Therefore,you collect and analyse a maximum amount of,in particular,geological data and information as that would give you the best clues for finding new occurrences.Geological maps are the main communication tools for geologists.Such maps may be quite complex for non-geologists but even for fellow geoscientists as these often cramp a multitude of subsurface information into a 2D frame.Geochemical information ranks high on the list of most wanted information for exploration geologists.Such information normally comes from geochemical analyses of rock or soil samples.For regional inventories often geochemical data sets from stream sedimentsare used.Nation-or even continent-wide geochemical data sets have now become available for many regions on this planet.
文摘Background OneGeology is an initiative of Geological Survey Organisations(GSO)around the globe that dates back to Brighton,UK in 2007.Since then OneGeology has been a leader in developing geological online map data using a new international standard–a geological exchange language known as the‘GeoSciML’.Currently version 3.2 exists,which enables instant interoperability of the data.Increased use of this new language allows geological data to be shared and integrated across the planet with other organisations.In autumn 2013 OneGeology was transformed into a Consortium with a clearly defined governance structure,making its structure more official.
