AIM： To identify the most common hepatitis B virus （HBV） genob/pe in Saudi Arabia, and correlate the prevailing genob/pes with the clinical outcome of patients. METHODS： Patients were consecutively recruited from ...AIM： To identify the most common hepatitis B virus （HBV） genob/pe in Saudi Arabia, and correlate the prevailing genob/pes with the clinical outcome of patients. METHODS： Patients were consecutively recruited from the hepatology clinics of two tertiary care referral centers. Patients were categorized into 4 different groups： group 1, patients with hepatitis B and normal liver enzymes; group 2, patients with hepatitis B and abnormal liver enzymes but without cirrhosis; group 3, patients with hepatitis B and liver cirrhosis; group 4, patients with hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma. All patients had a positive hepatitis B surface antigen （HBsAg）. Genob/ping of HBV was performed by nested PCR-mediated amplification of the target sequence and hybridization with sequence-specific oligonucleotides. RESULTS： Seventy patients were enrolled in this study. They were predominantly male （72.9%） in their midforty＇s （mean age 47 years）. Forty-nine （70%） patients were hepatitis B envelope antigen （HBeAg） negative. The majority of patients （64%） acquired HBV through unknown risk factors. Hepatitis B genob/ping revealed that 57 patients （81.4%） were genob/pe D, 1 patient （1.4%） had genob/pe A, 1 patient （1.4%） had genotype C, and 4 patients （5.7%） had genob/pe E, while 7 patients （10%） had mixed genob/pe （4 patients ADG, 1 patient DE, 1 patient DF, and 1 patient ADFG）. Based on univariate analysis of genob/pe D patients, significant predictors of advanced liver disease were age, gender, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, albumin,bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase （all P 〈 0.001）. In multivariate analysis decreased hemoglobin （r = -0.05; 95% CI： -0.08 to -0.03; P = 0.001） and albumin levels （r = -0.004; 95% CI： -0.007 to -0.001; P = 0.002） were highly significant predictors of advanced liver disease. In patients with HBV genotype D, HBeAg negativity was found to increase across advancing stages of liver disease （P = 0.024）. CONCLUSION： This study highlights that the vast majority of Saudi patients with chronic hepatitis B have genotype D. No correlation could be observed between the different genotypes and epidemiological or clinical factors. The relationship between genotype D and HBeAg status in terms of disease severity needs to be further elucidated in larger longitudinal studies.展开更多
Objective:To describe the situation of measles in Sri Lanka from May to November,2023 and to define the role of virology laboratory towards case confirmation and epidemiological and genetic characterization of the out...Objective:To describe the situation of measles in Sri Lanka from May to November,2023 and to define the role of virology laboratory towards case confirmation and epidemiological and genetic characterization of the outbreak.Methods:This retrospective study analyzed all samples tested for measles from 1st of May to 30th of November,2023 at National Measles Rubella Laboratory,Sri Lanka.According to the World Health Organization(WHO)algorithm,serum and oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swabs were tested with WHO recommended kits for anti-measles IgM and measles virus specific RNA,respectively.Selected RNA positive samples were sequenced at reference laboratory,India.Analysis of sequencing data and construction of phylogenetic tree were carried out at National Measles Rubella Laboratory.Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics.Results:Of the total 1132 serum samples and 497 oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swabs from 1326 patients,657(49.5%)patients were confirmed as measles by anti-measles IgM,measles virus specific RNA or both.Males(55.6%,n=365)and the age group from>20 to≤30 years(33.0%,n=217)predominated positive patients.All provinces reported measles positive cases.All samples sequenced(100%,n=42)were genotype D8 with 95.2%(n=40)bearing Victoria.Australia origin.Conclusions:We described resurgence of measles in an eliminated country,confirming the genotype to be D8,one of the two genotypes currently circulating globally.Further,the study strongly convinced the importance of a strengthened virological surveillance system in an eliminated country,despite its eliminated status.展开更多
Background: Four measles cases in Canada and one in the United States are linked to international importation of measles in Playa del Carmen, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Objective: To describe characteristics of transmissio...Background: Four measles cases in Canada and one in the United States are linked to international importation of measles in Playa del Carmen, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Objective: To describe characteristics of transmission and not spillover to local population in Mexico. Material and Methods: The outbreak investigation was based on active search of cases and in the rapid monitoring of vaccination coverage in children aged 1 - 7 years old. Laboratory confirmation by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and molecular detection by Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) assay in throat swab and urine were done. Results: One transmission chain with three generations of cases was identified. The primary case was a 9-year-old boy who was infected in Wales, UK. His sisters aged 7 and 15 years old respectively, were the first generation of cases in Mexico. The second generation was related to the imported cases, and affected two Canadian tourists and an American woman aged 39 years old. A third generation occurred in Canada and affected an infant of 15 months of age and his sister aged 4 years old. The genotype D8 which was circulating in UK was identified in these patients. One probable case was detected in Quintana Roo, but was discarded by laboratory testing. The coverage with at least one dose of Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine ranged from 95% to 99.5%. Conclusion: International travelers with no history of vaccination are at risk of acquiring measles even in countries that have interrupted endemic transmission. The high immunization coverage of measles containing vaccine could explain the absence of cases in Mexican population. Highlights: Multinational measles outbreak in a country without endemic transmission. The findings exhibit the importance of immunization in international travelers in the post-elimination era.展开更多
Coxsackievirus A6 of the D3a genotype(CVA6 D3a)is a primary pathogen causingmainland of China's hand,foot,and mouth disease(HFMD).Viral‐like particle(VLP)vaccines represent a potential candidate vaccine to preven...Coxsackievirus A6 of the D3a genotype(CVA6 D3a)is a primary pathogen causingmainland of China's hand,foot,and mouth disease(HFMD).Viral‐like particle(VLP)vaccines represent a potential candidate vaccine to prevent HFMD.This study collected Anti‐CVA6 D3a VLPs serum from BALB/c female mice immunized using CVA6 D3a VLPs.The neutralizing antibody levels were compared against the representative 14‐JX2018(D3a)and N4‐YN2015(D3b)strains between the antisera of different immune pathways.The immunoprotective effect of anti‐CVA6 D3a VLPs against these strains was monitored using pathological sections and immuno-histochemical results of lung and skeletal muscle tissues in seven‐day‐old Institute of Cancer Research(ICR)mice.Immunological protection against different branches of viruses was evaluated in 7‐day‐old(serum passive immune protection)and 14‐day‐old(VLPs active immune protection)neonatal ICR mice models.Serum‐neutralizing antibody levels were positively correlated with the number of immunizations and higher against 14‐JX2018 than against N4‐YN2015.Furthermore,these levels were significantly higher with abdominal injection than intramuscular injection.The immunized serum of 7‐day‐old ICR mice inoculated three times was 100%protected against CVA6 D3a 14‐JX2018(lethal titer:106.25 TCID 50)and CVA6 D3b N4‐YN2015(lethal titer:105.25TCID 50)fatal attacks,respectively.For ICR mice that have completed two active immunizations for 14 days,both CVA6 D3a 14‐JX2015(challenge titer:108.25 TCID 50)and CVA6 D3b N4‐YN2015(challenge titer:107.25 TCID 50)were used for the challenge,and the mice were able to survive.Overall,the CVA6 D3a VLPs prepared in this study are a potential vaccine candidate for CVA6,as it has the optimal protective effect against both CVA6 D3a and D3b evolutionary branches viruses.展开更多
基金Supported by a grant from the Research Center at the College ofMedicine, King Saud University, Riyadh
文摘AIM： To identify the most common hepatitis B virus （HBV） genob/pe in Saudi Arabia, and correlate the prevailing genob/pes with the clinical outcome of patients. METHODS： Patients were consecutively recruited from the hepatology clinics of two tertiary care referral centers. Patients were categorized into 4 different groups： group 1, patients with hepatitis B and normal liver enzymes; group 2, patients with hepatitis B and abnormal liver enzymes but without cirrhosis; group 3, patients with hepatitis B and liver cirrhosis; group 4, patients with hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma. All patients had a positive hepatitis B surface antigen （HBsAg）. Genob/ping of HBV was performed by nested PCR-mediated amplification of the target sequence and hybridization with sequence-specific oligonucleotides. RESULTS： Seventy patients were enrolled in this study. They were predominantly male （72.9%） in their midforty＇s （mean age 47 years）. Forty-nine （70%） patients were hepatitis B envelope antigen （HBeAg） negative. The majority of patients （64%） acquired HBV through unknown risk factors. Hepatitis B genob/ping revealed that 57 patients （81.4%） were genob/pe D, 1 patient （1.4%） had genob/pe A, 1 patient （1.4%） had genotype C, and 4 patients （5.7%） had genob/pe E, while 7 patients （10%） had mixed genob/pe （4 patients ADG, 1 patient DE, 1 patient DF, and 1 patient ADFG）. Based on univariate analysis of genob/pe D patients, significant predictors of advanced liver disease were age, gender, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, albumin,bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase （all P 〈 0.001）. In multivariate analysis decreased hemoglobin （r = -0.05; 95% CI： -0.08 to -0.03; P = 0.001） and albumin levels （r = -0.004; 95% CI： -0.007 to -0.001; P = 0.002） were highly significant predictors of advanced liver disease. In patients with HBV genotype D, HBeAg negativity was found to increase across advancing stages of liver disease （P = 0.024）. CONCLUSION： This study highlights that the vast majority of Saudi patients with chronic hepatitis B have genotype D. No correlation could be observed between the different genotypes and epidemiological or clinical factors. The relationship between genotype D and HBeAg status in terms of disease severity needs to be further elucidated in larger longitudinal studies.
文摘Objective:To describe the situation of measles in Sri Lanka from May to November,2023 and to define the role of virology laboratory towards case confirmation and epidemiological and genetic characterization of the outbreak.Methods:This retrospective study analyzed all samples tested for measles from 1st of May to 30th of November,2023 at National Measles Rubella Laboratory,Sri Lanka.According to the World Health Organization(WHO)algorithm,serum and oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swabs were tested with WHO recommended kits for anti-measles IgM and measles virus specific RNA,respectively.Selected RNA positive samples were sequenced at reference laboratory,India.Analysis of sequencing data and construction of phylogenetic tree were carried out at National Measles Rubella Laboratory.Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics.Results:Of the total 1132 serum samples and 497 oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swabs from 1326 patients,657(49.5%)patients were confirmed as measles by anti-measles IgM,measles virus specific RNA or both.Males(55.6%,n=365)and the age group from>20 to≤30 years(33.0%,n=217)predominated positive patients.All provinces reported measles positive cases.All samples sequenced(100%,n=42)were genotype D8 with 95.2%(n=40)bearing Victoria.Australia origin.Conclusions:We described resurgence of measles in an eliminated country,confirming the genotype to be D8,one of the two genotypes currently circulating globally.Further,the study strongly convinced the importance of a strengthened virological surveillance system in an eliminated country,despite its eliminated status.
文摘Background: Four measles cases in Canada and one in the United States are linked to international importation of measles in Playa del Carmen, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Objective: To describe characteristics of transmission and not spillover to local population in Mexico. Material and Methods: The outbreak investigation was based on active search of cases and in the rapid monitoring of vaccination coverage in children aged 1 - 7 years old. Laboratory confirmation by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and molecular detection by Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) assay in throat swab and urine were done. Results: One transmission chain with three generations of cases was identified. The primary case was a 9-year-old boy who was infected in Wales, UK. His sisters aged 7 and 15 years old respectively, were the first generation of cases in Mexico. The second generation was related to the imported cases, and affected two Canadian tourists and an American woman aged 39 years old. A third generation occurred in Canada and affected an infant of 15 months of age and his sister aged 4 years old. The genotype D8 which was circulating in UK was identified in these patients. One probable case was detected in Quintana Roo, but was discarded by laboratory testing. The coverage with at least one dose of Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine ranged from 95% to 99.5%. Conclusion: International travelers with no history of vaccination are at risk of acquiring measles even in countries that have interrupted endemic transmission. The high immunization coverage of measles containing vaccine could explain the absence of cases in Mexican population. Highlights: Multinational measles outbreak in a country without endemic transmission. The findings exhibit the importance of immunization in international travelers in the post-elimination era.
基金supported by the National Key Researchand Development Programof China (Project No.2021YFC2302003).
文摘Coxsackievirus A6 of the D3a genotype(CVA6 D3a)is a primary pathogen causingmainland of China's hand,foot,and mouth disease(HFMD).Viral‐like particle(VLP)vaccines represent a potential candidate vaccine to prevent HFMD.This study collected Anti‐CVA6 D3a VLPs serum from BALB/c female mice immunized using CVA6 D3a VLPs.The neutralizing antibody levels were compared against the representative 14‐JX2018(D3a)and N4‐YN2015(D3b)strains between the antisera of different immune pathways.The immunoprotective effect of anti‐CVA6 D3a VLPs against these strains was monitored using pathological sections and immuno-histochemical results of lung and skeletal muscle tissues in seven‐day‐old Institute of Cancer Research(ICR)mice.Immunological protection against different branches of viruses was evaluated in 7‐day‐old(serum passive immune protection)and 14‐day‐old(VLPs active immune protection)neonatal ICR mice models.Serum‐neutralizing antibody levels were positively correlated with the number of immunizations and higher against 14‐JX2018 than against N4‐YN2015.Furthermore,these levels were significantly higher with abdominal injection than intramuscular injection.The immunized serum of 7‐day‐old ICR mice inoculated three times was 100%protected against CVA6 D3a 14‐JX2018(lethal titer:106.25 TCID 50)and CVA6 D3b N4‐YN2015(lethal titer:105.25TCID 50)fatal attacks,respectively.For ICR mice that have completed two active immunizations for 14 days,both CVA6 D3a 14‐JX2015(challenge titer:108.25 TCID 50)and CVA6 D3b N4‐YN2015(challenge titer:107.25 TCID 50)were used for the challenge,and the mice were able to survive.Overall,the CVA6 D3a VLPs prepared in this study are a potential vaccine candidate for CVA6,as it has the optimal protective effect against both CVA6 D3a and D3b evolutionary branches viruses.
