Among all statements of Second Law, the existence and uniqueness of stable equilibrium, for each given value of energy content and composition of constituents of any system, have been adopted to define thermodynamic e...Among all statements of Second Law, the existence and uniqueness of stable equilibrium, for each given value of energy content and composition of constituents of any system, have been adopted to define thermodynamic entropy by means of the impossibility of Perpetual Motion Machine of the Second Kind (PMM2) which is a consequence of the Second Law. Equality of temperature, chemical potential and pressure in many-particle systems are proved to be necessary conditions for the stable equilibrium. The proofs assume the stable equilibrium and derive, by means of the Highest-Entropy Principle, equality of temperature, chemical potential and pressure as a consequence. A first novelty of the present research is to demonstrate that equality is also a sufficient condition, in addition to necessity, for stable equilibrium implying that stable equilibrium is a condition also necessary, in addition to sufficiency, for equality of temperature potential and pressure addressed to as generalized potential. The second novelty is that the proof of sufficiency of equality, or necessity of stable equilibrium, is achieved by means of a generalization of entropy property, derived from a generalized definition of exergy, both being state and additive properties accounting for heat, mass and work interactions of the system underpinning the definition of Highest-Generalized-Entropy Principle adopted in the proof.展开更多
Exergy is the ability of the maximum work done to the objective (relative) outside when the system changes from any state to its dead state. Exergy stems from the gaps of intensive properties between its present state...Exergy is the ability of the maximum work done to the objective (relative) outside when the system changes from any state to its dead state. Exergy stems from the gaps of intensive properties between its present state and its dead state. Generalized differential expression of exergy is advanced without any premise conditions, which is composed of generalized intensive and extensive (additive) properties. Any form of exergy can be deduced out from this generalized expression, only if its characteristic intensive and extensive parameters are known. That the exergy of any closed system is never below zero has been proved.展开更多
文摘Among all statements of Second Law, the existence and uniqueness of stable equilibrium, for each given value of energy content and composition of constituents of any system, have been adopted to define thermodynamic entropy by means of the impossibility of Perpetual Motion Machine of the Second Kind (PMM2) which is a consequence of the Second Law. Equality of temperature, chemical potential and pressure in many-particle systems are proved to be necessary conditions for the stable equilibrium. The proofs assume the stable equilibrium and derive, by means of the Highest-Entropy Principle, equality of temperature, chemical potential and pressure as a consequence. A first novelty of the present research is to demonstrate that equality is also a sufficient condition, in addition to necessity, for stable equilibrium implying that stable equilibrium is a condition also necessary, in addition to sufficiency, for equality of temperature potential and pressure addressed to as generalized potential. The second novelty is that the proof of sufficiency of equality, or necessity of stable equilibrium, is achieved by means of a generalization of entropy property, derived from a generalized definition of exergy, both being state and additive properties accounting for heat, mass and work interactions of the system underpinning the definition of Highest-Generalized-Entropy Principle adopted in the proof.
基金This work was supported by the National Major Basic Research Development Program ( Grant No. G2000026307).
文摘Exergy is the ability of the maximum work done to the objective (relative) outside when the system changes from any state to its dead state. Exergy stems from the gaps of intensive properties between its present state and its dead state. Generalized differential expression of exergy is advanced without any premise conditions, which is composed of generalized intensive and extensive (additive) properties. Any form of exergy can be deduced out from this generalized expression, only if its characteristic intensive and extensive parameters are known. That the exergy of any closed system is never below zero has been proved.
