Gendered Talk at Work: Constructing Gender Identity Through Workplace Discourse , published in 2006 by Blackwell Publishing, is an eminent monograph in the study of sociolinguistics. This paper begins by offering a ge...Gendered Talk at Work: Constructing Gender Identity Through Workplace Discourse , published in 2006 by Blackwell Publishing, is an eminent monograph in the study of sociolinguistics. This paper begins by offering a general introduction to the book, goes on to conduct a detailed chapter-by-chapter review and then ends by stressing its three merits and demerits, namely: On the one hand, this book successfully connects theory with empirical research; It has largely avoided drawing simplistic conclusions; It has wide social implications. However, on the other, this monograph is not immune to gender bias and its conclusions are limited to a certain social sphere.展开更多
This research tests for differences in mean class averages between male and female faculty for questions on a student rating of instruction form at one university in the Midwest are considered to be in the category of...This research tests for differences in mean class averages between male and female faculty for questions on a student rating of instruction form at one university in the Midwest are considered to be in the category of “very high research activity” by the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education. Differences in variances of class averages are also examined for male and female faculty. Tests are conducted by first considering all classes across the entire university and then classes just within the College of Science and Mathematics. The proportion of classes taught by female instructors in which the average male student rating was higher than the average female student rating was compared to the proportion of classes taught by male instructors in which the average male student rating was higher than the average female student rating. Results are discussed.展开更多
Bildung is the process of the individual growing into the subject in time and space.As a bildungsroman,Abraham Chan’s The Rise of David Levinsky unfolds the spatial subject is produced through bodily spatial activiti...Bildung is the process of the individual growing into the subject in time and space.As a bildungsroman,Abraham Chan’s The Rise of David Levinsky unfolds the spatial subject is produced through bodily spatial activities in the complicated social relations.Experiencing the spatial transformation and conflict between the“feminized”Jewish community in Russia and the“heroized”space in America,the protagonist David shows his subjective desire by gendered performing to reconstruct the gendered subject in spatial movement.展开更多
As a new group in the process of socio-economic transformation, female members of the Chinese floating population have negative self-identities rooted in the traditional gender discrimination in China society. This im...As a new group in the process of socio-economic transformation, female members of the Chinese floating population have negative self-identities rooted in the traditional gender discrimination in China society. This impacts negatively on female migrants1 both physiologically and psychologically, disadvantaging them in the pursuit of resources, opportunities and rights. It is therefore necessary to positively influence the self-image of female migrants so as to ensure their rights, further their interests and ultimately to achieve gender equality.展开更多
American animation How to Train Your Dragon 1 & 2, loosely based on the British book series of the same name by Cressida Cowell, produced by American Dreamworks Animation, were released separately in 2010 and 2014...American animation How to Train Your Dragon 1 & 2, loosely based on the British book series of the same name by Cressida Cowell, produced by American Dreamworks Animation, were released separately in 2010 and 2014. Those two animated films are set in a fictional Viking world and focusing on the experiences and adventures of protagonist Hiccup. Even though these two films are concerned with dragons, this paper discusses about the gendered stereotype under white patriarchy from the perspective of Foucault's power discourse theory. It mainly studies gendered stereotype and white patriarchal construction, revealing that the American animation, based on mass deception, is an evil machine to lead Chinese audiences to experience a complicated process to struggle with their own beliefs, values, ideas and hope.展开更多
This article addresses the everyday technologies of ＇extraction and redistribution＇ that young women and men use in order to adapt to a situation of increasing unemployment in Maputo, Mozambique and other African ci...This article addresses the everyday technologies of ＇extraction and redistribution＇ that young women and men use in order to adapt to a situation of increasing unemployment in Maputo, Mozambique and other African cities. In this neoliberal economy informal and illicit trade with sex, stolen goods and counterfeit products are on the rise and the article shows how technologies of survival are highly gendered and reconfigure masculinities and femininities. In this article I argue that technologies of survival in urban Africa are based on logics of extraction-of money, goods and other valuables from the well off- as an alternative to wage labor, salaries and more respected sources of income and redistribution of incomes to kin and social networks. Technologies of extraction are highly gendered and a division of ＂informal labor＂ exists in this shadow economy where many young women enter into transactional sex with sugar-daddies, called sponsors or patrons, who provide for them in exchange for sex while male peers often become street vendors, street artists or petty criminals engaged in the so-called ＇black＇ markets of theft, sale of counterfeits, and circulation of stolen goods, alcohol and drugs. As I show, these gendered markets are highly entangled and interdependent, and as I argue, male and female markets use many of the same technologies, sources and circuits of exchange.展开更多
This paper deals with translation and knowledge production of both an exemplar mould for Islamic woman identity and a cosmetic ＂moderate＂ veneer for Islamism. The paper particularly tackles the question of the visib...This paper deals with translation and knowledge production of both an exemplar mould for Islamic woman identity and a cosmetic ＂moderate＂ veneer for Islamism. The paper particularly tackles the question of the visibility of Islamic women in the translational narrative sphere and its implication with respect to both the co-optation of ＂Muslim Sisterhood＂ within the dominant Islamist gender politics and selling political Islam to international politics. Utilizing Baker＇s thesis of translation as re-narration, especially narrative flaming strategies, the paper reads Mokrane Guezzou＇s translation of Zainab al-Ghazali＇s autobiography Return of the Pharaoh： Memoir in Nasir＇s Prison （2006） to examine the framing of al-Ghazali＇s personal narrative and its implications for furthering the Middle Eastern democratization march （in response to Bush＇s ＂Freedom Agenda＂）, while keeping the Muslim Brothers＇ gender politics intact. The paper＇s argument is the gendered politics of Guezzou＇s translation and their influence on the transnational and international spheres. Firstly, in tune with the expectation of the transnational constituency of Muslim Brothers＇ readership, al-Ghazali＇s personal and self-aggrandizing narrative is packaged and re-framed within the public narrative of the Muslim Brothers＇ gender/gendered ethos to co-opt her politicized inscription of ＂Muslim Sisterhood＂ within the Muslim Brothers＇ male-ranked organizational structure and thereby reproduce the mould of a ＂moderate＂ Muslim sister. The individualistic leaning of the narrative is transposed onto the meta-narratives of the Exodus in ancient times and Holocaust in modem times. The female imprint of the narrative is suppressed onto the conflict between militant masculinities with Nasir centerstaged in the title, referenced as the pharaoh, and semantically associated with Hitler and fascism in the translator＇s note. Her gender agency is de-framed and her visibility and access to organizational rank is harnessed to her social identity in marriage and her subscription to and fulfillment of the masculine constructed and assessed criteria of ＂virtue, piety and modesty＂ （Guezzou, 2006, p. ix）. Secondly, in line with the changing dynamics of geo-strategic realities, the translational renarration contributes to configuring the race-based underpinning of Arab exceptionalism onto the compatibility of （the ＂purely political＂ and hence ＂moderate＂） Islamism with democracy through projecting the Muslim Brotherhood＇s anti-fascist, democratic, modern/moderate and gender inclusive image. After all, Islamic women＇s visibility is a testament of feminism capable of redeeming Islamism and selling ＂moderate＂ political Islam to international politics/readership.展开更多
This article utilized de Haas and van Dooij's research on Moroccan migrants families as an example and discussed the possible consequences to gender stratification in the traditional society of migrants sending co...This article utilized de Haas and van Dooij's research on Moroccan migrants families as an example and discussed the possible consequences to gender stratification in the traditional society of migrants sending country. I argue that migration is actually like a pair of spectacles that makes the difference between the gender stratification in traditional societies and modern Western ones more obvious to females in traditional societies. Having male family members working in a western developed country does not necessarily empower the female ones left in the traditional societies but sometimes may contribute to more social insecurities and social gender stratification for the women even though the absence of the male family members could increase women's family leadership and the likelihood for them to receive education by using the remittances they regularly receive from overseas.展开更多
Climate change affects both men and women which,in turn,shapes their varied and contrasting perceptions of climate variability and change.This paper examined the gendered perceptions of climate variability and change ...Climate change affects both men and women which,in turn,shapes their varied and contrasting perceptions of climate variability and change.This paper examined the gendered perceptions of climate variability and change among local communities in Queen Elizabeth National Park in Uganda.The objectives are threefold:-identify climatic shocks faced by the local communities;examine the perceptions of men and women of climate variability and change;and to compare their perceptions with empirical meteorological data.This study employed both qualitative and quantitative methods,with data collected from 215 respondents using survey,interviews and focused group discussions.From the findings,indicators of climate variability and change included reduced flooding events,occurrence of human diseases,increasing crop pests and diseases,dry spells and intensity of rains.There was increasing significant temperatures while rainfall was declining.Both male and female significantly associated with increasing temperatures and reduced flooding events.While climatic shocks affected both males and females,the impact was more pronounced depending on distinct livelihood activities and roles and responsibilities undertaken.The study concluded that people’s perceptions of climate change should be taken on by the government and integrated in the national climate programs that support people’s livelihoods and survival mechanisms.展开更多
BACKGROUND Although the link between cardiovascular disease(CVD)and various cancers is well-established,the relationship between CVD risk and colorectal cancer(CRC)remains underexplored.AIM To elucidate the relationsh...BACKGROUND Although the link between cardiovascular disease(CVD)and various cancers is well-established,the relationship between CVD risk and colorectal cancer(CRC)remains underexplored.AIM To elucidate the relationship between CVD risk scores and CRC incidence.METHODS In this population-based cohort study,participants from the 2009 National Health Checkup were followed-up until 2020.The cardiovascular(CV)risk score was calculated as the sum of risk factors(age,family history of coronary artery disease,hypertension,smoking status,and high-density lipoprotein levels)with high-density lipoprotein(≥60 mg/dL)reducing the risk score by one.The primary outcome was incidence of newly diagnosed CRC.RESULTS Among 2526628 individuals,30329 developed CRC during a mean follow-up of 10.1 years.Categorized by CV risk scores(0,1,2,and≥3).CRC risk increased with higher CV risk scores after adjusting for covariates[(hazard ratio=1.155,95%confidence interval:1.107-1.205)in risk score≥3,P<0.001].This association individuals not using statins.Moreover,even in participants without diabetes,a higher CV risk was associated with an increased CRC risk.CONCLUSION Increased CV risk scores were significantly associated with higher CRC risk,especially among males,younger populations,and non-statin users.Thus,males with a higher CV risk score,even at a younger age,are recommended to control their risk factors and undergo individualized CRC screening.展开更多
BACKGROUND Barrett's esophagus(BE)is a known premalignant precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma(EAC).The prevalence rates continue to rise in the United States,but many patients who are at risk of EAC are not scr...BACKGROUND Barrett's esophagus(BE)is a known premalignant precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma(EAC).The prevalence rates continue to rise in the United States,but many patients who are at risk of EAC are not screened.Current practice guidelines include male gender as a predisposing factor for BE and EAC.The population-based clinical evidence regarding female gender remains limited.AIM To study comparative trends of gender disparities in patients with BE in the United States.METHODS A nationwide retrospective study was conducted using the 2009-2019 National Inpatient Sample(NIS)database.Patients with a primary or secondary diagnosis code of BE were identified.The major outcome of interest was determining the gender disparities in patients with BE.Trend analysis for respective outcomes for females was also reported to ascertain any time-based shifts.RESULTS We identified 1204190 patients with BE for the study period.Among the included patients,717439(59.6%)were men and 486751(40.4%)were women.The mean age was higher in women than in men(67.1±0.4 vs 66.6±0.3 years,P<0.001).The rate of BE per 100000 total NIS hospitalizations for males increased from 144.6 in 2009 to 213.4 in 2019(P<0.001).The rate for females increased from 96.8 in 2009 to 148.7 in 2019(P<0.001).There was a higher frequency of obesity among women compared to men(17.4%vs 12.6%,P<0.001).Obesity prevalence among females increased from 12.3%in 2009 to 21.9%in 2019(P<0.001).A lower prevalence of smoking was noted in women than in men(20.8%vs 35.7%,P<0.001).However,trend analysis showed an increasing prevalence of smoking among women,from 12.9%in 2009 to 30.7%in 2019(P<0.001).Additionally,there was a lower prevalence of alcohol abuse,Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori),and diabetes mellitus among females than males(P<0.001).Trend analysis showed an increasing prevalence of alcohol use disorder and a decreasing prevalence of H.pylori and diabetes mellitus among women(P<0.001).CONCLUSION The prevalence of BE among women has steadily increased from 2009 to 2019.The existing knowledge concerning BE development has historically focused on men,but our findings show that the risk in women is not insignificant.展开更多
Objective:Near vision loss(NVL)is one of the leading causes of visual impairment worldwide,exerting a profound impact on individual quality of life and socio-economic development.This study aims to analyze the burden ...Objective:Near vision loss(NVL)is one of the leading causes of visual impairment worldwide,exerting a profound impact on individual quality of life and socio-economic development.This study aims to analyze the burden of NVL in China by sex and age groups from 1990 to 2021 and to project trends over the next 15 years.Methods:Using data from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 database,we conducted descriptive analyses of NVL prevalence in China,calculated age-standardized prevalence rates(ASPR)and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rates(ASDR)to compare burden differences between sexes and age groups,and applied an autoregressive integrated moving average(ARIMA)model to predict NVL trends for the next 15 years.The model selection was based on best-fit criteria to ensure reliable projections.Results:From 1990 to 2021,China’s ASPR of NVL rose from 10096.24/100000 to 15624.54/100000,and ASDR increased from 101.75/100000 to 158.75/100000.In 2021,ASPR(16551.70/100000)and ASDR(167.69/100000)were higher among females than males(14686.21/100000 and 149.76/100000,respectively).China ranked highest globally in both NVL cases and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),with female burden significantly exceeding male burden.Projections indicated this trend and sex gap will persist until 2036.Compared with 1990,the prevalence cases and DALYs increased by 239.20%and 238.82%,respectively in 2021,with the highest burden among females and the 55−59 age group.The ARIMA model predicted continued increases in prevalence and DALYs by 2036,with females maintaining a higher burden than males.Conclusion:This study reveals a marked increase in the NVL burden in China and predicts continued growth in the coming years.Public health policies should prioritize NVL prevention and control,with special attention to women and middle-aged populations to mitigate long-term societal and health impacts.展开更多
The Global Leaders’Meeting on Women was held in Beijing,the capital of China,on 13-14 October.South African Minister in the Presidency for Women,Youth and Persons with Disabilities Sindisiwe Chikunga,attended the eve...The Global Leaders’Meeting on Women was held in Beijing,the capital of China,on 13-14 October.South African Minister in the Presidency for Women,Youth and Persons with Disabilities Sindisiwe Chikunga,attended the event.ChinAfrica spoke with her in an exclusive interview about the messages she brought to the meeting,South Africa’s progress in women’s empowerment,how the G20 presidency can contribute to this cause,and China’s role.An edited excerpt of the interview follows.展开更多
Thirty years ago,Beijing hosted the Fourth World Conference on Women,which adopted the landmark Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.This milestone document proclaimed for the first time that“Women’s rights a...Thirty years ago,Beijing hosted the Fourth World Conference on Women,which adopted the landmark Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.This milestone document proclaimed for the first time that“Women’s rights are human rights,”formally introduced“gender mainstreaming”as a global strategy to advance gender equality,and a!rmed women’s equal rights across 12 key areas including politics,the economy,and culture.展开更多
THIRTY years ago,Beijing hosted the Fourth World Conference on Women,which adopted the landmark Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.This milestone document proclaimed for the first time that,“Women’s rights ...THIRTY years ago,Beijing hosted the Fourth World Conference on Women,which adopted the landmark Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.This milestone document proclaimed for the first time that,“Women’s rights are human rights,”formally introduced“gender mainstreaming”as a global strategy to advance gender equality,and affirmed women’s equal rights across 12 key areas,including politics,the economy,and culture.展开更多
BACKGROUND Regulatory agencies are increasingly recognizing that minority trial repres-entation is inadequate,contributing to healthcare disparities.The scope of min-ority population disparities in clinical trial part...BACKGROUND Regulatory agencies are increasingly recognizing that minority trial repres-entation is inadequate,contributing to healthcare disparities.The scope of min-ority population disparities in clinical trial participation remains unclear,as previous studies have compiled enrollment data from published trials,which AIM To evaluate sex,racial and ethnic inequities in liver transplantation(LT)trials participation in the United States.METHODS We used data from completed United States liver transplant clinical trials registered and reported on the National Institute of Health(NIH)website(clincaltrials.gov).Demographic data,including race,ethnicity,sex,and age were collected.To make inferences to a larger population,95%CIs were computed for estimates in each demographic group using the Wilson method for binomial proportions.We also computed the simultaneous 95%CIs by applying a Bonferroni correction to reflect the multinomial distribution of race proportions.The numbers and percentages of racial/ethnic minority and female individuals compared with United States census data from 2010 and 2018.Secondary outcome measures were inclusion by trial funding source and year of completion.RESULTS A total of 69 United States based clinical trials involving 6990 participants were included in the analysis.Of these,35 trials(51%)were randomized,and 26(38%)were conducted across multiple United States regions.All trials reported sex,while 42(61%)reported race and 27(39%)reported ethnicity.Compared to United States census data,Asian individuals were overrepresented(9.3%;95%CI:8.1%-10.5%),whereas African American(7.8%;95%CI:6.7%-8.9%)and American Indian or Alaska Native individuals(0.4%;95%CI:0.1%-0.6%)were underrepresented.The proportion of White participants(75.9%;95%CI:74.1%-77.7%)was consistent with census estimates.Hispanic participants were underrepresented(13.3%;95%CI:12.2%-14.5%)regardless of the census year referenced.In industry-sponsored trials,Asian representation was three times higher than in the general population(15%).NIH funded trials showed overrepresentation of White participants(83.8%)and underrepresentation of Black participants(4.1%)relative to census data.Women comprised 31.1%of all participants(95%CI:30.0%-32.2%),in-dicating underrepresentation.Among trials that reported racial data,62(90%)did not include participants of American Indian or Alaska Native,Native Hawaiian,or Pacific Islander descent.CONCLUSION Our analysis indicates that women,African Americans,and Hispanic individuals are underrepresented in LT clinical trials compared to the general United States population.These results highlight the need for regulatory initiatives aimed at enhancing the inclusion of historically marginalized racial and ethnic groups in clinical re-search.展开更多
With a long-standing tradition in the development of critical theories, Latin America seeks, through a myriad of perspectives, to understand its peripheral position within the mechanisms of the world system. This pape...With a long-standing tradition in the development of critical theories, Latin America seeks, through a myriad of perspectives, to understand its peripheral position within the mechanisms of the world system. This paper aims to examine the role of race and gender in sustaining the capitalist world system through the lens of decolonial studies. It considers how both categories were historically constructed during the colonial process as tools to legitimize social, economic, and political hierarchies between the dominant and the dominated. In particular, the division of labor, based on racial and gendered distinctions, was instrumental in shaping these power relations. By analyzing these categories as central elements in the formation and maintenance of the capitalist world system, the study highlights their continued influence in perpetuating inequalities today.展开更多
Objective:Despite established associations between certain medications and urticaria,the risk profiles of most pharmaceutical agents remain poorly characterized.This investigation aimed to identify risk factors for me...Objective:Despite established associations between certain medications and urticaria,the risk profiles of most pharmaceutical agents remain poorly characterized.This investigation aimed to identify risk factors for medication-induced urticaria through comprehensive analysis of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System(FAERS)database.Methods:We employed reporting odds ratios(ROR)to evaluate drug-urticaria associations using FAERS data spanning from Q12004 to Q32024.Analytical approaches included univariate screening,LASSO regression,and multivariate logistic regression to identify potential risk factors.Multiple comparison adjustments were implemented using the Bonferroni method.Results:The study identified 1807 pharmaceutical agents potentially associated with urticaria development.Univariate analysis categorized these agents into several therapeutic classes:antimicrobials(19/85),biologics(16/85),analgesics(8/85),dermatologicals(3/85),anti-rheumatic agents(4/85),hormonal preparations(3/85),antihypertensives(2/85),neuropsychiatric medications(2/85),uric acid-lowering drugs(2/85),multiple sclerosis therapies(2/85),and miscellaneous agents(17/85).Multivariate analysis identified three significant risk determinants:middle-aged individuals(36-53 years),female gender,and exposure to any of 82 specific medications.Conclusion:These evidence-based findings provide valuable insights for early clinical recognition of drug-induced urticaria and establish a foundation for subsequent mechanistic investigations into medication-related hypersensitivity reactions.展开更多
This study aimed to explore how core self-evaluations and gender influence interpersonal adjustment and depression risk.Participants were 1748 college students(female=59.73%,male=40.27%,mean age=18.71 years,SD=0.78 yea...This study aimed to explore how core self-evaluations and gender influence interpersonal adjustment and depression risk.Participants were 1748 college students(female=59.73%,male=40.27%,mean age=18.71 years,SD=0.78 years).The students completed the Interpersonal Adjustment Scale for College Students,Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale,and Core Self-evaluation Scale.The results of Linear regression and mediated moderated effects modeling revealed that college students with higher interpersonal adjustment and core self-evaluation scores were at lower risk for depression.Core self-evaluation mediated the relationship between interpersonal adjustment and depression in college students for lower risk for depression.Gender moderated the relationship between interpersonal adjustment and core self-evaluation in college students for higher risk for depression in female students.From thesefindings,we conclude that interpersonal adjustment and core self-evaluation are significant for screening depression risk college students.Moreover,female students may benefit from targeted interventions aimed at their interpersonal adjustment for reducing their risk of depression.展开更多
文摘Gendered Talk at Work: Constructing Gender Identity Through Workplace Discourse , published in 2006 by Blackwell Publishing, is an eminent monograph in the study of sociolinguistics. This paper begins by offering a general introduction to the book, goes on to conduct a detailed chapter-by-chapter review and then ends by stressing its three merits and demerits, namely: On the one hand, this book successfully connects theory with empirical research; It has largely avoided drawing simplistic conclusions; It has wide social implications. However, on the other, this monograph is not immune to gender bias and its conclusions are limited to a certain social sphere.
文摘This research tests for differences in mean class averages between male and female faculty for questions on a student rating of instruction form at one university in the Midwest are considered to be in the category of “very high research activity” by the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education. Differences in variances of class averages are also examined for male and female faculty. Tests are conducted by first considering all classes across the entire university and then classes just within the College of Science and Mathematics. The proportion of classes taught by female instructors in which the average male student rating was higher than the average female student rating was compared to the proportion of classes taught by male instructors in which the average male student rating was higher than the average female student rating. Results are discussed.
基金this paper is funded by Project:“Research on E.L.Doctorow’s Bildungsroman”(18A369),sponsored by Department of Education of Hunan Province.
文摘Bildung is the process of the individual growing into the subject in time and space.As a bildungsroman,Abraham Chan’s The Rise of David Levinsky unfolds the spatial subject is produced through bodily spatial activities in the complicated social relations.Experiencing the spatial transformation and conflict between the“feminized”Jewish community in Russia and the“heroized”space in America,the protagonist David shows his subjective desire by gendered performing to reconstruct the gendered subject in spatial movement.
文摘As a new group in the process of socio-economic transformation, female members of the Chinese floating population have negative self-identities rooted in the traditional gender discrimination in China society. This impacts negatively on female migrants1 both physiologically and psychologically, disadvantaging them in the pursuit of resources, opportunities and rights. It is therefore necessary to positively influence the self-image of female migrants so as to ensure their rights, further their interests and ultimately to achieve gender equality.
文摘American animation How to Train Your Dragon 1 & 2, loosely based on the British book series of the same name by Cressida Cowell, produced by American Dreamworks Animation, were released separately in 2010 and 2014. Those two animated films are set in a fictional Viking world and focusing on the experiences and adventures of protagonist Hiccup. Even though these two films are concerned with dragons, this paper discusses about the gendered stereotype under white patriarchy from the perspective of Foucault's power discourse theory. It mainly studies gendered stereotype and white patriarchal construction, revealing that the American animation, based on mass deception, is an evil machine to lead Chinese audiences to experience a complicated process to struggle with their own beliefs, values, ideas and hope.
文摘This article addresses the everyday technologies of ＇extraction and redistribution＇ that young women and men use in order to adapt to a situation of increasing unemployment in Maputo, Mozambique and other African cities. In this neoliberal economy informal and illicit trade with sex, stolen goods and counterfeit products are on the rise and the article shows how technologies of survival are highly gendered and reconfigure masculinities and femininities. In this article I argue that technologies of survival in urban Africa are based on logics of extraction-of money, goods and other valuables from the well off- as an alternative to wage labor, salaries and more respected sources of income and redistribution of incomes to kin and social networks. Technologies of extraction are highly gendered and a division of ＂informal labor＂ exists in this shadow economy where many young women enter into transactional sex with sugar-daddies, called sponsors or patrons, who provide for them in exchange for sex while male peers often become street vendors, street artists or petty criminals engaged in the so-called ＇black＇ markets of theft, sale of counterfeits, and circulation of stolen goods, alcohol and drugs. As I show, these gendered markets are highly entangled and interdependent, and as I argue, male and female markets use many of the same technologies, sources and circuits of exchange.
文摘This paper deals with translation and knowledge production of both an exemplar mould for Islamic woman identity and a cosmetic ＂moderate＂ veneer for Islamism. The paper particularly tackles the question of the visibility of Islamic women in the translational narrative sphere and its implication with respect to both the co-optation of ＂Muslim Sisterhood＂ within the dominant Islamist gender politics and selling political Islam to international politics. Utilizing Baker＇s thesis of translation as re-narration, especially narrative flaming strategies, the paper reads Mokrane Guezzou＇s translation of Zainab al-Ghazali＇s autobiography Return of the Pharaoh： Memoir in Nasir＇s Prison （2006） to examine the framing of al-Ghazali＇s personal narrative and its implications for furthering the Middle Eastern democratization march （in response to Bush＇s ＂Freedom Agenda＂）, while keeping the Muslim Brothers＇ gender politics intact. The paper＇s argument is the gendered politics of Guezzou＇s translation and their influence on the transnational and international spheres. Firstly, in tune with the expectation of the transnational constituency of Muslim Brothers＇ readership, al-Ghazali＇s personal and self-aggrandizing narrative is packaged and re-framed within the public narrative of the Muslim Brothers＇ gender/gendered ethos to co-opt her politicized inscription of ＂Muslim Sisterhood＂ within the Muslim Brothers＇ male-ranked organizational structure and thereby reproduce the mould of a ＂moderate＂ Muslim sister. The individualistic leaning of the narrative is transposed onto the meta-narratives of the Exodus in ancient times and Holocaust in modem times. The female imprint of the narrative is suppressed onto the conflict between militant masculinities with Nasir centerstaged in the title, referenced as the pharaoh, and semantically associated with Hitler and fascism in the translator＇s note. Her gender agency is de-framed and her visibility and access to organizational rank is harnessed to her social identity in marriage and her subscription to and fulfillment of the masculine constructed and assessed criteria of ＂virtue, piety and modesty＂ （Guezzou, 2006, p. ix）. Secondly, in line with the changing dynamics of geo-strategic realities, the translational renarration contributes to configuring the race-based underpinning of Arab exceptionalism onto the compatibility of （the ＂purely political＂ and hence ＂moderate＂） Islamism with democracy through projecting the Muslim Brotherhood＇s anti-fascist, democratic, modern/moderate and gender inclusive image. After all, Islamic women＇s visibility is a testament of feminism capable of redeeming Islamism and selling ＂moderate＂ political Islam to international politics/readership.
文摘This article utilized de Haas and van Dooij's research on Moroccan migrants families as an example and discussed the possible consequences to gender stratification in the traditional society of migrants sending country. I argue that migration is actually like a pair of spectacles that makes the difference between the gender stratification in traditional societies and modern Western ones more obvious to females in traditional societies. Having male family members working in a western developed country does not necessarily empower the female ones left in the traditional societies but sometimes may contribute to more social insecurities and social gender stratification for the women even though the absence of the male family members could increase women's family leadership and the likelihood for them to receive education by using the remittances they regularly receive from overseas.
基金This research was made possible by funding from BREAD-SIDA project.
文摘Climate change affects both men and women which,in turn,shapes their varied and contrasting perceptions of climate variability and change.This paper examined the gendered perceptions of climate variability and change among local communities in Queen Elizabeth National Park in Uganda.The objectives are threefold:-identify climatic shocks faced by the local communities;examine the perceptions of men and women of climate variability and change;and to compare their perceptions with empirical meteorological data.This study employed both qualitative and quantitative methods,with data collected from 215 respondents using survey,interviews and focused group discussions.From the findings,indicators of climate variability and change included reduced flooding events,occurrence of human diseases,increasing crop pests and diseases,dry spells and intensity of rains.There was increasing significant temperatures while rainfall was declining.Both male and female significantly associated with increasing temperatures and reduced flooding events.While climatic shocks affected both males and females,the impact was more pronounced depending on distinct livelihood activities and roles and responsibilities undertaken.The study concluded that people’s perceptions of climate change should be taken on by the government and integrated in the national climate programs that support people’s livelihoods and survival mechanisms.
文摘BACKGROUND Although the link between cardiovascular disease(CVD)and various cancers is well-established,the relationship between CVD risk and colorectal cancer(CRC)remains underexplored.AIM To elucidate the relationship between CVD risk scores and CRC incidence.METHODS In this population-based cohort study,participants from the 2009 National Health Checkup were followed-up until 2020.The cardiovascular(CV)risk score was calculated as the sum of risk factors(age,family history of coronary artery disease,hypertension,smoking status,and high-density lipoprotein levels)with high-density lipoprotein(≥60 mg/dL)reducing the risk score by one.The primary outcome was incidence of newly diagnosed CRC.RESULTS Among 2526628 individuals,30329 developed CRC during a mean follow-up of 10.1 years.Categorized by CV risk scores(0,1,2,and≥3).CRC risk increased with higher CV risk scores after adjusting for covariates[(hazard ratio=1.155,95%confidence interval:1.107-1.205)in risk score≥3,P<0.001].This association individuals not using statins.Moreover,even in participants without diabetes,a higher CV risk was associated with an increased CRC risk.CONCLUSION Increased CV risk scores were significantly associated with higher CRC risk,especially among males,younger populations,and non-statin users.Thus,males with a higher CV risk score,even at a younger age,are recommended to control their risk factors and undergo individualized CRC screening.
文摘BACKGROUND Barrett's esophagus(BE)is a known premalignant precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma(EAC).The prevalence rates continue to rise in the United States,but many patients who are at risk of EAC are not screened.Current practice guidelines include male gender as a predisposing factor for BE and EAC.The population-based clinical evidence regarding female gender remains limited.AIM To study comparative trends of gender disparities in patients with BE in the United States.METHODS A nationwide retrospective study was conducted using the 2009-2019 National Inpatient Sample(NIS)database.Patients with a primary or secondary diagnosis code of BE were identified.The major outcome of interest was determining the gender disparities in patients with BE.Trend analysis for respective outcomes for females was also reported to ascertain any time-based shifts.RESULTS We identified 1204190 patients with BE for the study period.Among the included patients,717439(59.6%)were men and 486751(40.4%)were women.The mean age was higher in women than in men(67.1±0.4 vs 66.6±0.3 years,P<0.001).The rate of BE per 100000 total NIS hospitalizations for males increased from 144.6 in 2009 to 213.4 in 2019(P<0.001).The rate for females increased from 96.8 in 2009 to 148.7 in 2019(P<0.001).There was a higher frequency of obesity among women compared to men(17.4%vs 12.6%,P<0.001).Obesity prevalence among females increased from 12.3%in 2009 to 21.9%in 2019(P<0.001).A lower prevalence of smoking was noted in women than in men(20.8%vs 35.7%,P<0.001).However,trend analysis showed an increasing prevalence of smoking among women,from 12.9%in 2009 to 30.7%in 2019(P<0.001).Additionally,there was a lower prevalence of alcohol abuse,Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori),and diabetes mellitus among females than males(P<0.001).Trend analysis showed an increasing prevalence of alcohol use disorder and a decreasing prevalence of H.pylori and diabetes mellitus among women(P<0.001).CONCLUSION The prevalence of BE among women has steadily increased from 2009 to 2019.The existing knowledge concerning BE development has historically focused on men,but our findings show that the risk in women is not insignificant.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2023JJ30817)Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation-Hengyang City Joint Fund Project(2025JJ70129)+1 种基金Changsha Natural Science Foundation(kq2403057)China。
文摘Objective:Near vision loss(NVL)is one of the leading causes of visual impairment worldwide,exerting a profound impact on individual quality of life and socio-economic development.This study aims to analyze the burden of NVL in China by sex and age groups from 1990 to 2021 and to project trends over the next 15 years.Methods:Using data from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 database,we conducted descriptive analyses of NVL prevalence in China,calculated age-standardized prevalence rates(ASPR)and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rates(ASDR)to compare burden differences between sexes and age groups,and applied an autoregressive integrated moving average(ARIMA)model to predict NVL trends for the next 15 years.The model selection was based on best-fit criteria to ensure reliable projections.Results:From 1990 to 2021,China’s ASPR of NVL rose from 10096.24/100000 to 15624.54/100000,and ASDR increased from 101.75/100000 to 158.75/100000.In 2021,ASPR(16551.70/100000)and ASDR(167.69/100000)were higher among females than males(14686.21/100000 and 149.76/100000,respectively).China ranked highest globally in both NVL cases and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),with female burden significantly exceeding male burden.Projections indicated this trend and sex gap will persist until 2036.Compared with 1990,the prevalence cases and DALYs increased by 239.20%and 238.82%,respectively in 2021,with the highest burden among females and the 55−59 age group.The ARIMA model predicted continued increases in prevalence and DALYs by 2036,with females maintaining a higher burden than males.Conclusion:This study reveals a marked increase in the NVL burden in China and predicts continued growth in the coming years.Public health policies should prioritize NVL prevention and control,with special attention to women and middle-aged populations to mitigate long-term societal and health impacts.
文摘The Global Leaders’Meeting on Women was held in Beijing,the capital of China,on 13-14 October.South African Minister in the Presidency for Women,Youth and Persons with Disabilities Sindisiwe Chikunga,attended the event.ChinAfrica spoke with her in an exclusive interview about the messages she brought to the meeting,South Africa’s progress in women’s empowerment,how the G20 presidency can contribute to this cause,and China’s role.An edited excerpt of the interview follows.
文摘Thirty years ago,Beijing hosted the Fourth World Conference on Women,which adopted the landmark Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.This milestone document proclaimed for the first time that“Women’s rights are human rights,”formally introduced“gender mainstreaming”as a global strategy to advance gender equality,and a!rmed women’s equal rights across 12 key areas including politics,the economy,and culture.
文摘THIRTY years ago,Beijing hosted the Fourth World Conference on Women,which adopted the landmark Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.This milestone document proclaimed for the first time that,“Women’s rights are human rights,”formally introduced“gender mainstreaming”as a global strategy to advance gender equality,and affirmed women’s equal rights across 12 key areas,including politics,the economy,and culture.
文摘BACKGROUND Regulatory agencies are increasingly recognizing that minority trial repres-entation is inadequate,contributing to healthcare disparities.The scope of min-ority population disparities in clinical trial participation remains unclear,as previous studies have compiled enrollment data from published trials,which AIM To evaluate sex,racial and ethnic inequities in liver transplantation(LT)trials participation in the United States.METHODS We used data from completed United States liver transplant clinical trials registered and reported on the National Institute of Health(NIH)website(clincaltrials.gov).Demographic data,including race,ethnicity,sex,and age were collected.To make inferences to a larger population,95%CIs were computed for estimates in each demographic group using the Wilson method for binomial proportions.We also computed the simultaneous 95%CIs by applying a Bonferroni correction to reflect the multinomial distribution of race proportions.The numbers and percentages of racial/ethnic minority and female individuals compared with United States census data from 2010 and 2018.Secondary outcome measures were inclusion by trial funding source and year of completion.RESULTS A total of 69 United States based clinical trials involving 6990 participants were included in the analysis.Of these,35 trials(51%)were randomized,and 26(38%)were conducted across multiple United States regions.All trials reported sex,while 42(61%)reported race and 27(39%)reported ethnicity.Compared to United States census data,Asian individuals were overrepresented(9.3%;95%CI:8.1%-10.5%),whereas African American(7.8%;95%CI:6.7%-8.9%)and American Indian or Alaska Native individuals(0.4%;95%CI:0.1%-0.6%)were underrepresented.The proportion of White participants(75.9%;95%CI:74.1%-77.7%)was consistent with census estimates.Hispanic participants were underrepresented(13.3%;95%CI:12.2%-14.5%)regardless of the census year referenced.In industry-sponsored trials,Asian representation was three times higher than in the general population(15%).NIH funded trials showed overrepresentation of White participants(83.8%)and underrepresentation of Black participants(4.1%)relative to census data.Women comprised 31.1%of all participants(95%CI:30.0%-32.2%),in-dicating underrepresentation.Among trials that reported racial data,62(90%)did not include participants of American Indian or Alaska Native,Native Hawaiian,or Pacific Islander descent.CONCLUSION Our analysis indicates that women,African Americans,and Hispanic individuals are underrepresented in LT clinical trials compared to the general United States population.These results highlight the need for regulatory initiatives aimed at enhancing the inclusion of historically marginalized racial and ethnic groups in clinical re-search.
文摘With a long-standing tradition in the development of critical theories, Latin America seeks, through a myriad of perspectives, to understand its peripheral position within the mechanisms of the world system. This paper aims to examine the role of race and gender in sustaining the capitalist world system through the lens of decolonial studies. It considers how both categories were historically constructed during the colonial process as tools to legitimize social, economic, and political hierarchies between the dominant and the dominated. In particular, the division of labor, based on racial and gendered distinctions, was instrumental in shaping these power relations. By analyzing these categories as central elements in the formation and maintenance of the capitalist world system, the study highlights their continued influence in perpetuating inequalities today.
文摘Objective:Despite established associations between certain medications and urticaria,the risk profiles of most pharmaceutical agents remain poorly characterized.This investigation aimed to identify risk factors for medication-induced urticaria through comprehensive analysis of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System(FAERS)database.Methods:We employed reporting odds ratios(ROR)to evaluate drug-urticaria associations using FAERS data spanning from Q12004 to Q32024.Analytical approaches included univariate screening,LASSO regression,and multivariate logistic regression to identify potential risk factors.Multiple comparison adjustments were implemented using the Bonferroni method.Results:The study identified 1807 pharmaceutical agents potentially associated with urticaria development.Univariate analysis categorized these agents into several therapeutic classes:antimicrobials(19/85),biologics(16/85),analgesics(8/85),dermatologicals(3/85),anti-rheumatic agents(4/85),hormonal preparations(3/85),antihypertensives(2/85),neuropsychiatric medications(2/85),uric acid-lowering drugs(2/85),multiple sclerosis therapies(2/85),and miscellaneous agents(17/85).Multivariate analysis identified three significant risk determinants:middle-aged individuals(36-53 years),female gender,and exposure to any of 82 specific medications.Conclusion:These evidence-based findings provide valuable insights for early clinical recognition of drug-induced urticaria and establish a foundation for subsequent mechanistic investigations into medication-related hypersensitivity reactions.
基金supported by the Education Working Committee of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Party Committee(grant number 2023GZYB10).
文摘This study aimed to explore how core self-evaluations and gender influence interpersonal adjustment and depression risk.Participants were 1748 college students(female=59.73%,male=40.27%,mean age=18.71 years,SD=0.78 years).The students completed the Interpersonal Adjustment Scale for College Students,Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale,and Core Self-evaluation Scale.The results of Linear regression and mediated moderated effects modeling revealed that college students with higher interpersonal adjustment and core self-evaluation scores were at lower risk for depression.Core self-evaluation mediated the relationship between interpersonal adjustment and depression in college students for lower risk for depression.Gender moderated the relationship between interpersonal adjustment and core self-evaluation in college students for higher risk for depression in female students.From thesefindings,we conclude that interpersonal adjustment and core self-evaluation are significant for screening depression risk college students.Moreover,female students may benefit from targeted interventions aimed at their interpersonal adjustment for reducing their risk of depression.
