The Asian cultivated rice Oryza sativa can be classified into two major subspecies:japonica/geng and indica/xian.There are large physiological and phenotypic differences between the two subspecies,with each having its...The Asian cultivated rice Oryza sativa can be classified into two major subspecies:japonica/geng and indica/xian.There are large physiological and phenotypic differences between the two subspecies,with each having its advantages and disadvantages.Understanding the differences between xian and geng could provide a foundation for cultivar improvement based on hybridization between subspecies in order to synthesize favorable traits.We review the origin and domestication of xian and geng rice,compare their differences in terms of physiological and phenotypical traits,and describe the molecular mechanism differences between the subspecies.Based on this knowledge,we propose an ideal plant architecture of geng rice varieties for northern regions.展开更多
Based on the matrix Lie super algebra and supertrace identity, the integrable super-Geng hierarchy with self-consistent is established. Furthermore, we establish the infinitely many conservation laws for the integrabl...Based on the matrix Lie super algebra and supertrace identity, the integrable super-Geng hierarchy with self-consistent is established. Furthermore, we establish the infinitely many conservation laws for the integrable super-Geng hierarchy. The methods derived by us can be generalized to other nonlinear equation hierarchies.展开更多
On the basis of previous studies,this paper summarizes the semantics of"hai"and"geng"in comparative structure and findsout the contradictions and disputes in previous studies.
Asian rice comprises two major subspecies:Xian(X)and Geng(G),and the diverged resistance genes(R)have provided a foundation for breeding improved cultivars to control rice blast disease.After conducting two-phase alle...Asian rice comprises two major subspecies:Xian(X)and Geng(G),and the diverged resistance genes(R)have provided a foundation for breeding improved cultivars to control rice blast disease.After conducting two-phase allele mining using six updated FNP marker systems,the functional haplotypes at Pit,Pib,and Pi63 strictly diverged into the X-populations and were defined as X-R loci,while those at Pi54,Pi37,and Pi36 into the G-populations as G-R loci.The genic diversity at the three X-R loci(16 alleles)was twofold higher than that at the three G-R loci(8 alleles),and the allelic diversity in the Southern region(21 alleles)was nearly double that in the Northeastern region(11 alleles).Both observations reflect a significant difference in genetic diversity between X-and G-populations,and indicate that the effective R-genes mainly originated from X-subspecies.Based on the allelic structures characterized by a set of 10 parameters,8 and 16 alleles were respectively recognized as favorable and promising ones for the regional breeding programs.The genotypic structures of the two regional populations were almost different,indicating that the diverged alleles have been further assembled into two series of regional genotypes through long-term breeding programs,despite the presence of one-third of region-common alleles.The genotypic diversity in the Southern region(55 genotypes)was nearly twice as high as that in the Northeastern region(28),which perfectly reflects the aforementioned differences in both genic and allelic diversities.After analyzing the genotypic structures using a set of 13 parameters,4 and 23 genotypes,respectively,can be recommended as the favorable and promising ones for the regional breeding programs.The case study serves as a concrete sample of how to identify the favorable and promising alleles and genotypes,and beneficial parents based their comprehensive population structures for gene-designed breeding.展开更多
砂岩型铀矿是我国当前铀矿勘查的主攻方向,二连盆地是我国北方的重要砂岩型铀矿产地之一,盆地内发现了古河谷砂岩型与同沉积泥岩型两大类铀矿,尤其是以巴—赛—齐古河谷型砂岩型铀矿床为代表的古河谷型砂岩型铀矿床最为重要(张金带等,20...砂岩型铀矿是我国当前铀矿勘查的主攻方向,二连盆地是我国北方的重要砂岩型铀矿产地之一,盆地内发现了古河谷砂岩型与同沉积泥岩型两大类铀矿,尤其是以巴—赛—齐古河谷型砂岩型铀矿床为代表的古河谷型砂岩型铀矿床最为重要(张金带等,2010)。物源示踪可有效指导勘查找矿(Peng Hu et al.,2025),前人研究认为,苏尼特隆起上的岩浆岩是古河谷砂体的主要物源(刘佳林等,2020;颜小波等,2022)。近年来,华北油田在盆地内开展油铀兼探工作,可大致分为异常筛查验证、单点矿体追索、有利砂带摸排这3个阶段,在脑木更凹陷北部取得较好的勘探成果。然而,对于研究区赛汉组含铀砂岩的物源特征尚不明确,制约了下步勘查找矿方向。展开更多
Hybridization between Xian/indica(XI)and Geng/japonica(GJ)rice combined with utilization of plant ideotypes has greatly contributed to yield improvements in modern GJ rice in China over the past 50 years.To explore th...Hybridization between Xian/indica(XI)and Geng/japonica(GJ)rice combined with utilization of plant ideotypes has greatly contributed to yield improvements in modern GJ rice in China over the past 50 years.To explore the genomic basis of improved yield and disease resistance in GJ rice,we conducted a large-scale genomic landscape analysis of 816 elite GJ cultivars representing multiple eras of germplasm from China.We detected consistently increasing introgressions from three XI subpopulations into GJ cultivars since the 1980s and found that the XI genome introgressions significantly increased the grain number per panicle(GN)and decreased the panicle number per plant.This contributed to the improvement of plant type during modern breeding,changing multi-tiller plants tomoderate tiller plants with a large panicle size and increasing the blast resistance.Notably,we found that key gene haplotypes controlling plant architecture,yield components,and pest and disease resistance,including IPA1,SMG1,DEP3,Pib,Pi-d2,and Bph3,were introduced from XI rice by introgression.By GWAS analysis,we detected a GN-related gene Gnd5,which had been consistently introgressed from XI into GJ cultivars since the 1980s.Gnd5 is a GRAS transcription factor gene,and Gnd5 knockout mutants showed a significant reduction in GN.The estimated genetic effects of genes varied among different breeding locations,which explained the distinct introgression levels of XI gene haplotypes,including Gnd5,DEP3,etc.,to these GJ breeding pedigrees.These findings reveal the genomic contributions of introgressions from XI to the trait improvements of GJ rice cultivars and provide new insights for future rice genomic breeding.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071982 and U1708231).
文摘The Asian cultivated rice Oryza sativa can be classified into two major subspecies:japonica/geng and indica/xian.There are large physiological and phenotypic differences between the two subspecies,with each having its advantages and disadvantages.Understanding the differences between xian and geng could provide a foundation for cultivar improvement based on hybridization between subspecies in order to synthesize favorable traits.We review the origin and domestication of xian and geng rice,compare their differences in terms of physiological and phenotypical traits,and describe the molecular mechanism differences between the subspecies.Based on this knowledge,we propose an ideal plant architecture of geng rice varieties for northern regions.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China（11271008, 61072147, 11547175） Supported by the Science and Technology Department of Henan Province（152300410230）+1 种基金 Supported by the Key Scientific Research Projects of Henan Province（16A110026） Supported by the Education Department of Henan Province（13All0101）
文摘Based on the matrix Lie super algebra and supertrace identity, the integrable super-Geng hierarchy with self-consistent is established. Furthermore, we establish the infinitely many conservation laws for the integrable super-Geng hierarchy. The methods derived by us can be generalized to other nonlinear equation hierarchies.
文摘On the basis of previous studies,this paper summarizes the semantics of"hai"and"geng"in comparative structure and findsout the contradictions and disputes in previous studies.
基金funded by grants from the National Key R&D Project(2023YFD1400201-02,2023YFD1400203-02)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31870137)+1 种基金the National Transgenic Research Project(2015ZX08001-002)the Key R&D Project of Guangdong Province(2022B0202060005).
文摘Asian rice comprises two major subspecies:Xian(X)and Geng(G),and the diverged resistance genes(R)have provided a foundation for breeding improved cultivars to control rice blast disease.After conducting two-phase allele mining using six updated FNP marker systems,the functional haplotypes at Pit,Pib,and Pi63 strictly diverged into the X-populations and were defined as X-R loci,while those at Pi54,Pi37,and Pi36 into the G-populations as G-R loci.The genic diversity at the three X-R loci(16 alleles)was twofold higher than that at the three G-R loci(8 alleles),and the allelic diversity in the Southern region(21 alleles)was nearly double that in the Northeastern region(11 alleles).Both observations reflect a significant difference in genetic diversity between X-and G-populations,and indicate that the effective R-genes mainly originated from X-subspecies.Based on the allelic structures characterized by a set of 10 parameters,8 and 16 alleles were respectively recognized as favorable and promising ones for the regional breeding programs.The genotypic structures of the two regional populations were almost different,indicating that the diverged alleles have been further assembled into two series of regional genotypes through long-term breeding programs,despite the presence of one-third of region-common alleles.The genotypic diversity in the Southern region(55 genotypes)was nearly twice as high as that in the Northeastern region(28),which perfectly reflects the aforementioned differences in both genic and allelic diversities.After analyzing the genotypic structures using a set of 13 parameters,4 and 23 genotypes,respectively,can be recommended as the favorable and promising ones for the regional breeding programs.The case study serves as a concrete sample of how to identify the favorable and promising alleles and genotypes,and beneficial parents based their comprehensive population structures for gene-designed breeding.
文摘砂岩型铀矿是我国当前铀矿勘查的主攻方向,二连盆地是我国北方的重要砂岩型铀矿产地之一,盆地内发现了古河谷砂岩型与同沉积泥岩型两大类铀矿,尤其是以巴—赛—齐古河谷型砂岩型铀矿床为代表的古河谷型砂岩型铀矿床最为重要(张金带等,2010)。物源示踪可有效指导勘查找矿(Peng Hu et al.,2025),前人研究认为,苏尼特隆起上的岩浆岩是古河谷砂体的主要物源(刘佳林等,2020;颜小波等,2022)。近年来,华北油田在盆地内开展油铀兼探工作,可大致分为异常筛查验证、单点矿体追索、有利砂带摸排这3个阶段,在脑木更凹陷北部取得较好的勘探成果。然而,对于研究区赛汉组含铀砂岩的物源特征尚不明确,制约了下步勘查找矿方向。
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1200500 and 2016YFD0100101)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0100801 and 2017YFA0503800)+3 种基金CAAS Science and Technology Innovation Pro-gram,Protective Program of Crop Germplasm of China(19200385-1)Third National Survey And Collection Action On Crop Germplasm Resource(19210859 and 19210860)National Crop Germplasm Re-sources Center(NCGRC-2021-02)Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Sci-ence and Technology City(SKJC-2020-02-001)。
文摘Hybridization between Xian/indica(XI)and Geng/japonica(GJ)rice combined with utilization of plant ideotypes has greatly contributed to yield improvements in modern GJ rice in China over the past 50 years.To explore the genomic basis of improved yield and disease resistance in GJ rice,we conducted a large-scale genomic landscape analysis of 816 elite GJ cultivars representing multiple eras of germplasm from China.We detected consistently increasing introgressions from three XI subpopulations into GJ cultivars since the 1980s and found that the XI genome introgressions significantly increased the grain number per panicle(GN)and decreased the panicle number per plant.This contributed to the improvement of plant type during modern breeding,changing multi-tiller plants tomoderate tiller plants with a large panicle size and increasing the blast resistance.Notably,we found that key gene haplotypes controlling plant architecture,yield components,and pest and disease resistance,including IPA1,SMG1,DEP3,Pib,Pi-d2,and Bph3,were introduced from XI rice by introgression.By GWAS analysis,we detected a GN-related gene Gnd5,which had been consistently introgressed from XI into GJ cultivars since the 1980s.Gnd5 is a GRAS transcription factor gene,and Gnd5 knockout mutants showed a significant reduction in GN.The estimated genetic effects of genes varied among different breeding locations,which explained the distinct introgression levels of XI gene haplotypes,including Gnd5,DEP3,etc.,to these GJ breeding pedigrees.These findings reveal the genomic contributions of introgressions from XI to the trait improvements of GJ rice cultivars and provide new insights for future rice genomic breeding.
